Mongolian yurts and felt bags are tents inhabited by Mongolian, Kazak, Tajik and other ethnic herders in China. They are generally round and were called "domes" and "felt tents" in ancient times. Mongolian yurts are generally made of wicker as the skeleton, with wool felt on the outside and a circular skylight in the center of the top, which is a movable circular residence. Coat both sides of wicker with lime grass mud instead of felt, and it becomes a semi-permanent Mongolian yurt. Between two round houses, connected by earth walls, three parallel houses have evolved into earth houses.
Villages and towns in southern Tibet are rich in Shi Cun, and houses are generally built with stone walls, 2-3 meters high, so they are called blockhouses. The bunker uses wood as beams, columns and rafters. Flat roofs, some with balconies. There are bright colors on the wooden beams and columns, and glass is installed on the windows, which can effectively use the local sunshine. On the vast pastoral grassland, herders live in a square financial room. The top of the tent is a carpet made of cow hair, surrounded by grass and mud. The bunker conforms to the plateau natural conditions, agriculture and animal husbandry production, Lamaism beliefs, living habits and self-defense needs.
Majiafang, Jilin-Mongolia, a residential building in three northeastern provinces, is the main house of Mongolian farmers in Jilin Province. It was cut on the gables and shaped like a horse rack of Han farmers in the eastern mountainous area of Jilin, so it was called Ma Jiafang. Its room plane is nearly square, and the upper part can be oval top, much like Mongolian yurts, which keeps the Mongolian national habits. Horse frame houses are all mud walls, without foundation, and are surrounded by adobe walls. When it rains continuously, the walls will fall off because of humidity, so it is difficult to maintain the life of the house for a long time.
Hunan folk houses-wind and fire walls Hunan folk houses are mostly composed of two rooms, one bright and the other dark. In the middle is the inner courtyard, with flowers and trees, high room space, attic and balanced architectural choice. Blue tile powder wall, with wind and fire walls inside, facing the mountains and water, has a beautiful environment. The average farmer's house has no tall gables. For example, Mao Zedong's former residence in Shaoshan is a typical rural residence in Hunan.
Dwellings in Jiangsu (see attached map) Jiangsu has a mild and humid climate and rich waters. Most towns and rural houses are freely and flexibly hashed in the crevices where flowing water haunts, and rivers are built by water or across streams. Houses are compact in layout, generally two-story buildings with pavilions. The room is high, the wall is thin, the eaves are deep, and the doors and windows are high, which is conducive to ventilation. The appearance is simple, the reflection of white walls and gray tiles, and the reflection of water in windows are hidden among peaches, willows and bamboos, forming a unique water town family.
Siheyuan is the most common and oldest residential form in China. Its layout is often "one front and two compartments". The main room (upper room) is located on the central axis of the whole house, facing south, and its width, depth, height and decoration are the first in the whole house. The wing rooms on both sides of the yard set off the main room. Courtyard is the hub of transportation, lighting and ventilation, and with greening, it becomes the center of rest and family activities. Most of the residential gates are located in the southeast corner, symbolizing the position of "following the door" in the geomantic gossip, and adding the auspiciousness of "purple gas coming from the east", with the quadrangles in Beijing as the most representative.
Dai bamboo house Dai bamboo house, according to legend, was built by Dai ancestors according to the posture evolution of phoenix landing in Dai township. This bamboo building is divided into two floors. The upper floor is about 2.5 meters from the ground, with wooden stakes or bamboo as columns. There is no fence on the lower floor, which is used to raise livestock and pile up sundries. The roof is a double oblique herringbone, covered with "grass rafts" or tiles. The interior is separated by bamboo walls, with the bedroom inside and the guest room outside. The floor is elastic, and the sunshine and wind penetrate through the bamboo seams, which is elegant and comfortable.
In addition to some garden buildings, the Shikumen house in Lane is the most representative of the old houses in Shanghai. The big houses are lined up next to each other. Indoor buildings are compact in layout, 2-3 stories high, with blue tile roofs and small terraces, which are often simply decorated on the front, walls and gates of buildings.
Anhui Folk Houses The layout of Anhui Folk Houses is generally dominated by three-way courtyards or quadrangles, but the macro world is different from the quadrangles in Beijing. According to the local climate and topographical features, most of the traditional residential buildings in Anhui are small two-story buildings with different shapes, some of which are surrounded by mountains and waters, some are uneven, and some are layered, exquisite, simple and magnificent.
Cave dwellings are typical dwellings in the Loess Plateau in northwest China, the upper reaches of the Yellow River and areas with little rainfall. Cave dwellings are generally 3 meters wide and 5-20 meters deep. Under the cover of loess with a depth of 3-5 meters, the indoor temperature is about 10 degrees lower than that of outdoor in summer and 15 degrees higher than that of outdoor in winter. The temperature is relatively stable, warm in winter and cool in summer. There are three kinds of caves: single cliff caves (earth caves), adobe or masonry arch compound caves and courtyard caves. The cave facade is equipped with a large area of doors and windows, which has good lighting and is less affected by external noise and other pollution.
Full wedge wood structure Sichuan dwellings widely use full wedge wood structure, which is built according to local conditions and local materials. They are built under stones, based on wooden beams, wedges, columns and rafters, with bamboo partitions as walls, bricks or soil as roofs, and grass and tiles as roofs. The space is rich and changeable, the levels are patchy, the shape is ethereal and light, and the colors are beautiful and elegant. Town houses are usually on the first floor and the ground floor, shops or daily activities are on the lower floor, and bedrooms are on the upper floor. The upper floors of rural houses store (dry) grain, and the lower floors are houses, halls, wings, kitchens, weaving workshops, etc.
The basic forms of folk houses in Taiwan Province Province and Taiwan Province Province are triple courtyard and quadrangle. The front and back slopes of the roof fell into the water. Farmers use three-way houses, and crops can be dried in the square in front. The houses of wealthier families or lawyers use quadrangles, which are cushioned by foyer and main hall and have high confidentiality.
Fujian Dwellings-Hakka Dwellings Hakka Dwellings are distributed in the southwest of Fujian and along the southern foot of Wuling Mountain in the north of Guangdong and Guangxi. "Chengqi Building" is a round brick earth building. The largest tulou is over 70 meters in diameter. Surrounded by a three-story circular house with more than 300 rooms. The outer ring chamber is as high as four floors. The ground floor is used as a kitchen and utility room, with two floors for storing food and three floors for people. The other two rings are only 1 storey high. It is an annular building of an ancient castle, which can be defended against typhoons outside, with a solid appearance and magnificent momentum.
Zhejiang Folk House-Tianchang Street Folk House in Huangyan This folk house has a back to the river, a storefront and a street front. The interior doubles as a living room, and the room facing the water at the back serves as a kitchen. The middle part of the whole house is divided into three floors, and the space on the second floor is only 2.2 meters high. The attic protrudes on three sides, the windowsill is made lower, and the windows are opened on three sides. The attic window is properly opened, and living on the top floor doesn't feel depressed. The shape of the whole house is ethereal and real, full of the flavor of the times, low and not monotonous.
Qinghai residence Qinghai is located in the plateau, where Han, Tibetan, Hui, Tu, Salar, Mongolian, Kazak and other ethnic groups live together. Due to the geographical environment, natural conditions and rich building materials, its dwellings are magnificent and elegant. The front room is a bungalow with high steps, the door is recessed, and the left and right windows are different in form. The house in the backyard is on the ground floor, and there is a prominent Ming-style corridor upstairs.
Guizhou folk houses Guizhou area is also a multi-ethnic area, and the houses inhabited by different ethnic groups are very different. Southwest Guizhou is close to Yunnan and Sichuan, and many houses in the form of stamps are built. The house basically conforms to the wooden structure characteristics of Sichuan folk houses, but the difference is that this kind of folk house is built on a high stone foundation, with high eaves and low eaves, and doors often open on the left and rear sides.
The residential buildings in Guangxi are mainly made of wood and bamboo. Bamboo is the main building material along the Lijiang River, and there are bamboo houses similar to Dai bamboo houses. There is a low-rise ground floor in the lower part of the house, and a small corridor in front of the house, similar to the balcony in urban buildings. In Zhuang township, houses are often built by water.
Folk houses in Ningxia are mainly Hui people, while old houses are mainly made of earth. Both the courtyard wall and the house wall are made of mud, and the earth wall is decorated with certain national styles and customs, and the eaves are single-sided, forming a unique style.
Shanxi folk houses Shanxi folk houses use adobe bricks as building materials, often tile houses. The layout and structure of tile houses are generally three rooms. The courtyard wall and the house form a quadrangle, and the gate and roof of the courtyard wall are built with unique decoration.
Folk houses in Jiangxi, especially in the vast rural areas, have the same basic structural form as those in Sichuan, all of which are wooden structures, including halls, bedrooms, kitchens and other rooms. However, the quality of building materials and houses is generally better than that of Sichuan folk houses, and tile houses are usually the main ones. The "luxury" houses on stamps are not common in this area.
The architecture of Shandong folk houses has the characteristics of some Han folk houses in Northeast China. Stone and soil are mixed together to build the walls of houses and courtyards. The roof has a thick layer of soil to protect the indoor temperature. Some roofs are similar to the Mongolian "Ma Jiafang" in northeast China.