The overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a Taiji diagram. The first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool. The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.
The main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name enclosure. The arc-shaped fence guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. Generally, the windows in the paddock are relatively small, which are natural observation holes and shooting holes, so it is convenient to use martial arts such as bows and arrows, soil guns and soil guns to fight against invading enemies. In fact, the architectural design of Longwu has a lot to do with the situation of Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are excluded and bullied by local people. In order to unite against aggression and survive, they had to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-Dragon House, to resist the invasion of bandits and locals. There is also a solid multi-layer "turret" in Longwei, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot invading enemies from the commanding heights. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half the door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon circle and turret to fight.
design feature
Hakka traditional houses, represented by earth buildings, dragon houses and palace houses, have various types and styles. However, their firmness, safety, closeness and family settlement are their outstanding characteristics.
firm
Now the round and square earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong have a history of 200-300 years or even 500-600 years. They have been washed away by wind and rain, attacked by strong earthquakes and typhoons, and are safe and sound so far, standing proudly in the mountains. Such a solid residence cannot be separated from careful site selection, scientific design, materials and construction methods. Now only from the earth building building materials and construction methods to do some explanation.
The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, a major earthquake occurred in 19 18, which rattled for 20 minutes during the day and continued to vibrate at night, but the earth building was intact.
safe
Historically, Hakkas were originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains. After they moved south to the mountainous area at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, in order to prevent the looting of natives and bandits and the attack of wild animals, the earth buildings and enclosed houses they built were heavily guarded and very safe. For example, like an ancient castle, there are no outward windows on the first and second floors, or only stone windows as slender as gun holes. On the third and fourth floors, each room has large windows facing outward, which is not only conducive to lighting and air circulation, but also a loophole for observing the enemy's situation and shooting outward. The doorframe and doorsill of the Tulou gate are all stones, and the door panel is about 10 cm thick. Some doors were dug obliquely, and several openings were embedded with bamboo tubes. If bandits attack the door, they can shoot it down and pour boiling water. Some tulou doors are also equipped with fire-proof water tanks and sinks. If the invading enemy sets fire to the door, just press the switch and water will flow down the door to put out the fire and protect the door. Earth buildings are inherently strong and abnormal, but just in case, some earth buildings are rammed on the sandwich wall. In case the external wall is blown open by gunfire, the earth building is still supported by the sandwich wall and is safe and sound. There are all kinds of living facilities in the earth building: the deep well in the patio is the water source when it is besieged, and there are equipment for processing water, water and other foods in the building. All this made the bandits unable to attack for a long time. As for the towering "four-point gold" of the four-corner tower, attracting bandits is even more daunting. Weilongwu
close
Hakka dwellings, whether earth buildings or enclosed houses, Wufeng buildings or quadrangles, each room, hall and patio is connected by corridors, lanes and ladders to facilitate residents' living. However, they are completely isolated from the outside world. Generally, there is only one front door and one back door, or one front door and two side doors. Gatehouses have been installed in all the horizontal houses and semi-circular houses in the enclosure and dragon house. In case of robbery, as long as the door is closed, it will be closed tightly.
Clan settlement
Hakka Tulou, Longwu and Wufeng Buildings are generally large in scale. Yongding "Chengqi Building" has more than 300 rooms with an area of 5,376 square meters. The "Heritage Building" has five floors, with an area of 10336 square meters, and there are 5/kloc-0 halls alone. No wonder a Japanese architecture professor wrote after seeing Yongding Earth Building: "This touching Hakka Earth Building is a small town rather than a huge house". Such a huge residence is just to adapt to the characteristics of living together. In its heyday, there were more than 600 people living in 80 households in Chengqi Building. There are more than 300 rooms in Longjuandi, my hometown of Roche, where 50 households with 350 people live. Although there are many households, due to the large number of rooms, halls and patios, small living units with halls, patios and several rooms can be formed, so that each household has its own place and looks elegant and comfortable.
It is worth mentioning that the ancestral hall is the "heart" of earth buildings and enclosed houses. This is the place where the head of the family gathers his parents to discuss. On holidays, every family comes here with all kinds of offerings to worship their ancestors. When a man gets married, he must worship heaven and earth in the ancestral hall, knock on his ancestors and entertain guests. After a daughter marries and says goodbye to her ancestors, she can put on a hijab and walk on a big round plaque symbolizing reunion. After the old man died, the ancestral hall became a mourning hall. In this way, a ancestral temple unites the whole family in harmony and enjoys family happiness.
Implicit cultural spirit
First, it embodies the traditional virtues of Hakka people, such as unity and mutual assistance, respect for the elderly and love for the virtuous, courtesy and civilization, and understanding. Small rockeries, fish ponds and bonsai are generally arranged in the patios of the paddock. All kinds of flowers and trees surround the "flower heads" in the semi-garden behind the main house and the semi-moon pool in front of the main door. The forest on the mountain behind the enclosure is called "Dragon Clothes", and logging is prohibited. The whole building is hidden among evergreen trees, with birds and flowers all year round and beautiful environment in Jing Ya. The columns, beams, fang and doors in the paddock are all carved with vivid landscapes, flowers and birds, birds and animals, and painted with bright and dazzling paint, which looks resplendent, antique and spectacular. Generally speaking, there is a close family living in a dragon enclosure, living in harmony, respecting the old and loving the young. On holidays, men, women and children gather in the main house to worship their ancestors, dance dragons and lions, beat gongs and drums, and it is a happy and peaceful scene.
Second, the style of Hakka Dragon House is the inheritance of the original residential style. Archaeological data show that Banpo clan and Longshan clan in the middle and late primitive society of the Yellow River basin lived in an area composed of dozens of square and round rammed earth houses. This shows that the Hakka people's concept of living subconsciously contains the recovery and reference of some of their ancestors' living experiences.
Thirdly, the architectural features of the Dragon House are also the projection of ancient Yin and Yang thoughts. Reflected in the harmony between architectural objects and natural terrain, it conforms to the philosophical principle of "harmony between man and nature". If the terrain is not ideal, the seating direction can be adjusted by adding a half-moon flower terrace or pond or building half door to achieve the balance of yin and yang and adapt to the environment. This thought of yin and yang was later mixed with a lot of witchcraft culture that pays attention to "feng shui staying in the field", such as the old saying: "Feng Shui is indispensable for the world, and it depends on yin and yang."
Fourth, it embodies the traditional clan concept. On the one hand, it shows the habit of Hakkas living in groups. Because, whether in a long journey or in a new place, the Hakkas all have insurmountable difficulties, and they all have to live together by their own surnames; On the other hand, the residents in the house are assigned rooms according to their generations and grades, and the ancestral tablet is placed in the center of the building for future generations to worship, which reflects the traditional Hakka family ethics to some extent. When building a new house, Hakkas usually hold the custom of "moving to a new house", which is called "showing evil spirits". It will be safe and auspicious to ask Mr. Feng Shui to drive away the "three evils". On the day of moving, there was a grand banquet and a sacrifice to the gods.
Value embodiment
There are more than 20,000 Hakka Dragon Houses in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, which are distributed in all counties (cities, districts) of the city and generally have a history of 200 to 300 years or even 500 to 600 years. Hakka dragon enclosure houses and quadrangles in Beijing, cave dwellings in Shaanxi, shoulder poles in Guangxi and seals in Yunnan are praised by Chinese and foreign architectural circles as the five characteristics of China residential buildings, which are of great historical and cultural value. There are more than 20,000 Hakka dragon enclosure houses in Meizhou, among which the most valuable and largest Hakka dragon enclosure houses are mainly distributed in Meixian, Meijiang District, dapu county and xingning city, such as Renhou Wengong Temple and Wanqiu Building in Meixian County, Chengde Building in Meijiang District, Zhang Bishi's former residence in dapu county and Calyx Building, and He Ziyuan's former residence in Xinhai Site with xingning city characteristics. The Hakka culture connotation of Weilongwu is very rich. From architectural style to folk customs, Hakka culture and history are displayed everywhere. It is an important symbol of Hakka culture, and is praised by many experts at home and abroad as the Oriental Pearl, the wonderful work of the world residential architecture and an endless encyclopedia. According to the evaluation standard of world cultural heritage, only one of the six conditions can be approved, and Meizhou Hakka Dragon House meets four of them by comparison, which fully meets the conditions of "applying for heritage".
Meizhou decided to officially start the work of applying for the World Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as "applying for the World Heritage") in the Hakka paddock Longwu. The "application for heritage" of Hakka Dragon House is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance for improving Meizhou's popularity and influence and enhancing Meizhou's cultural soft power. We will set a goal and go all out to make Hakka Longwu, the main representative of Hakka architectural culture in Meizhou, a world-class cultural tourism brand through the work of "applying for heritage".
Long ago, in order to resist foreign enemies and wild animals, most Hakkas chose to live in groups, so they built Longwei. The main structure of Hakka Dragon House is "one entrance, three halls, two compartments and one enclosure". Ordinary dragon house covers an area of about 8 mu, and Dalong house covers an area of more than 30 mu. The dragon fence is like a huge castle. There are many bedrooms, kitchens, large and small halls, wells, pigsty, henhouse and other facilities in the house, forming a self-sufficient and enjoyable place.
At present, Hakka dragon enclosure houses are juxtaposed with quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi, "shoulder pole" in Guangxi and "one seal" in Yunnan, and are called five characteristic residential buildings in China by Chinese and foreign architects. Today, Hakka people have stepped out of the closed Longwei and are becoming a historical relic and a unique landscape.