Efficacy and function of leech 1. Hirudin in the salivary gland of fresh leech is a polypeptide, which is composed of many amino acids. Its isoelectric point is ph3.8, and it is stable to denaturation. Pure products are gray or white scales or powders, which are easy to deteriorate when heated or in dilute acid. Hirudin in dried medicinal materials has been destroyed. In addition, it also contains heparin and antithrombin.
2. Anti-early pregnancy effects All stages of pregnancy, including implantation and early, middle and late stages, have the effect of terminating pregnancy, but early pregnancy has the best effect; If exogenous progesterone is injected with leech at the same time, it can resist the anti-early pregnancy effect of leech.
3. Anticoagulation: It can significantly inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation, reduce the specific viscosity of whole blood and plasma, and shorten the erythrocyte electrophoresis time; Hirudin can prevent thrombosis caused by bacterial endotoxin and reduce mortality. Hirudin can also resist thrombin-induced contraction of isolated frog hearts. 0.45g/kg leech water extract was administered continuously for 4 hours and 7 days. In vitro experiments showed that leech water extracts of 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml also had obvious inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation in healthy people. Hirudin is a thrombin inhibitor, and each mg of hirudin contains 10 ~ 400 antithrombin units.
4. Improve microcirculation: absorb the hematoma of acute cerebral hemorrhage, reduce the inflammatory reaction and edema around brain tissue, relieve the increase of intracranial pressure, improve local circulation, which is conducive to the recovery of neurological function; It can also promote the absorption of experimental hematoma in ear.
5. Leech can obviously reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in experimental hyperlipidemia. Hirudin can inhibit the growth of tumor cells and liver cancer to some extent. Because leech has high anticoagulant effect, it is beneficial for anticancer drugs and immunocompetent cells to infiltrate into cancer tissues and kill cancer cells.
Pharmacological action of leech
(1) anticoagulation
Oral administration of raw leech can significantly prolong the clotting time, bleeding time and antithrombotic effect in mice. Leech water extract has obvious inhibitory effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation in normal people and rats. The ethanol solution of leech decoction has a strong dissolving effect on fibrin in vitro and in vivo, and significantly shortens the euglobulin lysis time of rabbits.
Hirudin is the strongest thrombin inhibitor in the world. Hirudin has a high affinity with thrombin-thrombin loses its ability to cut fibrinogen, thus preventing fibrin from clotting. Hirudin can also prevent thrombin-catalyzed hemostasis. Hirudin can also inhibit the combination of thrombin and platelets. It can separate thrombin from platelets.
Raw leech and its decoction and percolate can prolong the clotting time of mice and inhibit thrombosis in vivo.
The anticoagulant effect of ethanol extract of leech is stronger than that of moth, peach kernel and safflower. Alcohol is stronger than water.
(2) Anti-thrombosis
Leech and hirudin have significant inhibitory effects on various thrombosis and thrombosis, especially on venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which can dissolve thrombosis. Intravenous injection of hirudin can significantly reduce glomerular microthrombosis, reduce coagulation factors and platelet consumption, and prevent acute renal failure.
Both hirudin and heparin inhibit the effect of thrombin on fibrinogen and platelets. Compared with heparin, hirudin has a significant advantage in antithrombotic therapy, that is, it does not increase the dosage of antithrombin ⅲ. Therefore, hirudin is a more promising and effective drug than heparin when antithrombin ⅲ is deficient, especially in the treatment of disseminated venous coagulation.
(III) Effects on myocardial ischemia, cerebral hematoma and subcutaneous hematoma.
Its water extract has obvious antagonistic effect on acute myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia in rabbits. Intraperitoneal injection of hirudin can increase nutritional blood flow in mice.
Intravenous injection of leech solution can promote the absorption of experimental cerebral hematoma in rabbits and reduce the brain necrosis area and surrounding inflammatory reaction caused by blood lipid compression. Experiments on subcutaneous hematoma have similar results.
(4) Reducing blood lipid and resisting inflammation
1. Lipid-lowering: leech powder can significantly reduce cholesterol and triglycerides in feeding hyperlipidemia rats. 2。 Pathological observation of rats with anti-atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia showed that lipid deposition in aorta decreased and pathological changes were alleviated.
Has anti-atherosclerosis effect.
3. Anti-inflammatory: Raw leech can significantly inhibit the experimental inflammation induced by mice and reduce the vascular permeability of mouse abdominal hair cells.
(5) Termination of pregnancy
The 40% water decoction of dried leech can terminate the implantation and early, middle and late pregnancy in mice, and the early pregnancy is the best.
(6) Dynamics research
Intravenous injection of hirudin into dogs, rabbits and humans conforms to the two-compartment model. About l hours. Hirudin is distributed in extracellular space, filtered by glomerulus and excreted in active form. The injected amino acids are donated and excreted through the kidney in a constant form, and are not combined with the body without metabolism.
Population classification of leeches
Japanese medical leech:
Also known as: medical leech. The body is slightly flat and slightly cylindrical, with a body length of 3 ~ 5 cm and a width of 4 ~ 5 mm (fixed).
Japanese medical leech
The back is green with black, with five yellow longitudinal lines. The ventral surface is flat, gray-green, with no variegated markings. The number of body rings is103; The band is not significant, accounting for 15 ring. Male genital foramen is between 3 1 ~ 32 annular sulcus; The female foramen is between the 36 ~ 37 annular sulcus. 5 pairs of eyes, arranged in an arc. There is a front sucker on the ventral surface of the front end of the body. The esophagus has 6 longitudinal folds and 3 jaws, which are semicircular, and the jaw teeth are well developed. There is a rear sucker on the ventral surface of the rear end, which is bowl-shaped, facing the ventral surface, and the anus is on the rear side.
Living in paddy fields and swamps. Suck human and animal blood. Agile, able to do wave swimming and inchworm migration. Active in warm spring, spawning from June to 10, and dormant in winter. Strong regenerative ability. If it is cut off and raised, it can regenerate a new body from the broken part. It is distributed all over the country.
Leech with broad leaves:
Body length, slightly spindle-shaped, flat, 6 ~ 13 cm long and 0.8 ~ 2 cm wide. Beimiantong
Leech with broad leaves
It is usually dark green with six fine yellow-black spots, and the midline of the back is 1. The ventral surface is light yellow with many irregular dark green spots. The number of body rings is 107. The annular zone is obvious, accounting for 15 ring. Male genital foramen is between 33 ~ 34 annular sulcus; The female foramen is between the 38 ~ 39 annular sulcus. Eyes are the same as Japanese medical leeches. The front sucker is small and the jaw teeth are underdeveloped.
Living in rice fields, rivers and lakes. It does not suck blood, but absorbs plankton, small insects, mollusk larvae and sapropelic matter. Distributed in most parts of the country.
Brown leech:
Also known as: Niubie. The wide-body leech is slightly smaller, willow-shaped, with a flat brown-green back and five tiny green-black spots on the vertical line. The ventral surface is light yellow and very flat, with irregular dark green spots. The rest are similar to wide-body golden leeches. Distributed in most parts of the country.