general situation
Athens is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a recorded history of over 3000 years. Now Athens is the eighth largest city in Europe. Athens is the economic, financial, industrial, political and cultural center of Greece. Athens is also one of the commercial centers of the European Union. The urban population is 3.3 million, and the suburban population is 3.8 million. The urban area is 39 square kilometers, and the suburb is 4 12 square kilometers.
Athens is the capital of Greece and the largest city and industrial center in Greece. The Arctic Plain in the southeast of the Greek Peninsula. The northwest and south face Corinthian Bay and Sa Ronicke Bay respectively. The northeast and west are surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the foothills are close to the edge of the city.
Athens, with a history of more than 5,000 years, is rich in historical relics. Ancient Athens was the source of western culture, and the Athenians made outstanding contributions in art, philosophy, law and science. It is said that Athens was named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom in the legendary historical story. The northeast of the whole city is a political and cultural area, and the southwest and port areas are industrial and commercial areas. Athens is located in the shipping and aviation center of the eastern Mediterranean countries. The outer port Piraeus spoke set, almost all foreign trade in and out. Urban drinking water is supplied by Marathon Reservoir, which is far away from the northeast. There is a marble dam which is rare in the world. Athens is the center of ancient Greek cultural relics, and many ancient cultural relics are still preserved today. The museums in Athens are world-famous. Surrounded by mountains and seas, it is sunny, and more than 7 million tourists from all over the world visit it every year.
Climatic conditions in Athens: Athens has a typical Mediterranean climate. July and August are the hottest seasons in a year, and the average daytime temperature in August when the Olympic Games are held is 29-35℃. When the temperature is the highest, it can even reach 40℃ for several days. The average humidity in August is 47%, which is the driest period in a year, and the monthly rainfall is only 7 mm. During this period, the wind is strong all year round, reaching level 7, and the wind direction is usually the north wind.
Attractions: Greek Folk Art Museum, Greek National Archaeological Museum, Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Acropolis, Hadrian Arch, Ancient Angolan Site, Onos Theatre, Benaki Museum, Byzantine Museum temple of olympian zeus.
Ancient Athens was a powerful city-state and a world-famous cultural ancient city. Greece is the birthplace of philosophy, and it is also the place where Plato Institute and Aristotle give lectures. Socrates, Herodotus, Pericles, Sophocles, aristophanes, euripides, Aeschylus and other famous philosophers, politicians and writers were all born or lived in Athens, so Athens is called "the cradle of western civilization" and the birthplace of democracy. The cultural and political achievements in the 5th and 4th centuries BC had a great influence on European and world cultures.
Athens still retains many historical sites and a large number of works of art, the most famous of which is the Parthenon in the Acropolis, which is a symbol of western culture.
Athens is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. The first Summer Olympic Games was held in 1896. In 2004, the 28th Summer Olympic Games was held in Athens.
The origin of the name
In ancient Greece, Athens was? θ? ναι (Athenai), also known as? θην? then what θ? Athena is the name of Athena, goddess of wisdom. The name of a city is plural because it consists of several parts. 19th century,? θ? ν α ι officially became the name of the city.
history
Athens is one of the oldest cities in Europe and the world, and its history can be traced back to more than 3000 years ago. In BC 1000, Athens became the core city of ancient Greece. From the end of the 9th century BC to the beginning of the 8th century BC, luxurious aristocratic tombs appeared in Athens, and the production of iron and bronze also developed rapidly, reaching the level of establishing a city-state as an early slave state. Solon was the first consul of Athens, and peisistratus was his successor. During their reign, Athens' industry and commerce developed remarkably. The 5th century BC became the cradle of western culture.
In 492 BC, the Persian War broke out and Persia was defeated in several major battles. It was not until 449 BC that the two sides concluded a peace treaty that the war ended. In June of 43 1 BC, the Peloponnesian War broke out between Athens and Sparta, which lasted for more than 20 years and ended in the defeat of Athens.
Athens began to decline in the Middle Ages and revived during the Byzantine Empire. During the jihad, Athens prospered because of its trade with Italy. During the Ottoman rule, Athens declined again. /kloc-In the 9th century, Athens became the capital of independent Greece. /kloc-during the period of 0/920s, due to the outbreak of war, a large number of refugees from Anatolia, Turkey flooded into Athens, which also expanded the population of Athens. Today, about half of the Greek population lives in Athens.
geographical position
Athens is located in the central plain of Attica, surrounded by mountains. Ai Gariod Mountain in the west, Panisa Mountain in the north, Pentree Mountain in the northeast, Hermitos Mountain in the east and San Ronicke Bay in the southwest. The geographical structure of Athens leads to inversion, which is also one of the reasons for the serious air pollution in recent years. (Los Angeles and Athens have the same geographical structure and similar problems. Since 1990s, the local government has taken a series of measures to improve air quality, and gradually achieved results. Nowadays, smog is rarely seen in Athens.
climate
Athens is located at the junction of the Mediterranean climate zone and the alpine climate zone. With a typical Mediterranean climate, there was a lot of precipitation from mid-June 65438 to mid-April the following year. There is little rainfall in summer, usually heavy rain or thunderstorm. Because Athens is located in the rain shadow area, it is very dry compared with other Mediterranean cities in Europe. The climate in the hilly area of the northern suburbs is slightly different, with low temperature in winter and relatively more snowfall. Fog is rare in the city center, but it is more common around Mount Imitos in the east.
It snows almost every winter in Athens, and spring and autumn are ideal seasons for sightseeing and holding various outdoor activities. The temperature is high in summer, with an average maximum temperature of 32℃. There are occasional heat waves in July and August every year, and the maximum temperature exceeds 38℃.
On June 27th, 2007, the highest temperature in Athens reached+46.2 C, namely115.1F. During the snowstorm in February 2004, the lowest temperature observed by Athens Observatory was-10./kloc-
Athens has a mild climate and belongs to the tropical Mediterranean climate. It is warm and humid in winter and rainy and sunny in summer. The annual average minimum temperature is 0℃ and the maximum temperature is 37℃.
administrative division
Athens has been the capital of Greece since the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1832. Athens is the capital of Attica and Athens.
Attica region
Attica in Athens is the most densely populated area in Greece, which consists of Athens, East Attica, Piraeus and West Attica. The total area is 3808 square kilometers.
Athens countries
The main cities in Athens are Athens, Piraeus, Peristra and Kalidia. Each city has its own independent parliament and elected mayor.
Athens city
The seven main blocks in Athens are divided into seven districts. Dividing administrative districts is mainly for the purpose of administrative management. The Athenians still like to divide the districts in their own unique way, and each district has its own different history and characteristics. These traditional areas include Pangrati, Ambelokipi, Exarhia, Ano and Kato Patissia, Ilissia, Ano and Kato Petralona and Petra.
Human population
The official population of Athens is 745,565,438+04, and the whole metropolitan area is 3.8 million (including suburbs). In fact, the population is higher than this figure, because many residents of Athens will go back to their birthplace and register there every ten years in the census. Moreover, there are many unregistered immigrants in Athens, mostly from Albania and other eastern European countries.
The city was originally built on the mountain where the Acropolis is located. At that time, the port of Piraeus was an independent city, and now it is connected with Athens. Cities expanded rapidly in 1950s and 1960s, during which Greece changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country.
An important city-state in ancient Greece, located in central Greece.
Attica, where Athens was located before the 5th century BC, was inhabited in the Neolithic Age and many bronze age sites were discovered. Palace ruins of Mycenae civilization era (from the first half of the 6th century BC/KLOC-0 to the first half of the 2nd century BC/KLOC-0) were discovered in the Acropolis. According to historical tradition, Athens was originally the place where Ionia lived. When Dorians invaded the Peloponnesus in BC12nd century, a large number of immigrants from other centers of Mycenae civilization moved here. At present, there are different opinions in academic circles as to whether the Athenian state produced in Mycenaean era once disappeared with the decline of the whole Mycenaean civilization, and when the legendary activity of theseus confederating the small town of Attica into a unified Athenian state took place. The existing fragments of written materials show that around 700 BC, Attica had formed a unified slave ownership country with Athens as the center.
In the 8th century BC, the royal power declined, and the political power was in the hands of clan nobles. Since 682 BC, the consul has been elected once a year. In the 7th century BC, nine consuls were in charge of the highest administrative, military, judicial and religious affairs of the country. The gentry in power occupied a large amount of land, exploited and enslaved poor gentry members, and even sold them to foreign countries as slaves, which caused increasingly strong dissatisfaction among ordinary gentry members.
In 632 BC, Keelung, who was born in a clan aristocracy, tried to seize power, but failed because he did not get the support of the civilians. In 62 1 BC, the consul delacour recorded the customary law in words and made it public, which limited the power of the gentry and nobles to some extent. At the beginning of the 6th century BC, the contradiction between clan nobles and civilians developed to a very sharp degree. In 594 BC, Solon, the arbitrator elected by both sides, reformed, abolished debt slavery, improved the power of the citizens' assembly, adjusted the interests of different classes in the citizens' collective, and laid the foundation of Athenian democracy (see Solon's reform). The tyrannical rule of peisistratus (about the end of the 7th century BC-527 BC) and his descendants (560 BC-5 BC10, which was interrupted twice) objectively attacked the gentry and nobles, improved the economic status of small farmers as citizens, and promoted the economic and cultural development of Athens. In 508 BC, the Christian reform replaced the consanguineous organization with regional organization as the administrative unit of the country, which weakened the influence of clan nobles in all aspects and promoted the development of democracy in Athens.
From the Persian War to the loss of independence in the first half of the 5th century BC, Greek states fought against Persian aggression for decades and finally won. Athens played an important role in the Greek-Persian War and became the leader of the Tyrol League founded in 478 BC. This greatly promoted the development of slave ownership economy in Athens, caused the change of power contrast among different classes of Athenian citizens, and led to the reform led by Ephialtes and Pericles in 462 BC (or 46 BC1year). This reform deprived the Senate of the God of War Mountain (that is, the aristocratic Senate) composed of retired consuls, and handed it over to the citizens' assembly, the people's court and the 500-member Senate respectively, which made democratic politics develop to a new stage. The military colonial system, various social welfare donations, subsidies to citizens and large-scale construction have enabled small producers, who account for the majority of citizens, to enjoy a certain guaranteed material and spiritual life. During the reign of Pericles (443-429 BC), Athens reached its peak in economy, politics and culture, and became the main cultural center that dominated the country and influenced the situation in the Greek world. Look at the Acropolis (the tallest building is the Parthenon).
In 43 1 BC, Athens and its allies broke out with the Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta. In 404 BC, the war ended in the defeat of Athens (see Peloponnesian War). The tyrol alliance collapsed. Athens once succumbed to Sparta. In 404 BC, the democratic regime was overthrown and the "thirty tyrants" raged for a while. In 403 BC, democracy was rebuilt. In the first half of the 4th century BC, Athens recovered its power to some extent by taking advantage of the contradiction between the Greek city-states such as Persia and Thebes and Sparta, and established the second Athens Maritime Alliance in 378 BC. The domestic political situation is relatively stable and the economy and culture have developed; However, the polarization between the rich and the poor among citizens has intensified and the contradictions have deepened. Since 1950s BC, the emerging Macedonia has increasingly threatened the independence and security of Athens, which has great interests in Thrace and the Black Sea Strait. There was a fierce struggle between the anti-Macedonian faction and the pro-Macedonian faction in Athens, and the two factions alternately prevailed. In the Battle of Coronha in 338 BC, Macedonia defeated the resistance of Greek states, thus establishing its hegemony over many Greek city-states, including Athens. From 323 BC to 322 BC, Athens and Macedonia fought in lamia, but failed. Since then, Athens has completely lost its political independence, and democracy exists in name only. It was incorporated into Roman territory in the middle of the 2nd century BC.
The cultural and scientific achievements of ancient Athens had a far-reaching impact not only on the Greek world at that time, but also on Rome and later Europe. During the Hellenistic era and Roman rule, although Athens retained its position as an important cultural center for a long time, its culture lacked creativity. Greek kings, Roman emperors and nobles built many buildings in Athens just to show off their power.
Athens is an ancient historical city named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom. According to legend, in ancient Greece, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, and Poseidon, the sea god, argued for the status of the patron saint of Athens. Later, the Lord God Zeus decided that whoever can give mankind something useful will own the city. Poseidon gave mankind a strong horse symbolizing war, while Athena, the goddess of wisdom, gave mankind an olive tree with lush foliage and rich fruits, symbolizing peace. People long for peace, not war. As a result, the city belongs to the goddess Athena. Since then, she has become the patron saint of Athens, hence the name Athens. Later, people regarded Athens as a "peace-loving city".
traffic
Athens is the railway and aviation hub of Greece. The train can go directly to Central and Western Europe. Athens has developed traffic, with about 800,000 cars driving on the streets every day. Athens is one of the earliest cities with subways in the world. The subway 1925 is open to traffic, with a length of 25.7 kilometers. Athens has been the economic and trade center of Greece since the First World War. It owns Piraeus, an important port in Greece, and is connected with it by railway. Piraeus Port can berth all kinds of seagoing ships and has thousands of registered merchant ships.
An English place name nicknamed "Athens"
Athens, madurai, East Indies.
Athens in the west-Berkeley, California, USA.
Athens in the south-Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Athens in the north-Edinburgh, Scotland, England.
Athens, North America-Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Athens-Berlin carnival in Germany.
Athens on the ISAR River.
Athens Cuba-matanzas Cuba.
Athens-Dominica and Santo Domingo in Latin America.
Athens, Finland-Huxley, Finland
Athens, Serbia-Serbia and Norway.
Bodorog Athens on the Bodorog River.
Su Lusha, Athens, Lusitania-coimbra.
Athens, Brazil-St. Louis, Brazil
Athens, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Athens in Sardinia-Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy.
Athens, Florida-Dylan, Florida, USA.
Athens in the southern hemisphere-Dunedin, New Zealand.
Athens in South America-Bogota in Colombia
Emergency call
In case of emergency in Athens, the alarm number is100; The telephone number of the sightseeing police is 17 1, and the telephone number of the coastal patrol police is 108.