The original products were bowls, plates, pots and so on. Thin side, deep belly, thick bottom and high circle foot.
The tire is white and thin, the glaze is white and yellowish, and the decorative patterns are mostly plain, with only a few scratches on the outside, and some prints or words on the insole.
In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, besides bowls and plates, boxes, pots and cans increased, and there were mouth burners. Glaze is blue-white shadow blue glaze, thin part is white, thick part is blue-green, transparent luster.
The bowl is inclined, thin-walled, thick-edged, thick-bottomed, small and low-rounded, and the decorative pattern is mainly carved. Using the "half-knife mud" carving method with deep edge and shallow edge, the carving lines are smooth.
There are peony, chrysanthemum, lotus, phoenix, water wave and other printed patterns on the shoulder of the pot.
From the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, there appeared a variety of vessel shapes such as python-mouth bowls with straight arc walls or inclined walls. The bowl mouth and abdominal wall are thin and still dominated by shadow glaze. Most of the decorations are printed, with richer themes, such as flowers, insects, birds, figures and animals, and their shapes are extremely vivid.
2. Yuan Dynasty
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, under the influence of Ding Yao, the method of covering and burning was adopted to increase the output and improve the quality, which was called "Nanding".
Among them, the product quality of Hutian kiln is the best, the glaze color is like the light green of lake water, and the pattern is also very beautiful.
Since the Southern Song Dynasty, products have been exported to overseas. 1976, a China Yuan Dynasty shipwreck was found in Xin 'an, South Korea, and more than 1.7 million Yuan Dynasty porcelains were salvaged, including more than 5,000 Jingdezhen blue and white porcelains.
In the Yuan Dynasty, blue-and-white porcelain, glaze red and other varieties were fired, which became the center of porcelain making in China, while blue-and-white porcelain continued to be fired.
Products include plum bottles, jade pot spring bottles, cans, bowls, plates, moo, stoves and Gao Zubei.
Famous products in the Yuan Dynasty are red in glaze and blue and white, and the white glazed ware with eggs is white and slightly blue, with the word "Shufu" in it, which is called "Shufu Kiln".
By the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen had become a porcelain capital, and blue and white porcelain had made great progress, so it was called "national porcelain". At the same time, there are glazed porcelain, bucket colored porcelain, multicolored porcelain, plain tricolor porcelain and various monochromatic glazed porcelain.
In the Qing Dynasty, the firing technology of porcelain was greatly improved, and the varieties included blue and white tricolor, pastel and enamel, as well as various porcelain, imitation jade, wood grain, lacquerware and copper glaze, all of which reached the highest level in history.
3. Ming dynasty
In the Ming dynasty, in the form of "officials burning people", official factories began to burn tribute porcelain.
For example, there is an imperial ware factory in Jingdezhen, also called Jingdezhen imperial kiln factory, with special factory officials. The funds come from the local government, and there are more than 50 kilns, which are dedicated to burning imperial vessels, that is, tributes.
After the development of Song Dynasty, porcelain firing reached its peak in firing technology and types of utensils, and there were different representative varieties in each period, such as Yongle Sweet White, Yongxuan Blue and White, Chenghua Doucai and Wan Jia Multicolor.
During Yongle period, Jingdezhen porcelain production flourished. This period is an important stage of China porcelain firing, an important stage of connecting the preceding with the following, internal and external communication in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and extensive exchanges and learning were conducted with foreign countries.
In addition to inheriting the exquisite craftsmanship of predecessors and imitating the typical artifacts of the Yuan Dynasty, skilled craftsmen also boldly innovated and improved and fired new porcelains with the characteristics of the times, such as Yongle sweet white, blue and white, and underglaze red.
In particular, multi-color low-temperature glazed porcelain broke the tradition of monotonous colors and made it more pleasing to the eye, which laid the foundation for the subsequent firing of Chenghua Doucai, Wan Jia multicolored and even Kang Yong dry pastel porcelain.
On the occasion of Zheng He's voyage to the West and the visit of foreign envoys, Yongle porcelain was able to communicate with other parts of the world (exporting porcelain and giving special porcelain to vassal countries), and learning skills from imported pigments (such as sumaliqing used in Yongle blue and white).
There are also a number of * * * porcelain with strong regional color in Yongle porcelain, which is not only the inheritance of the previous dynasty, but also the proof of learning from foreign countries in the new period.
4. Qing dynasty
Jingdezhen porcelain kilns have been greatly improved. According to the advantages of dragon kiln and horseshoe kiln and the characteristics of firing with pine, the kiln covered with duck eggs is called egg-shaped kiln, which has the advantages of large volume and large firing capacity.
The top of the chimney is pointed and inclined to the kiln head to prevent the pumping force from fluctuating or flowing backwards when the wind direction changes.
Because the bottom of the kiln inclines upwards, the top of the kiln gradually descends, the height of the kiln is greater than the width, and the height of the chimney is equal to or slightly less than the length of the kiln. In addition, pay attention to the installation of sagger, using a variety of firewood, so that the indoor temperature and atmosphere are easy to control, and the heat is fully utilized.
This kind of kiln can burn a variety of products at the same time, with less fuel consumption, and less time and cost for building the kiln, so it has a long service life.
Extended data:
porcelain of Jingdezhen
Jingdezhen porcelain is a specialty of Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province, and a landmark product of chinese national geography.
Jingdezhen porcelain is famous for its white porcelain, which is known as "white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper and loud as parallel". The variety is complete, reaching more than 3,000 names.
Porcelain is excellent, light in shape and diverse in decoration.
In terms of decoration, there are blue and white, underglaze red, ancient color, pastel, bucket color, new color, underglaze multicolor, exquisite blue and white, etc. Among them, blue and white and pastel products are big heads, and glass is a famous product.
Glaze colors are cyan, blue, red, yellow, black and so on.
Only the red glaze series, namely Jun Hong, Lang Yaohong, Ji Hong and Rose Purple, are fired with "reducing flame", and their products are world-famous and are one of the outstanding representatives of ancient ceramic art in the world.
Baidu encyclopedia-Jingdezhen kiln