Wu Xilin, a famous person in Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, visited the South Lake in Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty and wrote: "The South Lake in Hongcun is as prosperous as the West Lake in Zhejiang", so the South Lake is also known as the "Little West Lake at the foot of Huangshan Mountain".
Many poets and painters in ancient and modern times have made many poems and drawings after visiting South Lake.
"The drizzle is wet with spring mud, and birds are heard when it is foggy;" The willow with a peach in its mouth smiled and recited a poem about the West Bridge. With the praise of poetry, it adds the flavor of South Lake. Moon marsh, commonly known as moon pool, is also called "tripe". Moon Bay was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1403- 1424). At that time, Wang Siqi came out from Hongcun. He found a natural spring in the village, which kept flowing in winter and summer. Wang Siqi hired Mr. He Keda, a geomancer from Haiyang County (now Xiuning) for three times, and he is a senior artist in the clan. "Read all the mountains and rivers." Later generations, Sheng Wang equals contributed more than 10,000 yuan. Continue to dig holes, dig into the moon pool for one and a half months, and complete the unfinished "moon pool", which is the moon pool. The moon pool is evergreen all the year round, the pool surface is like a mirror, bluestones are laid around the pool, the white walls and tiles are placed around in order, the blue sky and white clouds fall into the water, the old people are chatting, the women are washing gauze and the urchins are playing. Shuizhen Shuizhen was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1403- 1423). It has a history of more than 500 years, with a total length of 1200 meters, bypassing every household and having clean water all year round. The ancestors of Hongcun people were good at making use of natural streams to make a fuss. They built a stone dam on the Shangshouxi River in Hongcun, built an artificial canal with stones several meters thick, and introduced a stream of clear water into the village by taking advantage of the terrain difference. The water meanders through the halls and houses, crosses the moon marsh, and finally flows into and out of the South Lake, irrigates farmland and fruit trees, and then flows back to Suixi, making the village cool and humid, making the quiet mountain village full of vitality, and creating a good environment of "surrounding the Yuanxi River and having clear springs in front of every house".
This artificial water system enriches the village landscape, which is harmonious and changeable, full of aura and has six functions. First, fire prevention; The second is to adjust microclimate, improve temperature and humidity, purify air and beautify the environment; The third is drinking; The fourth is washing; Fifth, irrigation; The sixth is power generation.
There are countless small canals and stones along the water town, which is very convenient for people to wash clothes, water flowers and irrigate gardens. It is the "tap water" of ancient villages. At that time, the villagers drank water and washed in the "cow intestines". Wang's ancestors once made a rule that before 8 o'clock every morning, the water in the "beef intestines" is drinking water, and villagers can wash here after 8 o'clock. What's even more amazing is that the water level of this cow intestine is always maintained at a certain height. No matter whether it is sunny or rainy, that is, the water level is always lower than that of the bridge, which is very strange. Deyitang Deyitang is a typical Huizhou quadrangle residential building, which was built in the 20th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 15). This is a three-bay building with two floors. There are sixteen half-built lotus doors in front of the main hall, indoor and outdoor passages, and a pond in front of the main hall. There is a culvert that communicates with the pond. Around the pond, there are bonsai in four seasons, with flowers, sparse trees and green shrubs. On the east side of the wall, there is a Miocene vine in southern Anhui. There are two gardens in the yard, one bright and one dark, with fruit trees and flowers. Fish tank, waterside pavilion, a pool of clear water. Water in the garden, water in the garden Fishtail swimming, white walls and blue tiles, and eye-catching flower windows make people feel different and beautiful. It is a typical representative of private gardens in Huizhou. Lexutang Lexutang is located in the middle of the north bank of Yuenuma. It is the ancestral temple of the Wangs, which was built in the early 5th century. The Qianjin gatehouse basically keeps its original appearance, the beam frame has a typical Ming style, and the building components such as moon beam, fork hand, sparrow replacement and pan bucket are beautifully carved, with a high artistic level. Lexutang and Moon Lake form one of the eight scenic spots in Hongcun, Moon Lake Wind Lotus. Hongcun Dongshan Hongcun Dongshan is located in the east of Hongcun, which is an excellent place to take a panoramic view of Hongcun. Come out of the village, cross the rape field outside the village, and walk east along the country road, and you will see a knife going up the mountain. Climbing up the path is Dongshan. This path was dug by the villagers themselves. After climbing for a period of time, you will see a wide perspective, which is the best angle to shoot Hongcun. At the same time, the twelve scenic spots in Hongcun-Dongshan sunrise-are also watched on this mountain. Dunhoutang Dunhoutang is an old house in the Qing Dynasty with a history of more than 200 years. Now it has been converted into Qingheyue International Youth Hostel with adjacent cabins, in which the courtyard covers an area of more than 400 square meters, and people can really live in harmony with nature in the hostel. In the courtyard of the hotel, the sun is so transparent and the sky is so blue. Sitting in the green yard, with a cup of fragrant teas, a volume of poetry books and soft music flowing in your ears, you can let go of all the troubles in the world and let your thoughts fly all over the sky. Birds fly by from time to time, and the wind is light and the clouds are light. Life is so beautiful in pure air. Here, your greatest feeling is freedom and relaxation. Wang ancestral hall Wang ancestral hall, named after the ancestral hall, is located in Hongcun, Anhui Province. Built in the Ming Dynasty. The whole building plane is convex, with a width of 24.40m, a depth of 32.70m, and a ridge height of10.20m. There are seven main halls with a patio in the middle, a veranda in front and a drum-hugging stone beside the door. There are 70 cloth columns, which belong to the "full column" building. The four front eaves columns of the main hall are thick and prismatic. The golden pillar in the Ming Dynasty was also spindle-shaped. There are "Columnar Family" in front eaves column and colonnade column, and "Flat Family" between stigma families, both of which are two-hop arches. The front cornice arch is larger than the porch cornice arch, with 65,438+06 flowers in Stigma Family and 65,438+08 flowers in Pingshen Family, and the corners are paved with "small arches". The joint between the curved beam and the column is supported by a tripod arch, and the arch eye is like a single cloud. Bucket arch, beam frame, shuttle column, etc. It's all carefully carved. Now it is a key cultural relic protection unit in shitai county. [6] Jingdetang Jingdetang The whole building is simple in decoration and square in columns. It is a masterpiece of Hongcun residential buildings in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which can understand the living conditions of ordinary businessmen and the architectural pattern of Huizhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Located at the bend downstream of Niuchang Water Town in Hongcun, it was built in Shunzhi period in the early Qing Dynasty (1646) and is an H-shaped residence. The halls are arranged back to back, and the front and rear halls have patios, which have good lighting performance. There are wings on both sides, the front yard in the south, the kitchen in the north, a small patio in the kitchen, and a small slant hall and a big garden facing west and east in the east.
The pronunciation of "Jing" in "Jingdetang" is similar to that of "Ji De", which reflects that the owner wants his descendants to do good deeds. The owner likes to plant potted plants, leaving enough space in front of the main house and placing a cabin on the left side of the yard, which is equivalent to a greenhouse. In winter, bonsai is placed indoors.
Huizhou people attach great importance to the construction of the gatehouse, and there is a saying that "the gatehouse costs 1000 yuan and has four or two houses". The ancients would rather spend 1200 gold to build a gatehouse, and only 420 to build a house. It sounds exaggerated, but it can reflect that the gatehouse is a symbol of status.
The patterns carved on the gate of Jingdetang have many symbolic meanings.
There are fish in the corner of the building, which attracts the tail of the fish, indicating that I hope future generations can take a warning. Below Aoyu are four happy pictures of Mei Lan and Zhu Ju, four gentlemen of Mei Lan and Zhu Ju represent perseverance and noble qualities, and four magpies are festive and auspicious. Magpies climb the plum blossom map to show their happiness. Donglu, Sima Tu and "Deer" are homophones of Fu Shoulu and "Lu". I hope that future generations can have ample food and clothing and live a full life, and "horse" embodies the meaning of successful career. The auspicious pictures of water and animals at the bottom of the gatehouse are rolling and wavy. Two crucian carp struggled to jump out of the water, and the crucian carp jumped off the Longmen, hoping to have a place in the officialdom.
There are six lotus doors on the east and west sides of the main hall in the house, and five bats are carved on the middle baffle, which means that "five bats offer longevity, and all the blessings travel thousands of miles". The east and west wing is the bedroom where the owner rests. The windows of the upstairs wing are carved with copper coins, and the swastika carved on the railing under the window symbolizes more wealth and more happiness. Jingdetang uses patio for ventilation and lighting. There is a wooden board on the left and right sides under the patio. In the hot summer, the direct sunlight at home is very hot, so the owner puts iron rings on the wooden strips and hangs curtains to block the strong sunlight. There is a couplet in front of the hall: "Be determined not to follow the customs and be careful to learn from the ancients".
The style and layout of houses in Ming dynasty are simple, and the square columns and columns in Qing dynasty. Generally, a house has two floors. In the Ming Dynasty, the height of the upper and lower floors of the house was equal, while in the Qing Dynasty, the bottom floor was tall and spacious, and thick beams shaped like donggua were mostly used. The decoration of houses in Ming dynasty was simple, and Huizhou merchants reached the peak in Qing dynasty, paying special attention to carving beams and painting buildings. Huizhou architecture hides the stairs and the front of the stairs behind the door, which plays an aesthetic role. As a storage room, the stairwell makes full use of the space. Stairs generally have 16 steps. Merchants pay attention to gathering wealth and design according to the five elements. In Jin Mu, the first step is gold, and the last step is gold, which means that wealth is extensive. Jingxiutang is a typical Qing Dynasty residence in Hongcun, located on the west side of the north side of Moon Bay. Built in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, it has a history of 180 years. [7] Covers an area of 286㎡ and has a building area of 452㎡. The foundation of the house is nearly 1 m higher than that of the "Moon Marsh". The whole house faces south, with a courtyard in front of the main hall. Different from other folk houses, there is a 10㎡ open space outside the courtyard, commonly known as Tingtan, which is a place to enjoy the cool in summer and bask in the sun in winter. Chengzhitang Chengzhitang is located in the middle section of Sheung Shui Town, Hongcun. Built in the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (AD 1855), it was the residence of Wang Dinggui, a big salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole building is made of wood, and the interior is richly decorated with bricks, stones and wood carvings. The total floor area is about 265,438+000 square meters, and the building area is more than 3,000 square meters. It is a well-preserved large-scale residential building. The whole house has 9 patios, 60 rooms, 136 wooden columns and 60 doors and windows. The whole house is divided into inner courtyard, outer courtyard, front hall, back hall, east room, west room, study, fish pond hall, kitchen, stable and so on. There are also mahjong tiles "Paishan Pavilion" and opium smokers "Swallow Yun Xuan". There are also bodyguard rooms, men's toilets and women's toilets. There are ponds and wells in the house, so the water cannot leave the house. Shu Ren Hall Shu Ren Hall was built by Wang Xingju, a doctor too much, in the first year of Tongzhi (AD 1862). Shu Ren Pavilion, also known as Folk Art Collection, is the private collection of the 95th generation Sun Wangsenqiang. In order to carry forward Huizhou's history and culture, the owner collected old workshop machinery, stone tools, Huizhou prints, folk products, Huizhou merchants' letter vessels, Hongcun genealogy and so on. From years of folk and museums, some aspects of Huizhou's social life in those years were reproduced. The base of the whole house in Shurentang is hexagonal, which means Liuhe Dashun. The main hall faces the water town with its back, facing south. The ceiling is painted and golden. On the east side of the hall, a small pond with running water was built with limited open space. The outer door is a built-in hanging bar in the eight-character gatehouse. Water hammer, using the potential energy of water, is transformed into the kinetic energy of water wheel, and then into some mechanical energy to drive gongs, drums, grinding powder and rice. First, remove the husk of rice, which is called Gonggu, then put the rice into a rice mill and grind it into flour. The whole process is carried out at the same time, which can reflect the wisdom of the ancients. Upstairs in Shu Ren Hall, there is a road map of Hongcun people doing business-the trail of Huizhou merchants, which reflects the bustling scene of the old pier, a letter from Yixian people who did insurance in Beijing in 19 19, a portrait, life, family praise and obituary of Wang Dinggui, the owner of Chengzhi Hall, silver tickets and letters of that year, and a suitcase used when going out for business. Taoyuanju Taoyuanju was built in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860). It was named after the landlord planted a precious peach tree in the courtyard. Taoyuanju is small in scale, but the brick carving and indoor wood carving of the gatehouse are excellent. The bricks on the gatehouse are exquisitely carved and have many layers. Animals such as lions and white elephants are lifelike. What is particularly unique is that the upper part of the gatehouse is built with an arc-shaped door, which is similar to the front melon beam above the indoor hall, and a large arc-shaped brick carving is embedded in the middle of the door, which is rare in ordinary ancient houses. Indoor woodcarving has diverse patterns, diverse techniques, rich contents and profound meanings, which are mainly manifested in the carved doors and windows of the hall and the study. The main patterns of doors and windows in the hall are Baoding and Aquarius, and the windows are hung in a winding shape. There are two window guards above the windows on both sides. The four magpies and six unicorns on the window railing are lifelike, meaning "four joys and six charms", and the upper part of the door is "rattan flower". The characters on the "flower heart board" on each door are historical allusions, and the fan in the east gate is the fan. The four carved doors in the study can be said to be the most exquisite carved doors in the village. There are four doors from top to bottom. The upper part is carved boards of "Bat Sacrifice", "Eight Horses" and "Wonderland on Earth" (or "Xanadu"), and the large area is carved as "Squirrel Grapes". The waist plates of the four gates are engraved with the words "Yue Fei Tattoo", "Wang Xiang Seeking Carp" (also called "Lying on the Ice Seeking Fish") and "ji zi Hanging Sword" respectively. The ancient tree is at the entrance of Hongcun village. At first glance, you can see two 500-year-old trees. These two big trees, one is called Fengyang, and the local name is Populus davidiana; One is called ginkgo tree, and the local name is ginkgo tree. Poplar tree height 19 meters on the north side, with a circumference of 6 meters. It takes four to five people to hold it together. The crown of the tree is shaped like a huge umbrella, covering several acres of land at the entrance of the village under the shade. The ginkgo tree on the south side is 20 meters high.
Shaped like a sword, it pierced the sky. Because ginkgo is a rare tree species in the world, and this ginkgo is 500 years old, everyone calls this ginkgo the "treasure" of the village entrance. These two big trees are the "horns" of this bull-shaped village, and the "Feng Shui Tree" of Hongcun is also a symbol of good luck. According to the past custom here, the villagers hold a happy event, and the bride's sedan chair should turn around the poplar tree in a big circle, which indicates that the couple will be happy for a hundred years. When the old man dies, he should carry the coffin around the ginkgo tree in a big circle, which means that his children and grandchildren are full of happiness and longevity. The bull-shaped village and artificial water system planned and built by Guhong Village people are today's "great wonders in architectural history" [8]: the towering Leigang is a bull's head, the towering ancient trees are horns, and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like huge cattle bodies. Qingquan, named Niuchang, flows into the Moon Pool named Niuwei through the village, and then flows to the South Lake named Niudu outside the village after being filtered. People also set up four bridges as supports on rivers and streams around the village. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire-fighting water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water, and creates a good environment of "there are clear springs in front of every household, so it is not necessary to prevent streams from being far away".