1. The improvement of production technology (the fundamental reason why the development of productivity gave rise to the emergence of capitalism)
2. The expansion of social division of labor
·The improvement of production technology Progress has promoted the strengthening of specialization in the handicraft industry, and the division of labor within the handicraft industry has become increasingly detailed;
·New handicraft sectors continue to emerge, and household handicrafts and agriculture are further separated and become independent handicraft sectors
< p>Division of labor and the "collaboration" that coexists with it are of great significance to the emergence and development of capitalism.3. Changes in the economic structure: the formation of distinctive industrial centers and agricultural areas
4. The development of the commodity economy has promoted the disintegration of the natural economy and the formation of domestic and foreign markets. Expansion
The prosperity of commerce, banking and finance
The formation of domestic and foreign markets
The prosperity of cities and towns
The commodity economy has developed to a higher level Level is a necessary condition for the emergence of capitalism. The progress of production technology is the basis for the development of the commodity economy to a higher level; the expansion of social division of labor and the emergence of domestic and foreign commodity markets are important signs of the development of the commodity economy to a higher level.
5. Monetary land rent has accelerated the polarization of farmers and caused qualitative changes in the development of the agricultural economy.
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1. Reason analysis: The development of European economy in the 14th and 15th centuries - the economic foundation for the emergence of capitalism
< p>1. The improvement of production technology (the fundamental reason why the development of productivity gave rise to the emergence of capitalism)·The advancement of European traditional handicraft technology and the improvement of production capacity:
Textile industry : The textile industry uses hand spinning wheels, pedal automatic spinning wheels,
vertical hand looms, and horizontal pedal looms
The progress of new handicraft technology has promoted It has led to the development of cloth making, silk weaving and cotton textile industries
Mining industry: In the mining industry, pumps and winches driven by animal power and water power can be used to develop deep mineral deposits
Metallurgy industry: Tall furnaces and bellows were used in the metallurgy industry to make ironware strong and durable
Printing industry:
·Advances in agricultural technology in the late Middle Ages: multi-field rotation, agriculture and animal husbandry The combination of labor productivity that goes beyond the needs of agricultural producers is the basis for the development of all other sectors of society. The advancement of agricultural production technology promoted the development of the commodity economy and laid the foundation for the emergence of capitalism.
·The introduction of the four great inventions had a huge impact on Europe in the late feudal society:
The four great inventions that heralded the arrival of capitalist society
Gunpowder: It became a powerful weapon for the bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal knights and destroy the feudal fortresses, making the European bourgeois revolution successful;
Promote the development of mining weapons manufacturing and metallurgy industries
Papermaking and Printing:
Promoted the Renaissance and the Reformation and became a tool of Protestantism
Books replaced parchment and facilitated the spread of cultural knowledge
Promoted It promoted the development of European culture and education, was a means of scientific renaissance, and promoted political and economic development
Compass needle: It provided guarantee and motivation for the development of shipbuilding and navigation, and promoted the opening of new shipping routes.
Opened the world market and established colonies
Summary: The four great inventions played a huge role in promoting the transformation of Europe from feudal society to capitalist society, showing that ancient China Civilization has had a huge impact on the course of human history; at the same time, while making the descendants of Yan and Huang proud, it also raises the question of why the brilliant flowers of ancient Chinese civilization did not bloom in China, but instead bore epoch-making fruits in Europe. Food for thought.
Historical data:
Lu Xun said in "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Electricity": "Foreign countries use gunpowder to make bullets to defend the enemy, but China uses it to make firecrackers to worship gods; foreign countries use compasses for navigation, and China But they use it for feng shui; foreign countries use opium to treat diseases, but China uses it for food.”
China’s feudal society has been deep-rooted for more than 2,000 years.
Politically, it was an autocratic rule, which was further strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; economically, the self-sufficient natural economy occupied an absolute dominant position, coupled with the government's policy of "focusing on agriculture and suppressing business" and "closing the country away", which seriously hindered Chinese capitalism The growth of buds; in terms of ideology, Confucianism, the Eight-part Writing System to Recruit Scholars, and the Daxing Literary Prison, etc., have seriously restricted people's thoughts, destroyed talents, hindered the development and progress of Chinese society, and China has become increasingly ignorant and backward. Such a harsh social environment has prevented China's four great inventions from playing their due role in promoting social progress on Chinese soil.
The feudal society in Europe was relatively short-lived and the feudal power was weak. And there are many city-states along the Mediterranean coast with extremely developed commodity economies. Capitalism has spread over a wide range of countries in Europe and has developed to a high degree. The development of the system, especially in the countryside, had a serious impact on the natural economy of Europe. Ideologically, the Renaissance and the Reformation in Europe liberated people's minds. All of this created a good social environment for the application of the four great inventions in Europe and became a powerful driving force for Europe to enter a capitalist society.
2. The expansion of social division of labor
·The advancement of production technology has promoted the strengthening of specialization in the handicraft industry, and the division of labor within the handicraft industry has become increasingly detailed;
· New handicraft sectors continue to emerge, and cottage industry is further separated from agriculture and becomes an independent handicraft sector
Division of labor and the "collaboration" that coexists with it are of great significance to the emergence and development of capitalism.
3. Changes in the economic structure: the formation of distinctive industrial centers and agricultural areas
4. The development of the commodity economy has promoted the disintegration of the natural economy and the formation of domestic and foreign markets. Expansion
The prosperity of commerce, banking and finance
The formation of domestic and foreign markets
The prosperity of cities and towns
The commodity economy has developed to a higher level Level is a necessary condition for the emergence of capitalism. The progress of production technology is the basis for the development of the commodity economy to a higher level; the expansion of social division of labor and the emergence of domestic and foreign commodity markets are important signs of the development of the commodity economy to a higher level.
5. Monetary land rent accelerates the polarization of farmers and changes the quality of agricultural economic development
6. The historical premise for the emergence of capitalism:
Marx The discussion emphasizes that commodities and currency themselves are not capital, and will only be converted into capital under certain historical conditions
·Owners of currency, means of production, and means of living must be created, and labor must be purchased to increase value. Total amount
·Wage workers who can freely sell their labor power must be produced (personal dependence is reduced)
These two processes are the process of primitive accumulation of capital
The earliest Among the capitalists are the Englishman Thomas Newcomen who obtained the patent for a slightly improved steam engine in 1712
James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny in 1764
1778 Joseph Brahm's flush toilet
1796 Senefeld lithography
1797 Henry Maudsley's screw-cutting machine
1781 James ·Watt improved the Neukomen steam engine, and the modern steam engine took shape
In 1807, Fulton built a ship powered by a steam engine
In 1812, Trevishek Kearney boiler
Han David's miner's lamp in 1815
In 1825, the steam locomotive invented by Stephenson was successfully tested
In 1844, Cheng Lian Feiburnlan opened the Summer Boiler
These inventors have become capitalists