How many tombs were buried in Mangshan Mausoleum Group?

The positions of 24 Mausoleums under Mangshan Mountain have been preliminarily determined. Mangshan is flat, high and open, high in the middle and low around. The loess soil layer is deep, sticky, solid and dense, with low water permeability, and the surrounding rivers are gurgling. This is an ideal place for camping. The dignitaries of past dynasties were proud to be buried here. Mangshan has hundreds of thousands of ancient tombs, which is known as "the land without lying cows". Its dense distribution, quantity and age are the highest in China. Among them, the Mausoleum Group is one of the largest sites of the Mausoleum Group in China and an important part of the Mausoleum System in China. In May 2002, National Cultural Heritage Administration approved the project "Archaeological investigation of Mangshan Mausoleum in Luoyang". Shi, the captain of the Second Cultural Relics Team in Luoyang, undertook this task. After five years' efforts, it has been preliminarily determined that there are 24 tombs of emperors in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Late Tang Dynasty. Shi said that these tombs include 8 tombs of kings of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 5 tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, 5 tombs of Cao Wei 1, 5 tombs of the Western Jin Dynasty, 4 tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and 1 after the Five Dynasties. The tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty were the original mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu, Gong Ling of Andi, the apparition of Shun Di, Huailing of Chongde and Wenling of Lingdi. Cao Wei Mausoleum is the first Yangling Mausoleum of Emperor Wen. Mausoleums in the Western Jin Dynasty include Xuan Di Plateau Mausoleum, King Ping Ling, Wendi Chongyang Mausoleum, Wudi Yang Junling Mausoleum and Hui Di Sun Mausoleum. The tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty include the Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaowen, the Jingling Mausoleum of Xuan Wudi, the Dingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaoming and the Jingling Mausoleum of Xiao Zhuang. The mausoleum in the later Tang Dynasty is the Hui Mausoleum of Zoroastrianism. Some of these 24 emperors were all-powerful figures in history, including Liu Xiu, the famous founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. They moved their capitals to promote national integration and gained fame in history of qing dynasty. Some of them passed away in this way, leaving only a vague figure in history, such as Liu Bing, emperor of Han Chong, who ascended the throne at the age of 2 and died at the age of 3, and was in office for less than a year. Yan Hui, director of the Research Office of Luoyang Second Cultural Relics Team, said that the entire mausoleum group covers an area of more than 750 square kilometers, 50 kilometers from east to west and 20 kilometers from north to south, including Jin Meng and Yanshi, as well as five districts of Luoyang, including Xigong District, Old Town and Luolong District, covering more than 20 towns and more than 360 natural villages. The tombs are distributed in a belt, from Jiuliu 'ao Village, Changdai Township, Mengjin County, to Yangzhong Village, Hongshan Township, Luoyang Suburb, and then to Nanyoudian Village, Hua Shan Township, Yanshi County and Zhong Yi Village, Hua Shan Township. The location of the mausoleum has been preliminarily determined. Luoyang was the capital of 13 dynasty in history, and Mangshan was an excellent place for geomantic omen. In addition to the emperor, countless civil and military officials are also buried here. It was once described as "the hills of Beimang Mountain are full of idle soil and are the old graves of Luoyang people". This has also caused the trouble that tombs and ancient tombs are relatively concentrated, cross each other and difficult to distinguish. Although the tombs of 24 emperors have historical records, it is not easy to find them. Yan Hui said that after this investigation, Mangshan Mausoleum can be divided into four areas: western section (Northern Wei Mausoleum), middle section (Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Later Tang Mausoleum), eastern section (Western Jin Dynasty, Cao Wei Mausoleum) and Jiajian section (Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Mausoleum). In 5 10 BC, Zhou lived in the Zhou dynasty, and the sub-dynasty lived in the king city. After worshipping the king, all the kings lived in the Zhou Dynasty, and their burial places should be near the Zhou Dynasty. Its mausoleum is located near Jincun Village, Baimasi Town, a suburb of Luoyang. In AD 25, Liu Xiu made Luoyang his capital, and the fifth emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty was buried in Mangshan. The Eastern Han Mausoleum is mainly located in Sanlipu Village, Songzhuang Township, Mengjin County and its vicinity, northwest of the old city of Han and Wei Dynasties. The tomb covers an area of nearly 40 square kilometers, and its age and scale are consistent with the orientation of the five tombs of Mangshan recorded in documents such as Emperor Ji and Notes on Ancient and Modern Times. In 220 AD, Wei Wendi Cao Pi made Luoyang his capital, and in 265 AD, Luoyang remained its capital. Mausoleums of Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty are located in the east of the Eastern Han Mausoleum, in the northeast of the old city of Han Wei, and on the north and south sides of shouyangshan in the east of Mangshan Mountain. According to documents, there are the First Mausoleum of Emperor Cao Wendi, the Mausoleum of Xuandi Plateau in the Western Jin Dynasty, Ping Ling, the Mausoleum of Emperor Wendi, the Mausoleum of Emperor Yang Junling and the Sun Mausoleum in Hui Di. 1982, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered Yang Junling Mausoleum, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, located in the north of Nancaizhuang, Yanshi, and Chongyang Mausoleum, Emperor Wen, located in the northwest of Houdulou, and drilled and excavated the two mausoleum sites. At present, the exact location of the rest of the mausoleum has not been found. In 494 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang. The Northern Wei Mausoleum is located in the west of the Eastern Han Mausoleum, on the east and west banks of the Chanhe River in Luoyang, and in the northwest of the ancient city of Han and Wei. It is distributed in more than 50 villages in 7 towns, including Chaoyangyang in Mengjin County and Hongshan Township in the suburb of Luoyang City. From 907 to 960, there were five dynasties, and Luoyang was once the capital of Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty and the later Jin Dynasty. In the southwest of huzhuang Village, Songzhuang Township, Mengjin County, there is a mound, and the landscape is consistent with the literature records. The mound is the usual shape of the mausoleum since the Tang Dynasty, so it can be confirmed that it is the mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty. Different from the records of tombs in previous literature, this archaeological investigation adopted many modern technologies, such as GPS satellite positioning, RS remote sensing technology, GIS geographic information system and so on. Investigators found the ancient tomb at the scene, and then marked the coordinates of the investigation site on the electronic map by satellite positioning, and carried out on-site archaeological investigation, mapping, photography, video recording and other work. Yan Hui said that such an investigation will be done once and for all, and the location of the mausoleum will be clear at a glance, and there will be no more problems that it is difficult to determine the specific location only by knowing the general scope. The newly discovered original mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu, among the 24 known imperial tombs, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu is undoubtedly the most famous one. Liu Xiu took back the Han family from Wang Mang and began the inheritance of the Eastern Han Dynasty. For a long time, Liu Xiu's burial place has been regarded as Tiexie Village, Baihe Township, Mengjin County, where there is a tomb named "Liu Xiufen", which has been developed into a large-scale tourist attraction, and the tomb has been endowed with many magical legends because of the way of burying rivers and climbing mountains. In fact, however, there has always been controversy in the archaeological and historical circles about the specific location of Emperor Guangwu's mausoleum. Yan Hui, director of the Research Office of Luoyang Second Cultural Relics Task Force, believes that the core area of Mangshan Eastern Han Mausoleum is located in Sanshilipu Village, Songzhuang Township, Mengjin County and its vicinity. In the meantime, ancient tombs are not only dense, but also large and small tombs with complete requirements. Most of the tombs were in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and their shapes and scales were relatively large. There is no second Han tomb area with such a large scale and complete layout structure in Mangshan area, so it is undoubtedly the core area of Eastern Han tombs. "The tomb of Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu should also be here," Yan Hui said. There are five independent tombs in the mausoleum area. Four of them are on the north-south line, namely, Dahan's tomb in Sanlipu village, Erhan's tomb in Pingle village, Sanhan's tomb and Liujiajing's tomb. There is a 1 seat on the west side of the above four tombs, which is the jade tomb in the southeast of Dongshantou village. Since the Qing dynasty, people have been divided on its ownership and age, but they all think it is a mausoleum. The five tombs are several large in diameter and scale. Therefore, Yan Hui thinks that the largest tomb is probably the original tomb of Emperor Guangwu. Yan Hui said: "The original tomb of Emperor Guangwu was the ancestral tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is reasonable to build grand cemeteries and graves. In the area of the mausoleum, only Dahan's tomb can match it. We found a large-scale building site and building site group near the enclosure of Dahan Lord, and also collected some important inscriptions of the Han Dynasty with the words' Zhongxing in the Han Dynasty' on them. These evidences show that the tomb of the Great Han Dynasty is probably the original tomb of Emperor Guangwu. " In front of Dahan's tomb today, a modern inscription stands, which says that this tomb is Andy Gong Ling. After this investigation, this inscription may have to be rewritten, and the words of the original tomb of Emperor Guangwu should be engraved here. It is generally believed that Mangshan Mausoleum is not only large in scale, but also priceless in funerary objects, such as the funerary objects unearthed after the excavation of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which sensationalized the world. What are the values of the 24 imperial tombs on Mangshan Mountain? Yan Hui said that the imperial mausoleum on Mangshan Mountain can't be like Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. First, these emperors did not spend all their energy on building tombs like Qin Shihuang. Another reason is that the tombs on Mangshan Mountain were seriously damaged by theft. According to historical records, due to various reasons, Mangshan Mausoleum Group was seriously damaged, the number of tombs decreased, tombs were stolen, land was sealed, and cemetery sites were destroyed. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the society was in chaos, and warlords and hungry people dug graves to be buried with them and plundered treasures. The large-scale excavation of the old tomb of the new imperial tomb began with Dong Zhuo, who entered Luoyang in August and opened Wenling in the north of the city in September during the funeral. All the treasures in the tomb were swept away. After Cao Cao set up institutions and officials, specializing in digging graves and nuggets, unprecedented, and the royal cemetery outside Luoyang was not spared. During the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the imperial tombs in Luoyang were generally stolen and dug. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, western powers searched for antiquities in China, and Luoyang bore the brunt. 1904, the built Bianluo Railway passed through the southern foot of Mangshan Mountain, destroying a number of ancient tombs, and the unearthed funerary objects made Europe and America scramble to buy them. The saddest thing is that during the period of 1928 ~ 1932, the tomb of Jincun Village in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty at the foot of Mangshan Mountain was frantically excavated by Canadian missionary William Charles White and American Warner, and thousands of precious cultural relics were unearthed, most of which were later lost overseas. A large number of ancient tombs have been excavated in Luoyang for decades. Then, based on Xuanwu Mausoleum in the Northern Wei Dynasty, 26 typical and representative tombs were selected, and Luoyang Ancient Tomb Museum was built and opened to the public in 1987. Xuan Wudi, the son of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, has a tall mausoleum on the ground, lush vegetation, majestic majesty, deep underground palace and dense weather. Although thousands of years have passed, the majesty of the emperor before his death and the ostentation and extravagance behind him are still faintly visible. In 1980s, Xuan Wudi Jingling in Northern Wei Dynasty was scientifically excavated with the approval of the state, but the tomb was basically stolen. Archaeologists found two stolen caves, one of which was dug in the Song and Jin Dynasties and hit the Shimen accurately. Yan Hui said that the current archaeological investigation of the mausoleum is mainly to understand the layout of the mausoleum and the tombs buried with it, the shape, burial system and preservation of the tombs, as well as the development and evolution of the mausoleum system in various periods. For example, from February 28 to May 26, 2004, the team focused on the investigation and drilling of the Changling site of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and basically understood the layout, organization, cultural connotation and preservation of the Changling site. In March 2006, they also investigated and explored the jade tomb in Dongshantou Village, Mengjin County. This mausoleum is 94 meters in diameter and belongs to the Imperial Mausoleum. It is at the junction of the Eastern Han Mausoleum and the Northern Wei Mausoleum. Its nature is very important for solving the layout of the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty in Mangshan. "The archaeological investigation and survey of Mangshan Mausoleum Group is arduous. No matter from the perspective of cultural relics protection or the needs of archaeological work itself, the time to really explore the mausoleum is not yet mature. " Yan Hui said. But this doesn't mean that Mangshan Mausoleum has no shocking new discoveries.