Yesterday, a friend in Jieyang left a message saying that she didn't know there were Hakkas in Chaoshan until she went to college.
This surprised me.
But when you think about it, it makes sense. If I was born in a county town that only speaks Hakka, I probably wouldn't know the existence of Chaoshan people.
(2)
But my birthplace happens to be where tourists gather. Take Jiexi County as an example. Among the 20 townships, Hakkas account for 13, while Hoklo accounts for 7. Both sides have long been married by trade, so there are many similarities in cultural customs on the premise of retaining their fine traditions.
Therefore, it is not surprising that there are many Chaoshan people from small to large, regardless of neighbors, classmates, teachers and elders. They are familiar with bilingualism because they have lived in a foreign country for a long time, but we will never learn Chaoshan dialect.
In fact, in addition to Jiexi, there are also a certain proportion of Hakka villages and towns in six counties, such as Chaoan, Raoping, Chaoyang, Jiedong, Puning and Huilai. So in the whole Chaoshan area, there are more than one million people who speak Hakka.
This part of the Hakkas, after years of "tide", is different from the so-called authentic Hakkas in Meizhou, and is often called "Mid-Levels Hakkas".
(3)
"Tide" is nothing unusual.
Take this area as an example. In the old days, it was under the jurisdiction of Jieyang County, Chaozhou Prefecture. The Hakkas who moved south lived in this area dominated by Chaoshan people. After centuries of edification, communication and infiltration of local customs, I naturally gradually accepted the culture here and was able to integrate into it.
This can explain some puzzles when I was a child: for example, why the Hakka we speak is so different from other non-Chaoshan areas; Why are some of our eating habits so similar to folk customs and Chaoshan people? ...
(4)
Hakka means "to be a guest at home".
But back to the historical source, no matter Guangfu people, Chaoshan people or Hakka people, in fact, everyone is a "guest." Because in the old society, Lingnan was the territory of Baiyue people, and they were pure aborigines.
It was not until Qin Bing marched into Lingnan and merged with Baiyue that people moved south from the Central Plains and moved into the southern provinces one after another.
After thousands of years of integration and evolution, these Han people with unique dialects, customs and cultural forms gradually formed in Lingnan.
(5)
Among them, the source and path of Hakka and Chaoshan people moving south are quite different. Hakkas often go to mountainous areas, from southern Jiangxi to western Fujian and then to eastern Guangdong; Most Chaoshan people walk along the coast, from southern Fujian to Chaozhou.
In other words, the ancestors of the two nationalities arrived at their respective base camps from different parts of the Central Plains in different periods and in different ways.
In Song Dynasty, the hukou book was mainly called the "master book", such as the ancestors of Guangfu and Chaozhou dialect. Later, this "guest" was called "Hakka". Therefore, "Hakka" is also called "Hakka", and it has been officially named since then.
Because "Hakkas" are latecomers, those fertile plains have been seized by the main ethnic groups, and "Hakkas" can't get involved, so they have to avoid the mountains. Therefore, there is a saying that "every mountain must have a guest, and no guest can live in a mountain".
(6)
How slow? Here are two examples.
First, after the collapse of the cliff mountain and the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang foot soldiers returned to Hakka areas in remote wild mountains (now Jiangmen and Meizhou) to live in seclusion. In addition, the five genera of Jiaying (now Meizhou) were wiped out by the Yuan Army because of their failure to arise and diligence. "The population has decreased sharply and the land is scarce." Therefore, the border people of Fujian and Jiangxi (early Hakkas from the Central Plains) adjacent to this area came to fill the labor gap.
Second, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Hakkas in Fujian and Jiangxi moved into Meixian again in large numbers.
"After they took root in Meixian, they wanted to develop outward because the land was mountainous and barren, and people were poor and unable to settle down. Then it gradually moved westward to Xingning, Wuhua, Zijin, Longchuan, Heyuan, Boluo and Zengcheng. One is Meixian, Tai Po and Fengshun to Jiexi; The other branch migrated to northern Guangdong, and arrived in Qujiang through peace, faithfulness and Wengyuan. After joining the Hakkas who entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaoguan from Dayuling in the west of Jiangxi, they turned south to Yingde, Qingyuan and Conghua and arrived in Huaxian County, Guangzhou. There is also a Hakka who migrated from Jiangxi to Guangxi via Hunan, and entered the whole county, Luchuan, Guixian, Guiping, Wuxuan, Pingnan, Bobai and other places, and some even went as far as Qinlian and Fangcheng to seek asylum. "
-Ke Mingjun's Six Great Migrations in Hakka History
(7)
I have read the genealogy of the Chen family in Jiexi, and I have the impression that Chen Xiaoxi and a branch of the Chen family in Yimen were both Jiexi at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
If we look at the genealogy of several Hakka surnames with relatively concentrated population in Jiexi, we can also find that their ancestors arrived in Jiexi to start their base in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty to the middle and early Ming Dynasty.
For example, Fu Zengjia in the Five Classics, in the middle of Yuan Dynasty; 144 1 year, Li Juhui's residence; Hepo Xiatan Zhangzai1500; Cai zai1477; Liu1488; Huang was also in the forties of 15.
Most of their migration routes are from the Central Plains to Fujian, from Jiangxi to Meizhou, Guangdong, and then to Hepo, Wujingfu and other places. So far, it is only about 500 years.
(8)
Because of the slow arrival and avoiding the mountains, Hakka people lingered on the edge for a long time.
For a long time, in order to compete for limited resources, Hakkas, Chaoshan people and Guangfu people despised each other, and many conflicts and struggles occurred. This is why Hakkas like to build defensive earth buildings around their houses.
Until the middle of Qing Dynasty, after several long-lasting heavy casualties, Hakka talents gradually turned from the edge to the center, and the situation of Guangfu people, Chaoshan people and Hakka people in Lingnan area gradually formed.
At the same time, it also created the beginning of another large-scale immigration. Later, Hakka people were actively or passively involved in the surging and mighty revolutionary wave in modern history.
What the hell is going on here? Let's wait until tomorrow. Say goodbye.