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Explanation of ancient architectural terms
It should be helpful for everyone to do ancient buildings. Ha ha.
Lexical explanation of the names of building wood structures in Qing Dynasty.
General rules for 1
An open room with a building in the middle.
The space between the two ends of a building.
The bay between the bay and the bay of the secondary building. If there are many times, it can be divided into primary time, secondary time and tertiary time. A building with a rectangular cornice plane is called a mountain face in the short side direction. Area width, also called area width, is the axial distance between two adjacent columns in the width direction of building area.
Axis distance between columns at both ends of a wide building.
The plane dimension of the depth perpendicular to the width direction of the building is called the depth.
Axis size and penetration depth between columns at both ends of the building side (depth direction).
The height of wood column from Taiming epithelium to stigma. The height of columns in Ming and Qing architecture usually refers to the height of eaves columns. In Qing-style buildings with bucket arches, the height of columns includes the height of bucket arches and board houses.
Diameter of column root (if it is a square column, it refers to the size of column root).
Horizontal distance of axis between two adjacent purlins of walking frame.
Increase the vertical distance between two adjacent purlin shafts.
Lift two adjacent purlins on the inclined roof, and the upper purlin is higher than the lower purlin.
The horizontal length of the cornice of a building picked out from the axis of the cornice column. The bucket arch building consists of two parts: the bucket arch stepping out and the eaves rafters flying out.
The part of the platform exposed from the center line of the eaves column to the extension line (the part of the abutment exposed from the ground) is called platform exposed edge, also known as platform exposed edge. The upper eaves of the outlet building are also called outlets.
The upper outlet of backwater building is larger than the lower outlet, and the difference between the upper outlet and the lower outlet is called backwater.
Dividing the diameter of architectural columns in Qing Dynasty in China, the bottom is large and the top is small. On the basis of column root diameter, reducing column diameter by1100 or a certain proportion of column height is called division.
The position of the stigma of the lateral foot is fixed, and the column foot moves outward according to a certain proportion, resulting in a slight inward inclination of the stigma, which is called the lateral foot. In Qing dynasty, only eaves columns had side feet, and before Ming dynasty, circle columns also had side feet. The lateral foot of the column is beneficial to the stability of the building. The notch in the width direction of the bucket arch bottom bucket (big bucket) is called the bucket mouth. In the architectural system of Qing Dynasty, bickering is one of the most basic building modules, and all components and parts of the bucket arch building have multiple relationships with bickering. The roof of the hard mountain building has two slopes, and the gables on both sides intersect with the roof. All buildings with purlins are enclosed in gables, which is called hard mountain building.
A suspended mountain building has two slopes on the roof, and both ends of the roof are hung between gables or mountain ridges, which is called a suspended mountain building. Hanging mountain is also called Tuoshan.
The building with four slopes and straight ridges on the roof of the Temple of Heaven is called the Temple of Heaven, also called the Temple of Four Ages and the Temple of Five Ridges, which is the highest roof type in ancient architecture.
The inclined mountain building is a roof form formed by the combination of suspended mountain roof and temple roof. Xieshan Building, also known as Jiuji Hall, is second only to Xiandian Building.
Several sloping roofs of a building intersect at the top to form a spire, which is called a spire building. The plane of the building is a regular polygon, such as a regular triangle, a regular quadrangle, a regular pentagon, a regular hexagon, a regular octagon, a circle, etc.
Composite buildings are composed of two or more architectural forms, or buildings composed of different forms of one architectural form are called composite buildings. Complex buildings have beautiful forms. Many famous pavilions and pavilions in history, such as Yellow Crane Tower, Wang Tengting and the Forbidden City Corner Building, are complex buildings.
Three drops of water were a drop of water in ancient times, and three drops of water were triple roofs.
Column member eaves column is a column located at the periphery of a building.
The golden column is located on the inner side of the cornice column, which is mostly used in buildings with verandahs. The golden column is the general name of columns except eaves column, middle column and mountain column, which can be divided into outer golden column and inner golden column according to different positions.
In a two-story or multi-story building, the cornice column on the bottom floor.
A through column is a column that runs through the upper and lower floors in a two-story building and is made of a piece of wood.
False cornice column The false cornice column is dedicated to both sides of the corner room, and the width of both sides of the corner room is larger than the other two bays, which is an additional cornice column to solve the problem of too large bay. The height of the false cornice column is higher than that of the general cornice column, and the false beam head should be used for the pad and purlin bowl. If the beam head is used, its height is the same as that of other eaves columns. The inner column is the surrounding column. See "Gold Column Belt".
The mountain pillar is located in the middle pillar of the gable at both ends of the building.
The foot of tung column falls on the back of the beam to support the upper eaves or flat columns, also called tung column.
The paulownia column under the abutment ridge is used in the building with three drops of water, supporting the paulownia column (flat seat) in the abutment.
The cornice column stands at the four corners of the building platform (or flat seat) and is used to support the square column of the four-corner beam.
The hanging lotus column is used to hang the hanging column of the flower gate, hanging upside down under the leaf-holding hemp beam of the flower gate, and the end is decorated with lotus flowers, hence the name.
Lei Gong column (1) is used on the flat beams at both ends of the building roof, and some columns used to support the roof truss are selected; (2) The hanging column used to build the bucket tip.
Double-eaved golden columns are used in double-eaved buildings. It is made of a piece of wood, the lower part is a golden column, and the upper part supports the upper eaves, so it is called a double-eaved golden column.
Double eaves corner columns are used for corner columns.
The colonnade sealing column is located on the platform of pavilions and used to support square wooden columns with far-reaching eaves and rafters. They are similar to cornice columns. There are generally horizontal purlins and folded columns between columns, railings between columns, and corridors in railings.
The tenon combined with the beam at the upper end of the tenon column of steamed bread is located on the center line of the stigma. The tenon is square, and its width and height are 1/4~3/ 10 of the column diameter. Its tenon root is slightly larger and its head is slightly smaller, showing a square steamed bread shape, which is more common in small-scale practices.
There are two kinds of tenons, square and round, which are the combination of pin tenon, column root and column top stone, and the diameter is slightly the same as that of steamed bread tenon, which is more common in small-scale practice.
The rising line is a unique ink line on the side of a column with side angles. The line is located inside the center line of the column edge, and the distance from the center line is equal to the size of the corner. The rising line is perpendicular to the ground (horizontal plane), and the whole column inclines inward. The notch at the end of the square column is in the shape of big top and small bottom, which is the socket of the installer.
Beam member:
Peach-pointed beam is used in the bucket arch of the stigma family, and it takes over the beam of the eaves purlin. Its beam head side is peach-shaped, hence the name.
Peach-pointed beam is used in the peach-pointed beam on the mountain surface of the building, and it is named because its placement direction is consistent with the width of the building surface.
Peach tips are attached to beams, which are used to tie eaves columns and gold columns. Its function is slightly similar to that of small buildings.
The heel beam is used for the heel beam below the beam.
Seven beams are supported by seven purlins, and the length of purlins is six beams.
The five beams are supported by five purlins, and the length is four beams.
The three beams are supported by three purlins, and the length is two-step beams.
The six beams are supported by six purlins, and the length of purlins is one beam with four steps and one top step.
The four beams are supported by four purlins, and the length is the beam of two-step frame plus one jacking step.
The top beam is supported by two purlins, the length of which is a cross beam of the top frame.
The length of the two-step beam is a two-step frame, and the rear end of the beam is connected with the central column or the mountain column. Mostly used in two mountain gate buildings or general buildings.
The length of the single-step beam is one-step frame, and the rear end of the beam is connected with the central column or the mountain column. Mostly used in two mountain gate buildings or general buildings.
The length of the third-order beam is a third-order frame, and the rear end of the beam is connected with the central column or the mountain column. Mostly used in gatehouses.
Seven beams are connected to seven beams, and the members of the front and rear pillars are tied together.
The bottom of the five beams is connected with five beams, and the members of the front and rear pillars are tied.
The ceiling beam is used to undertake the ceiling beam in the depth direction of the building. Stepping on the unique components of Xie Jinshan building. Its body is like a beam, and its ends are like purlins. It is located one step away from the central truss (or purlin) of the mountain and has many functions such as beam and purlin.
Load-bearing beam is a beam that bears the floor in the depth direction of the building.
At the corner of the building, the inclined two-step beam is adopted, and the two-step frame with 45 degrees on the mountain surface and eaves surface respectively. The inclined third-order beam is used at the corner of the building to form a 45-degree third-order frame on the mountain surface and eaves surface. The oblique five-step beam is used at the corner of the building to form a 45-degree five-step frame on the mountain and eaves. Inclined five-step beam is also called angle beam.
Corner beams are attached to corner beams with beam Fang, which is used to bind the components of inner and outer corner columns. The corridor without a bucket arch adopts the head beam to accept the beam of the cornice purlin. The corner of the corridor of the building without bucket arch adopts the inclined supporting head beam, and the supporting head beam forms an angle of 45 on the roof of the mountain.
The beam along the beam is used on the mountain surface of the building, parallel to the width direction of the building surface. It is mostly used in buildings without a bucket arch, which is equivalent to the peach-pointed beam of buildings without a bucket arch.
The beam with the outer end of the beam head buckled on the purlin is mostly used on the mountain surface of temple buildings, so it is also called in-line beam.
The next Jin Shunlie Liang inherits the next Jin Aolie Liang.
Shang Jin Shun Paliang undertakes Shang Jin Ao Shun Paliang. The bearing beam at the corner of the building adopts oblique bearing, which forms an angle of 45 with the mountain surface and eaves surface.
The head of hemp leaf beam is made into the shape of hemp leaf head. The main beam of the hanging flower door is also called hemp leaf beam.
The corner plastering beam is used in the corner of a rectangular or square building and placed perpendicular to the corner beam.
The composite beam frame with well-shaped beam paving at the wellhead is a kind of beam paving form, which is often used in polygonal pavilions or caissons.
The outer end of the false beam head is made into a beam head shape, while the false cornice column is outside the stigma.
As for the corner stigma, the corner beam head placed along the corner bisector is used to undertake overlapping purlins, and both ends are often made into hemp leaf heads, also known as corner clouds. Mostly used in four-corner pavilion, hexagonal pavilion, octagonal pavilion and other buildings. The head of a bouquet is often placed on the stigma of a circular pavilion.
Corner beams are used in the corners of buildings, and they are inclined downward along the bisector to bear the load of wing angles. Generally, a corner beam has two overlapping beams, the old corner beam below and the young corner beam above.
The bottom of the corner beam of the old corner beam is called the old corner beam, which is mainly used to undertake the wing corner rafters.
The bottom of the corner beam is called the corner beam, which is mainly used to undertake the flying rafters. According to different positions, the following components of corner beam are divided into three parts: lower flower frame, upper flower frame and roof.
The flower stand below is used for the next gold.
The flower rack is used for gilding. Ridges are used for ridges.
Corner beam used in the inner corner of a building. Its section height is less than the height of the external corner beam, and it does not rush out and tilt. Mainly used for eaves rafters of two wings.
The lower of the two corner beams in the old corner beam is mainly used to undertake the eaves rafters with intersecting inner corners. The upper one of the two corner beams in the inner corner beam is mainly used to undertake the flying rafters where the inner corners intersect.
The cap beam is a component that receives the ceiling support and ceiling, and its two ends are placed on the ceiling beam, which is equivalent to the large keel in the ceiling. The cap beam is usually made of logs, and the cross section of the beam is semicircular.
Square component:
The forehead is used as a transverse tensile member between the eaves and columns of a large-scale building with a bucket arch.
In a large-scale building with a bucket arch, when a heavy Fang is used between eaves and columns, the top (flush with the stigma) is called a large Fang.
When a heavy beam is used between the eaves and columns of a small building with a bucket arch, it is located under the beam and the beam pad, and the cross section is small.
Flat Fang is a large-scale building with a bucket arch, and the eaves, columns and foreheads are stacked with flat wooden Fang. Because it is equipped with a bucket arch, it is also called sitting on a bucket arch.
A horizontal truss that plays a traction role between the eaves and columns of a small building without a bucket arch.
A horizontal purlin that plays a pulling role between the stigmas of the old eaves gold pillars.
The lower gold Fang is located in the lower gold position and is used to pull the horizontal Fang of the column head.
The upper gold square is located in the upper gold position and is used to pull the horizontal column of the stigma (or melon stigma). The ridge is located on the spine and is used to pull the horizontal beam of the melon stigma. The golden Fang under the two mountains is located in the golden part under the mountain surface of the building, and is used to tie the horizontal Fang of the stigma, which is found in the building at the top of the temple slope. The golden Fang on the two mountains is located in the golden part of the building surface, which is used to tie the horizontal Fang of the stigma and is found in the building at the top of the temple slope. Seven beams are connected to seven beams to tie the front and rear gold pillars. Shunsui Liang Fang is used under sharp beams to tie the eaves and columns of mountains, rest mountains, temples and other buildings. Interlacing square, located under the corridor head beam, is used to connect the gold column and the eaves column, and is used for the corridor building. Crossbeams inserted obliquely at the corner of the corridor are used to tie corner eaves and corner gold columns, and there are corner buildings around the corridor. Corner beams are used under corner beams to tie inner corner beams and columns. They can be found in the corner building. The slats are used between the columns in the width direction of the building, and the slats are connected at the rear end of the eaves rafters of the lower floors of the building. Rafters are used between double-eaved gold columns or through columns to undertake wooden floor rafters. The gold tread is attached to the gold tread, which is used to tie the stigma of the gold pillar on the mountain surface. It is found in the rest-mountain architecture. The ceiling fang is used to receive the ceiling fang between columns in the width direction. Purlins are used for purlins under the second-order beam (or the third-order beam), and play the role of tying the central column and eaves column. Inclined joint purlins are used for purlins under inclined second-order beams (or inclined third-order beams), which play the role of tying the central column and the inner and outer corner columns. The two ends of the joint insertion side do not pass through the tenon. The tenon of hemp leaf is made into an interwoven side of hemp leaf headdress, which is mostly used for decorative buildings such as hanging flower doors. Eaves with hoop heads are made into eaves with hoop tenons at the end, which are more common in polygonal pavilions or turrets. The phoenix tail is attached to the lower skin of the truss picked out from the two peaks of Diaoshan Building. It is a dovetail-shaped component, which can be regarded as the extension of the pad to the outer end and belongs to the decoration. Cornice is used under cornice truss, with two openings high and thickness of 1. It is an accessory component of the bucket arch. The auxiliary member of the wellhead square bucket arch is used at the innermost side of the bucket arch and connected with the wellhead ceiling, with a height of 3 buckets and a thickness of 1 bucket. The auxiliary members of the centering truss are used under the centering truss, with a height of 2 openings and a thickness of 1.25 openings, and have the functions of connecting the rescue arches in the bay and conducting the roof load. Inside and outside the wooden beams attached to the bucket arch, other beams except wellhead beam, cantilever beam and centering beam have the function of connecting the bucket arch in the bay. The internal and external tie rod trusses connecting the bucket arches are also called mechanical trusses. The wooden Fang that presses the back end of the bucket arch to prevent it from leaning outward is more common in city wall buildings. Beam Fang is a kind of wooden Fang, which is used on the inner side of the lower roof of double-eaved buildings. It is usually used with coaming and other components to connect, fix and block the girth. Interpretation of woodworking terms in Qing architecture 5. Truss purlin-like members, outrigger trusses, step on bucket arches, and pick out partially supported trusses. Truss purlin located on the axis of eaves column in bucket arch building. The purlin of the lower truss is adjacent to the central truss. Purlins adjacent to ridge purlins on upper gold purlins. The gold purlin is located between the upper and lower purlins. Roof purlin located on the front roof of the building. The joist is located above the ridge purlin, and the auxiliary ridge purlin receives the components of the main ridge. Purlins located at the axis of cornice columns are common in buildings without arches. A purline on the right ridge of a building. The purlin located between the cornice purlin and the roof purlin is called gold purlin, which is divided into lower purlin, middle purlin and upper purlin due to different positions. For the sake of stability, when a member with a circular cross section horizontally overlaps with other members, the planes made at the top and bottom of the circular member are called gold disks. In Qing dynasty architecture, the width of the gold plate is 3/ 10 of the diameter of the component. The horizontal position of the bottom of truss purlin is called horizontal water in a horizontal clear wood building, which is the benchmark for calculating the height difference of purlin and determining the lifting height of each step. Lapped purlins are fastened at 90120135 or other angles. Interpretation of 6-plate cornice pad used for wood between purlin and cornice. It is found in Qing buildings without bucket arches. Ridge mats are used for wooden boards between ridge purlins and ridge purlins. It is found in Qing buildings without bucket arches. Other mats except eaves mats and spine mats are called gold mats. According to different positions, gold pads are divided into lower gold pads, middle gold pads and upper gold pads. The old eaves pad is a gold pad. A board used between rafters, often seen in Qing architecture. The walking platform above the door between the pillars of the Qing-style three-purlin hanging flower door is also called chessboard. The floor in a floor building is laid on wood along the depth direction. 2~3 inches thick. The slotted board is used to cover the top purlin, swallow tail, side rafters, watchboards and other parts of the mining part of the mining building or the mountain-stopping building. Elephant eye board is a board used to block the gap between the beams of gable buildings, which has the functions of separating indoor and outdoor space, preventing cold and keeping warm. Bead-dropping plates are used around the edge of the flat seat to shield the wooden boards in the bucket arch and side wood, which has the function of sheltering from the wind and rain and protecting the big wood in the bucket arch. In the ancient buildings of Zoumaban, a large area of partition is collectively called Zoumaban. Walking boards are often used in the large space between joists and rafters of double-eaved buildings above the gate of the Temple of Heaven. A cushion with an arc plane is specially used for circular pavilions or other circular buildings. Mountain flower board is a wooden board used to block the mountain flower part in the mountain building. Because it is assembled from several thick wooden boards, it is also called vertical door mountain flower board. When a heavy beam is used between the eaves and columns of a large-scale bucket arch building, the component is located between the girder and the trabecular. Interpretation of Qing-style building timber engineering terminology 7 Other auxiliary members are auxiliary rib members, which play the role of pulling wood, and are often used to butt purlins and prevent purlins from tenoning. Wooden Fang installed along the edge of building platform, used to fix drip board or hanging board, found in pavilion building. A wooden Fang was found in a building to accept the floor. In a corner building with sleepers, there is a triangular cushion and a padded wing rafter. The wooden foot of the couch is placed on the mountain surface of the building, which is used to undertake the wooden components of the grass frame column and the mountain flower board. Straw frame columns stand on the pedal wood to support the wooden columns with purlins at the top, which are found on the mountain surface of the sloping mountain building. Through the horizontal member connecting the straw frame columns. The grass frame column and the vertical and horizontal wooden frame of the penetrating member play the role of assisting in fixing the mountain flower board. Ridge stake is installed on the timber supporting the spine to fix the spine. Kuiti is used at the intersection of the forehead (eaves) and the eaves column, which is similar to a triangle with carved decoration on the surface. Queti is a kind of substitute wood, which has the dual functions of auxiliary binding and decoration. Machine battens are used to cushion the rafters of Luoguo, and are used in double-ridged purlin buildings. Its width is calculated by rafter diameter (or purlin plate size), and its thickness is calculated by rafter diameter 1/3, and its long pressing surface is wider. The bottle teeth on the drum-holding stone are installed between the drum-holding stone and the independent column, which are similar in shape to a bottle and are used to help stabilize the components of the independent column. Found in buildings or structures such as hanging doors or wooden shadow walls with independent columns. Interpretation of vocabulary of Qing-style building wood engineering 8. The wooden decorative part of the sill frame is the general name of the outer ring of doors and windows of ancient buildings, in which the horizontal component is the sill and the vertical component is the frame. The lower window sill is connected to the window sill installed on the ground. The upper threshold is connected to the threshold of the lower leather device. A window sill located between the upper window sill and the lower window sill. Hold the frame close to the frame where the steering column is installed. The door frame is located between the two supporting frames and is used to install the frame of the door leaf. The waist frame is used as a short frame between the door frame and the supporting frame of a protective door (such as a street door). A board used to block the gap between the door frame and the holding frame. The connector is installed on the inner side of the door sill for installing the door leaf. Their long sides are very wide, and both ends are connected with the pillars on both sides. The door pillow is connected to the lower sill for receiving the stone or wood member of the door shaft. The door hairpin is installed in front of the middle sill or the upper sill of the gate to lock the middle sill and the parts connecting the sill. It is named because of its similar functions. The walking platform on the gate is a large area partition installed between the middle sill and the upper sill of the gate. Horizontal bolts are used to bolt the horizontal members of the door. Vertical bolts are used to bolt the vertical members of the partition door. Doors made of planks are often used in royal buildings. The provincial door is a door consisting of a door edge, a plastering head as a frame and a wooden board as the door center. The lower half of the partition door is made of wood, and the upper half is strip-shaped to separate indoor and outdoor spaces. It was called Gemen in Song Dynasty. The floorboard of the partition door frame, its vertical frame is the edge stile, and the horizontal frame is the plastering head. The rotating shaft is attached to the inside of the partition door and is specially used to open the wooden shaft of the partition door. A windowsill used on a windowsill wall. The wind sill is located above the couch and below the windowsill, and is mostly used for sill windows. An external window of an ancient building, which has the same shape as the upper half of the partition door, has a wind sill under it and opens horizontally. An external window of an ancient building with four rectangular windows, which can be erected at the top and removed at the bottom. Straight lattice window is an external window of ancient buildings, and the pane is mainly vertical lattice window, which is an ancient window type. Put that pile back and stand on the threshold. A large partition under the apron partition window. A small partition between two adjacent plasters (or two adjacent plasters, or two upper plasters) in the middle (or lower part and upper part) of the sash partition. The big side of the partition. Masons and partition slats form the horizontal part of the outer frame. The leakage part of the upper part of the partition fan is composed of young edges and grids. The transverse window is located between the middle beam and the upper beam and is usually closed. Curtain racks are attached to partitions to hang curtains, which are often used in residential buildings and palaces, temples and temples. Curtain frame is an iron piece for fixing curtain frame, which is often used on curtain frames of palaces, temples and temples. Lotus leaf pier is used to fix the wooden components at the lower end of curtain frame, often carved into lotus leaf shape, and is mostly used in residential buildings. Lotus leaf plug is used to fix the wooden components at the upper end of curtain frame, and is often carved into the shape of lotus leaf, which is mostly used in residential buildings. A single truss is attached to the lower window sill or the inner side of the window sill of the partition wall or window sill for inserting the members of the column. Two brackets are connected to the lower sill of the partition or sill window or the inner side of the windshield for inserting parts of the partition shaft. Ancient indoor ceilings include wellhead ceilings, roof ceilings and wooden roof partitions. Wellhead smallpox is the highest type of smallpox, which is composed of square grids and wooden boards. Mostly used in palace buildings. A ceiling with a wellhead and ceiling pattern on the flat top, which is more common in palace buildings. The wooden top partition skeleton is made into the form of tofu block pane, fixed in the position of smallpox, and the surface layer is pasted with paper. It is an exquisite smallpox practice, which is often used in bedroom residential buildings. The ceiling backbone members of Maoerliang wellhead are placed on the ceiling beams on both sides along the width direction, which is equivalent to the large keel in the ceiling of modern buildings. Because it is not exposed, its shape is mostly unadorned, and its cross section is semi-circular, hence the name. Branches make up the wooden strips of smallpox wellhead, which are divided into straight branches, even double branches and single branches. A long pillar attached to the underside of a hat beam, sometimes made of the same wood as the hat beam. Connect two supports twice the length of the wellhead, which are used between the supports. A branch with a length of one well top is used to connect two branches. A pillar attached to the ceiling beam or the side of the ceiling. Interpretation of vocabulary of Qing-style building wood engineering 9. The bucket arch is a special structural part composed of bucket-shaped, arched and cantilever load-bearing members. This is the unique style of traditional architecture in China. It is located between beams and columns of wood structure, and has structural and decorative functions such as conducting roof load, increasing the length of eaves, shortening the span of beams, and absorbing earthquake energy. It is one of the most distinctive parts of ancient architecture in China. The gap in the width direction of the bottom member of the bucket arch is called the bucket mouth. In the modular ancient buildings in China, the bucket mouth is the basic module of each part of the building with a bucket arch. According to this module, the size and proportion of each component can be determined. In the Qing Dynasty, the architectural bays were divided into eleven grades. From 1 inch to 6 inches (1 building inch =3.2 cm), increase or decrease by half an inch. For example, the first-class material, the bucket mouth is 6 inches (Hefei 19.2 cm), the second-class material, the bucket mouth is 5.5 inches (17.6 cm), and the third-class material. Step on the bucket arch from the center of the eaves column and pick it out to the inside and outside. Each step is called stepping. Every time I step on it, there is a row of arches. Therefore, we can directly know the tread number of the clear bucket arch from several rows of arch beams (including the centering part) on the side of the bucket arch. One of the structural forms of centering bucket arch. The practice of setting transverse arches according to the number of times of stepping on the bucket arch, that is, there are several rows of transverse arches after stepping on the bucket arch several times, which is called centering. One form of stealing bucket arch structure is that the number of transverse arches is less than the number of stepping out of the bucket arch. For example, picking out three trailers from inside and outside the bucket arch is called seven steps, and seven rows of transverse arches should be listed, but one row or a series of transverse arches are omitted when making, which is called stealing hearts. The bucket arch of stigma family is called the bucket arch of stigma family. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the bucket arch of stigma family was the main load-bearing bucket arch, and the section size of its stress component was larger than that of other similar bucket arches. The bucket arch of Pingshenke is placed between the two columns, evenly on the top of the forehead Fang and the horizontal Fang. A bucket arch placed in the corner of a building. Due to the directionality of the corner, one end of the bucket arch member is a member in the width direction and the other end is a member in the depth direction. The members in two directions also intersect with the diagonal members, so the structure is more complicated. Single-angle third-order bucket arch picks out the smallest bucket arch in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The component in the depth direction is an elevation above the vat (elevation is a gimmick), which is one step from the center to the inside and outside, and * * * three steps, so it is called single elevation three steps. Heavy-duty five-step bucket arch is one of the types of bucket arch in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The members in the depth direction above the bucket are the head and the second, two steps from the center to the outside and five steps from * * *. One of the types of bucket arches in Ming and Qing Dynasties, single upward warping, single upward warping and fifth order. The deep members above the bucket are tilted and lifted respectively, two steps from the center to the inside and five steps from * * * *. One of the types of bucket arches in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the members in the depth direction above the bucket include head tilt, head tilt and two tilt, which are three steps from the center to the inside and outside, and seven steps. A kind of bucket arch in Ming and Qing Dynasties, bounded by the upright center, looks like a bucket arch that has been tilted and lifted nine times from the outside, and the pole on the head inside reaches the golden step, which belongs to a kind of bucket arch that slips gold. The three-drop bucket arch is used for the bucket arch under the flat seat of the three-drop building (that is, the triple double eaves). In the depth direction, the member is not convex, but convex, and its shape is like an inverted zigzag. Inner Pinyin Arch is used for indoor Pinyin Arch, which is often used in a circle with the inner side of Pinyin Arch. Its headdress is the same as the inner side of the pinyin arch, with no protruding mouth at the end, and its shape is like inverted pinyin. The framed bucket arch is placed between the beam and the accompanying beam, which plays the role of undertaking the upper and lower beam frames. Mainly composed of lotus leaf pier, bucket arch and sparrow substitute, it has the functions of bearing beam frame, conducting load and decoration. The three-liter bucket arch consists of a big bucket, a horizontal arch and three three-liter buckets. It does not belong to stepping on a bucket arch, but only plays the role of conducting load. It is the simplest and most primitive kind of bucket arch. A bucket of two Cimicifuga leaves is a bucket arch consisting of a big bucket, a horizontal arch, two three talents and a hemp leaf cloud. It has the same function as the three-liter bucket arch, but it is more decorative. The bucket arch is divided into several parts. The bucket is located at the bottom of the bucket arch and is the main load-bearing component of the bucket arch. An arched member placed in the notch of the bucket perpendicular to the width direction and rolled up at both ends. Warpage in bucket arches in Ming and Qing Dynasties can be divided into single warping and double warping. The Song Dynasty was called South China University of Technology. The centering melon arch is located at the axis of the eaves column and intersects with the head cross. The centering melon arch is an all-material arch, which has the function of conducting load. In Song Dynasty, it was called mud arch. The outer end of the member placed in or above the bucket mouth perpendicular to the width direction is inclined downward. When two layers of Ang overlap, the upper layer is Ang. The centering arch is evenly stacked on the centering melon arch, which has the same function as the centering melon arch. The grasshopper's head is vertically stacked on the top of Ang, and its outer end looks like a grasshopper's head, which was called the play head in the Song Dynasty. The supporting wood is perpendicular to the width direction of the face and stacked on the grasshopper head, and its outer end is not exposed on the cornice as a tenon. The truss bowl receives the bowl mouth member of purlin, which is perpendicular to the width direction and stacked on the headrest, with the center truss in the middle and the cornice truss in front. The single talent melon arch is located in one of the transverse arches of the step-out part of the bucket arch. Its length is the same as the centering melon arch, and its height is 1.4. It is a non-load-bearing member. Single arch is located on one of the transverse arches of the bucket arch, and it is a non-load-bearing member. The box arch is located in the transverse arch at the inner and outer ends of the step bucket arch, and its length is between the melon arch and the ten thousand arch, supporting the cornice and the wellhead respectively. Eighteen buckets are placed at the top of the top member, such as the top tipping bucket, the convex bucket, and the bucket-shaped member intersecting with the cross of the single-talent melon arch and the box arch, which is named because its width is 1.8 (that is, 18 minutes). These three talents are placed at the end of the single talent arch to support the upper arch or square of the bucket-forming member. The groove is placed at the end of the centering melon arch and the ten thousand arch, and intersects with the cushion arch plate. The outer side of the groove is engraved with an arch plate groove, hence the name groove. The bucket at the bottom of the bean plant bucket arch is one of the main load-bearing components of the head arch. A bucket of eighteen buckets is used for a bucket of arch and eighteen buckets of the stigma family. Its width is 0.8 buckets wider than the superstructure, and its shape is like a cylinder. The head of the Taojian beam is superimposed on the bucket arch of the stigma family, and the end is like a peach beam. Division of bucket angle at the bottom of bucket arch. Inclined-head warping is used for warping bucket arches, and its placement direction forms an angle of 45 with the cornice of the mountain surface. The components of the centering melon arch located in the centering position of the corner bucket arch overlap the right brain and then tilt, with one end tilted and the other end centered on the melon arch. A member with a positive double-warping angle and a centering arch located at the centering position of the corner bucket arch, one end of which is a double-warping angle and the other end is a centering arch. A member with a centering Fang located in the center of the corner arch after passing through the vertical pole, one end is the vertical pole and the other end is the centering Fang. There is a square member behind the grasshopper head, which is located in the center of the fighting arch of the horn family. One end is the grasshopper head and the other end is the square. After passing through the upright headwood, there is a centering Fang at the center of the corner bucket arch, with one end being the headwood and the other end being the centering Fang. After the lap joint is tilted, the single-talent melon arch member located at the pull-out part of the corner bucket arch has one end tilted and the other end is a single-talent melon arch. The utility model relates to a single-person arch member, which is located at the outer pulling part of a corner bucket arch. After overlapping and twice warping, one end is warped and the other end is single-person arch. A component with a drag is located in the outer drag part behind the corner bucket arch, which is noisy, with one end angry and the other end dragging. (All the parts in the drawn-out corner bucket arch are called "noisy". In addition to the above, there are some components that are pulled by grasshoppers. As a member of the tension part of the corner arch, the corner composite single-talent melon arch is called "corner connection node" because it is connected with the corresponding member of the adjacent flat arch. In addition, there are "joint angle-combined single arch" and "joint angle-combined box arch" Inclined anger is used for corner arch, which is located at 45 angle on both sides of cornice, so it is called inclined anger. Inclined anger includes inclined head anger and inclined second anger. The components used in the corner bucket arch are located on the oblique Ang, at the same elevation as the adjacent grasshopper head, which is the highest Ang of the corner bucket arch in the direction of 45. The water bottle is placed on the bucket tray at the outer end of Ang to support the bottle-shaped member of the corner beam.