The number of white glazed porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty was small, but it was finely made. The most common shapes are plates, bowls and Gao Zuwan, and the decorative techniques are mainly printing, supplemented by depicting flowers. The inner walls of plates and bowls are often printed with flowers wrapped in branches, such as Yunlong, Yunfeng, Yunhe, flowers and birds, lotus flowers wrapped in branches and so on. Some objects are printed with official or auspicious words between patterns, the most common of which is the inscription "Official Residence". Therefore, people sometimes call egg white glazed porcelain "official porcelain".
For example, the egg white glaze seal "Tai Xi" Ming Yunlong has a height of 2.3 cm, a diameter of 17.8 cm and a foot diameter of 1 1.4 cm. Open disk, shallow arc wall, full circle. Fetal bone is solid, thin and white, with glaze inside and outside. The glaze layer is thick and opaque. The glaze is bright and moist, and the glaze is white and blue, just like the color of goose eggs. The foot is unglazed.
The outer wall of the disc is painted with a distorted lotus petal pattern with *** 16 petals, and the tip of the lotus petal pattern is marked with a chord pattern. The plate is decorated with a positive seal, and in the center of the plate is an dragon ball, with its mouth open and five claws showing its teeth. Body dancing pervert, lined with clouds and fire beads. On the inner wall of the plate are eight auspicious patterns of lotus root, and the word "Tai Xi" is symmetrically printed in the middle of the flowers. The order of the Eight Auspiciouss is "intestine, snail, wheel, cover, flower, pearl, fish, umbrella", starting from the word "Thai" and turning counterclockwise to the left.
Blue glazed porcelain is a new variety created and fired by Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty. Using cobalt blue as colorant, it is made by one-time firing at high temperature. The blue glazed porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty was plain, carved with white patterns and painted with gold.
For example, the gold lacquer blue and white moire card in Baoding, Hebei Province, is 4.5 cm high, with a flow length of 17 cm and a bottom diameter of 8.5 cm. Moo open, shallow arc belly, flat bottom. There is a channel flow on one side of the mouth,
Drop a small series. The fetus is thin. Blue glaze is applied inside and outside, and the glaze thickness is uneven. The mouth edge and outsole are not glazed. Gold coils are painted on the insole, and five golden auspicious clouds are painted on the mural.
The shape is like bronze, and the blue glaze flashes like sapphire blue, glittering with gold. At the same time, small cups and plates coated with blue glaze were also found. This golden pattern is as good as ever and as bright as new, which is really rare.
Red glazed porcelain is an innovative variety of Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty, which is made of copper red as colorant and fired at high temperature in reducing atmosphere. Because the firing technology of copper red is more difficult to master than cobalt blue, there are few finished products, and only a few are found in the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty, and only small utensils such as plates, bowls and Yin He are unearthed.
For example, the dark carved Yunlong pot with Yuan red glaze is 12.5cm in height, 3.5cm in caliber and 5.3cm in foot diameter. The pot has a pear-shaped body and a straight mouth, and gradually becomes a drooping round belly under the mouth. There is a curved flow on one side of the abdomen and a crank on the other side, and the height of the round foot is slightly outward.
An umbrella-shaped cover is attached, and a bead button is arranged at the top of the cover. One side of the lid and the outer side of the spout are respectively provided with a small ring system, which is convenient for tether connection and prevents the lid from falling off. The whole body is red glaze, and the abdomen is secretly engraved with five claws. This pot has uniform glaze color and bright glaze color, which is a treasure in red glazed porcelain in Yuan Dynasty. The pot body has a dragon pattern with a thin neck and a long mouth, which is vivid in shape and has distinct characteristics of the times.
Pear-shaped pot is a new shape created by Jingdezhen kiln in Yuan Dynasty. This kind of pot is small and compact, mainly used on the dining table.
The underglaze blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty is the most important role in ancient porcelain. It uses cobalt material to draw decorative patterns on a white blank, then covers it with transparent glaze, and then fires white blue and white flowers at high temperature in a reducing atmosphere. The pattern burned without glaze is black.
Blue-and-white porcelain wares in Yuan Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: small wares and large wares. Small utensils are light and thin, mostly blue-white, milky white, translucent or dark green glaze. Blue-and-white wares are dark and hazy in color, with sparse and unrestrained patterns, some of which can be said to be quite scribbled. All cobalt materials contain high manganese and low iron, which are the same as domestic cobalt minerals and should be coated with domestic cobalt materials.
Common utensils are cups, bowls, plates, chopsticks, incense burners, small pots, garlic bottles, jade pot spring bottles and so on. Most of these are articles for daily use. At that time, the number of blue and white porcelain was limited, and most of them belonged to civil porcelain.
For example, the Yuan Blue and White Phoenix wears a peony pot with a height of 23.5 cm, a diameter of 4.7 cm and a foot diameter of 7.3 cm. The mouth of the kettle is straight, the mouth gradually expands, the neck is thick, the abdomen hangs down, the abdomen is closed, and the feet are slightly rolled.
There is a long curved stream with a thin bottom and thick thickness on one side of the abdomen, and the stream is painted with fire moire. There is a crank on the other side and a small series on the upper end. The handle is painted with silver ingots, Baochai and other decorations. Sticking to the flat top cover is a round button with chrysanthemum petals painted on it. White glaze on the circle, no money. The body is decorated with blue patterns under blue and white glaze, and phoenix flowers are painted on both sides of the abdomen, with fire beads and bamboo stones in the middle.
This pot is densely patterned, but the main pattern is prominent, complicated but not chaotic. Blue and white porcelain is a rare fine product in Yuan Dynasty.
This kind of modeling comes from the bronzes used by Arabs, which is a popular porcelain style in Yuan Dynasty. In addition to blue and white ware, there are Longquan kiln green glaze products. When yuan dynasty porcelain used this model for reference, it paid special attention to the bold style of Mongolian copper pot.
Another example is the blue-and-white flying phoenix unicorn pattern plate, which is 7.9 cm high, 46. 1 cm in diameter and 26. 1 cm in foot diameter. The edge of the disc is folded, the diamond mouth is opened and the center of the disc is flat. Green and white glaze is applied to the whole body, and the plain tire is not glazed. Inside and outside the dish, there are many layers of blue and white patterns. Grass lines are painted on the hem, and Bai Mudan lines are highlighted on the blue-and-white net lines on the inner wall. The center edge of the disc is surrounded by grass patterns, and the center is set off with Kirin and Xiangfeng in blue and white, and the space is lined with Bai Lianhua and clouds. The outer wall of the plate is painted with lotus patterns.
This device has a pure blue and white hair color and a rigorous composition. The pattern of the cabbage heart means "Weifeng Xianglin" to show the harmony between heaven and earth. There are two forms of blue-and-white porcelain decoration in Yuan Dynasty: one is to use blue-and-white materials to directly depict decorative patterns on the white matrix. The other is to use blue and white as the background color to set off the white pattern. For example, the mouth plate of blue-and-white mandarin duck and lotus flower, or "Manchejiao", is 7.3 cm high, 46.4 cm in diameter and 29.8 cm in foot diameter. Disc 16 petal diamond mouth, hem, shallow arc wall, circle foot, blue and white decoration inside and outside.
There are two mandarin ducks swimming in the lotus pond on the insole. One mandarin duck and the other mandarin duck are looking for love everywhere. The inner and outer walls are painted with tangled lotus patterns, and there are 6 blooming lotus flowers on the stem. Draw a diamond brocade on the hem. The ring foot is unglazed, and the inner wall has an inclined surface.
The theme decoration on this plate is the lotus pond mandarin duck picture painted on the insole, which is a common decoration theme on blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty. Some only paint the lotus pond, some paint the birds in the lotus pond, mostly on the inner bottom of large plates and bowls, and some paint on the outer wall of octagonal cylinders.
There is also a blue-and-white porcelain, which is mainly large. Its * * * features a thick carcass, white and dense color, white with blue glaze, bright blue and white with dark brown spots in dense color, and many decorative layers, some even as many as a dozen.
The painting is dense, complicated but not chaotic. There is a week gap between layers, and there is no gap between the two layers at the bottom of the container. There is no relationship between the decorative contents of each layer. As usual, it is mixed with Yunfeng, Zabao and Haiyang Jiangya Tablet. Among bunches of chrysanthemums, banana leaves, bunches of lotus and bunches of peony, unrelated decorative patterns are combined on a vessel.
For example, the large-scale wine vessel Yuan Qinghua seawater white dragon octagonal plum bottle has a height of 46. 1 cm, a caliber of 6.2 cm and a foot diameter of 13.4 cm. Plum bottles have thick fetal bones, flat mouth and short neck. The bottle is slender and has eight sides.
The shoulder is decorated with diagonal plaid brocade, under which there is a round cloud pattern and peony pattern painted inside. Four white dragons are painted around the middle of the bottle, lined with blue and white seawater and flame patterns, and a cloud head pattern with peony leaves is decorated near the foot.
Buddhist scriptures say that Datura starts in the east and ends in the northwest, always in all directions, which means that Buddhism is all around. The Yuan court worships Taoism and believes in Buddhism, decorated with dragon patterns, which means that the emperor is strong in the world.
The fetal bone of this device is delicate and white, the enamel is moist and bright, and the blue and white colors are rich. It embodies the characteristics of large-scale blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty, such as huge and plump shape, dense ornamentation, rich layers and rigorous composition. It has changed the tradition of simple layout of porcelain patterns since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and formed a colorful artistic style with detailed description and complex levels.
The huge blue-and-white moire patterns on the shoulders and near the feet draw lessons from the patterns of silk shawls in the Yuan Dynasty, and the appearance of dragon patterns is also the characteristic of porcelain decorative art in this period.
Plum bottles are not only pleasing to the eye in decoration, but also clean and moist on the white glaze. The blue and white materials are suitable in depth, and the hair color is bright and layered. The brushwork of rubbing and painting porcelain is vigorous and powerful, which makes the picture have the beauty of Danqing and exudes the luster of exquisite utensils.
In the Ming Dynasty, plum bottles became funerary objects in high-level tombs, which played a role in exorcising evil spirits in town tombs. In addition to being a symbol of status, there are also geomantic considerations. Unless you are a royal official, you must never "enjoy" this funerary object.
For example, the plum vase "Chasing Han Xin by Xiao He under the Moon" found in the tomb of Mu Ying, Guanyin Mountain, Dongshanqiao Township, Jiangning County, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province is the representative porcelain of Jingdezhen Kiln in the Yuan Dynasty. The bottle has a very unique blue-and-white decoration, which reflects a very high firing level and is called one of the "Three Wonders of China Porcelain".
In the next month, Xiao He chased Han Xin blue-and-white plum vase, with a height of 44. 1 cm, a base diameter of 13 cm and a caliber of only 5.5cm.. Small mouth, inclined abdomen, gathered shin, flat bottom, beautiful shape, smooth lines, elegant and elegant, giving people a dignified aesthetic feeling. The story of "Xiao He chasing Han Xin under the moon" is engraved on the shoulder and abdomen, and the blue and white patterns painted on porcelain bottles are diverse and unique.
This plum vase is painted with various blue and white patterns. Although the decorative patterns are varied, the passionflower, miscellaneous treasure, deformed lotus petal pattern and pearl decorative pattern decorated from top to bottom all serve the main decorative patterns of Xiao He chasing Han Xin under the moon, thus making the whole utensil seamless and with a distinct theme.
The picture of this porcelain was placed in the belly of the plum bottle, occupying a major position. The whole utensil is dignified and steady in shape, with white and dense fetal quality, and the blue and white hair color is green and rich. The vivid performance of the characters painted in the bottle is particularly wonderful: Xiao He's anxiety when riding wildly, his hesitation when watching by the Han Xin River, and the expectation of the old ferryman when standing with paddles. There are pines, bamboos and stones in the blank, which are strewn at random.
Blue and white underglaze red is a kind of red porcelain with white background, which is coated with copper oxide and transparent glaze and fired at high temperature in reducing atmosphere. Blue and white and underglaze red are basically the same in production technology, painting method and firing technology except that all painting materials are different and the finished products have different effects.
However, the firing atmosphere of underglaze red is stricter than that of blue and white, which is more difficult to master. Like blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty, underglaze red porcelain has the characteristics of thin, firm and white, and the white glaze is very smooth with blue.
Decorative patterns are mostly chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, Yunlong, Yunfeng, Yunhe, peacock, Lu Yan, character stories and so on. The side decorations are mostly variant lotus petals, cloud shoulders, ganoderma lucidum clouds, banana leaves, palindromes, chords and so on.
Most of the utensils are big pots, Gao Zubei, moo, jade pots, spring bottles, tower pots, barns, large plates, bowls and porcelain statues.
For example, in Baoding City, Hebei Province, the blue-and-white glazed red carved cans of the Yuan Dynasty were hoarded, with a height of 4 1 cm, a caliber of 15.5 cm and a foot diameter of 18.5 cm. The jar has a straight mouth, a short neck, smooth shoulders, a bulging belly and a smooth sand bottom. The lion buckled the umbrella. The carcass is thin on the top and thick on the bottom, and the tire quality is delicate.
The blue and white color of the jar is rich, and the red in the glaze is slightly dark. Full-bodied blue and white underglaze red ornamentation. The jar cover is painted with blue and white lotus petals, grass scrolls and palindromes for one week each. Draw a blue-and-white twig-binding pattern and grass-rolling pattern near the mouth edge of the tank.
Hanging clouds are painted on the shoulders, blue and white water ripples are painted in the clouds, and peony patterns are painted between the clouds. Double diamond-shaped beads are piled around the abdomen, and four seasons landscapes such as rocks, peony and chrysanthemum are carved at the opening. Rocks and flowers are painted red in the glaze, and flowers and leaves are painted blue and white, which has a relief effect. The lower part of the abdomen is decorated with blue and white lotus flowers, which corresponds to the cloud head pattern on the shoulder. Draw a scroll grass pattern and a deformed lotus petal pattern near the bottom, and draw an inverted treasure pattern in the lotus petal pattern.
This jar is full and vigorous in shape, with distinct layers of decoration, which combines painting, carving, plastic, paste and other techniques, especially carving decoration is rare in Yuan Dynasty porcelain. Blue and white and underglaze red set each other off in the works, and red and blue complement each other, forming a graceful and colorful artistic effect as a whole.
Yuhu Spring Bottle is a common type of Jingdezhen porcelain in Yuan Dynasty, and its varieties include red inner glaze, blue and white glaze, blue and white glaze with peacock green glaze and so on. For example, the glazed red carved rabbit jade pot spring bottle is 20.5 cm high, 6.3 cm in diameter and 6.8 cm in foot diameter. Bottle body is curled, neck is thin, abdomen is drooping, and ankles are formed. The whole body is painted with green glaze and white glaze.
There are four hidden strings on the shoulder, and the abdomen has the largest diameter. The upper abdomen depicts a rabbit running between flowers and plants. The rabbit looks back and waits, and the glaze is red. Skillful description technique, sharp and free blade, smooth and natural lines and vivid image. The blank of the pattern is painted with red under glaze at will to form red and white flowers, which enhances the artistic effect of the pattern. The inside of the bottle is painted with glaze red.
Small utensils, such as glazed red wine glasses, are10cm high, 7.7cm in diameter and 3.8cm in foot diameter. The mouth of the cup is big, the abdomen is deep, the bottom is thin, and the bottom is hollow bamboo-like high feet. The whole body is painted with green glaze and white glaze. The cup body is painted with three red dots in the glaze and is equipped with a small circle system. The bottom of the cup is connected with a tenon high enough to rotate freely without detaching.
This plaque has a bright hair color, as beautiful as sunset glow, and it is a rare treasure. The freely rotatable cup feet increase its appreciation.
In addition, there are Jizhou Kilns and Yuxi Kilns in other areas of the Yuan Dynasty.
The decoration technique of Jizhou kiln with black flowers on white background originated from Cizhou kiln in the north, but it also has its own characteristics. Its white background is yellow, and the black flowers are brown. The contrast between the background color and the decorative color is not as strong as that of the black flower porcelain with white background in Cizhou Kiln.
For example, the black flower pot in Yuanzhizhou kiln in Bai Di is 6.5 cm high, 5.5 cm in diameter and 6 cm in foot diameter. Straight-mouth flat-bottomed tank with embedded lid. The exterior wall is decorated in black and white, the theme pattern is tangled grass pattern, and the cover is decorated with broken patterns. The pot is small,
For canned crickets. The pattern is simple and smooth, natural and generous.
The blue and white style of Yuxi kiln is obviously different from that of Jingdezhen. Yuxi kiln blue and white ware is crisp, yellow in glaze, deep in blue and white, and strong in glazed glass texture.
In the Yuan Dynasty cremation tomb in Lufeng, Yunnan, a blue-and-white jade pot spring bottle was unearthed in Yuxi kiln, which was 25.6 cm high, 6.7 cm in diameter and 9.5 cm in foot diameter. Bottle body is curled, neck is thin, abdomen is drooping, and ankles are formed. The whole body is painted with blue and yellow glaze, and the outer wall is painted with blue and white banana leaves, lotus petals and fish algae patterns.
Although the color of this bottle of blue and white is not as good as that of Jingdezhen, the painting techniques are natural and smooth, and a few of them are lively and have certain artistic effects, which fully embodies the superb craftsmanship and superb skills of porcelain making in China's frontier areas in the Yuan Dynasty.