In addition, I told the landlord that robbing a tomb would lead to loss of life and affect many generations.
Question 2: How to judge that there are ancient tombs 1 and "kings" in the local area? Just look at the air, feng shui and vegetation. China ancient society was superstitious about geomantic omen. Therefore, the mausoleum was also chosen in the land of feng shui. If the mountain faces the water, it must be where the graves gather. In addition, the vegetation and even the soil around the tomb is an important basis for judging whether there is a tomb. For example, where there are ancient tombs, because the soil has been dug and trampled, the growth of crops will be worse than that next to it. In addition, when it snows, different geology will leave different traces. When you meet a place with beautiful scenery, undulating mountains and beautiful scenery, or a place with deep soil and dry climate, you should check it in detail. It is possible to find some large tombs without ground signs.
2. "smell". Is to smell, according to the smell of different places to distinguish whether there is an ancient tomb. For example, in Qin and Han tombs, mercury and cinnabar are often injected for anticorrosion; However, the tomb walls after the Tang and Song Dynasties were generally painted with green paste and mud. It is said that some people's sense of smell is beyond the reach of ordinary people, even worse than hounds. As long as they smell it with their noses, they can judge the age of the tomb according to the smell in the soil and whether it has been stolen. Some people can even accurately distinguish the tombs of the Han Dynasty from those of the Tang Dynasty. Tombs in Ming and Qing dynasties have a strong smell, because they are relatively late and are mostly masonry structures. Another important meaning of "smell" is listening to sounds. Generally, large-scale ancient tombs will be filled with a lot of soil when buried, but due to the age, the soil will inevitably settle naturally, and some will appear the phenomenon of solid outside and empty inside. Once the tomb is shaken, such as thundering in the air, it can send a sound different from other places to the surface. Experienced people can judge whether there is a mausoleum here by the subtle differences of these voices. Moreover, graves of different geology and ages make different sounds.
3. "Ask". Searching for a mausoleum requires collecting information from many sources. There are many stories about ancient tombs in China folklore. In some remote places suitable for building tombs, you can ask the local people about their history, who were famous people and whether there were any strange phenomena. By talking with these people, we can get information about ancient tombs.
4. "cut". It is a thorough and detailed survey of the surface, which is also the most important link in finding ancient tombs. It can not only judge the actual situation of the ancient tomb, but also judge its age, scale and funerary objects. Insert Luoyang shovel into the ground and judge by the soil layer picked up by the shovel. If the soil layer is consistent in color and harmonious as a whole, it proves that the underground here has not been excavated and there are no tombs. If there is a fault in the soil layer, the color changes, and there are different five-flowered soils in the middle, there are probably tombs. If there are some impurities in the soil, such as metals, pottery pieces, sawdust, cinnabar, pit ash, etc., it means that there must be ancient tombs here, and the age of the tombs can be judged according to the metals and pottery pieces. People with a keen sense of smell can also judge the tomb information according to the smell of the soil layer brought out by Luoyang shovel. In the process of Luoyang shovel detection, we can judge the situation of tombs according to the different feelings of hands on the shovel handle. If the hand feels light, it means soft soil. If there is a strong tremor in your hand, it means that you have touched something hard. Then according to the subtle differences, you can tell whether it is a coffin, a stone or something else.
It can be a wild road. For example, Luoyang shovel was invented by grave robbers. But now, archaeologists have been using this thing for a long time, which is regarded as "standard equipment". Archaeologists also need to study some historical books and ancient books to judge that there may be tombs somewhere.
Sometimes in the process of construction, ancient tombs may be found, which is very accidental and cannot be found by this. You can't dig around with an excavator, can you?
Question 3: It is a social and cultural phenomenon with a long history that how grave robbers can accurately detect grave robbery. Archaeological data of the Neolithic Age can already see the remains of conscious destruction of tombs. After the social change of "bad manners, happy collapse" in the Spring and Autumn Period, the wind of reburial rose, so grave robbery prevailed. Shaanxi Fengxiang 1 Qin Cemetery is the largest tomb in the pre-Qin period discovered so far, and it is also the largest tomb excavated by scientific archaeological methods in China at present. A total of 247 stolen caves were found in this ancient tomb, of which 10 directly entered the tomb.
Tool editing in the old society
1. On the one hand, excavating ancient tombs depends on people's skills and experience; On the one hand, it is operated by tools. In the old society, the tools of poaching were shovels, picks, shovels, axes, torches and candles. Before the Ming Dynasty, grave robbers did not have special detection tools, and iron cones began to be used in the Ming Dynasty. Its appearance makes grave robbers only take tombs with obvious signs on the ground (such as sealing soil and tombstones) as objects and never return. Grave robbers use a special iron cone to explore the unmarked underground on the ground. Once they find the ancient tomb, they can dig a hole directly and steal it according to the metal smell brought up on the cone. Wang Shixing in Ming Dynasty said in Guang Zhi Yi: "Luoyang is rich in water and soil resources, and burying people is not as good as spring." "However, although buried, thieves can still smell it. If there are gold, silver, copper and iron, they will make (dig)."
From iron cone to Luoyang shovel, it is a leap for grave robbers in the north to use underground detection tools. The north, especially Luoyang and Guanzhong, is located in the Loess Plateau with deep water and thick soil. The shovel clamp of Luoyang shovel is only 2 inches wide and is in a U-shaped semicircle. The shovel is mounted on the upper part.
Grave robbing tools
Long handle, every time this shovel is inserted into the ground, it can go down three or four inches deep, and when it is lifted, it can bring up the soil stuck in the semicircle.
Grave robbing and treasure hunting have existed since ancient times, especially today. Its methods, techniques and tools have developed into more modernization, intelligence and collectivization. Military compasses and detectors are used for detection, detonators, explosives and chainsaws are used for excavation, and cars, motorcycles and mobile phones are used for transportation and communication. Therefore, the struggle against excavating ancient tombs and selling smuggled cultural relics is more complicated and arduous, with a long way to go!
Skill editing
The four words of grave robbers
Different from Luoyang and Guanzhong in the north, Luoyang shovel is useless because of the thin soil and high water level in many places in the south. Local grave robbers "adapted to local conditions", after long-term exploration and summary, formed a set of methods and skills to find and understand treasures. Liu Hongfu, a Hunan scholar, has been dealing with folk antique dealers for many years, taking the opportunity to understand and study the modus operandi of grave robbers around Changsha before liberation.
Cao Cao-the most professional grave robber
And it can be summarized into four words: looking, smelling, asking and cutting.
"Look" means looking at Feng Shui. Old grave robbers are experienced and good at geomantic omen, so wherever they go, they should first look at the terrain and see where the ancient tombs that were destroyed on the ground are. As long as it is a real treasure trove of geomantic omen, it is usually a tomb with many treasures inside. Using geomantic omen to guide the determination of unmarked tomb sites on the ground is almost a hit. According to legend, during the Republic of China, there was a grave-robbing master named Cai in Changsha, and his feng shui was very good. If he goes out and chooses a place, his followers will gather around. Once he went to visit relatives in Ningxiang county and went to a scenic spot. He pointed to a rice field and told his colleagues that there must be a big tomb under this field, and the treasure in the tomb will definitely make you and me rich. None of his colleagues believed him, so the man made a bet with them: if there was no grave, he would lose 1000 dollars. On the contrary, 70% of the treasures are found in graves. Many people gamble wildly and secretly find dozens of villagers to dig at night. In the middle of the night, they dug up a brick tomb with pictures of the deceased's life before his death. There are swords, Baoding, jade articles, lacquerware, golden cakes, inkstones, bamboo tubes and other items in the tomb. Later, they sold them to American missionaries and got a lot of dollars to get rich.
"Smell" means smell. Grave robbers with this magical skill specialize in the olfactory function of the nose. Before digging, he turned over the surface soil of the tomb, took a pinch of tomb soil and put it under his nose to smell it fiercely, so as to distinguish whether the tomb was stolen from the smell of the soil and judge the age according to the color of the soil. It is said that Kung Fu can best distinguish the subtle odor difference between the tomb soil in Han Dynasty and the tomb soil in Tang Dynasty with amazing accuracy.
When Changsha was just liberated, an old grave robber was shot. He sold the cultural relics and national treasures he stole all his life to foreigners. This man is Wen Jia, who used to rob tombs in Han and Tang Dynasties. As long as you smell the unearthed objects, you can accurately determine the age. A grave robber brought some old lacquerware, saying it was from a prince's grave. Leaning on the couch, smoking opium, he picked up a lacquer ware, sniffed it under his nose, and then said with a smile, "Dear friend, it will take about seven months for your lacquer ware to be taken out in the urine pit." The man was shocked and even said, "Offend! Attack! "
"Asking" means stepping on the spot. People who are good at this method often dress up as Feng. >>
Question 4: What should I do if I find the ancient tomb? I'll call the police as soon as I find the tomb, and then, I'm sorry, you'll be fine.
Question 5: What should I do if I find an ancient tomb? Report to the superior, never act privately, or the consequences will be unimaginable. Needless to say, I ruined myself for a moment of greed. I hope to think it over.
Question 6: How to find the ancient tomb Hello, I'm glad to answer your question.
The discovery of ancient tombs can be divided into several types.
1 According to historical documents,
2. According to the knowledge of Feng Shui, judge where there is an ancient tomb.
Step 3 stumble upon
Question 7: How did the grave robbers find the tomb with the most unearthed cultural relics? Grave robbers can basically judge whether there is an ancient tomb underground and when by observing the color of the excavated soil. Most people will find this amazing. Actually, it's not amazing at all The so-called "stunts" of grave robbers are entirely derived from their grave robbing experience. Even people who haven't robbed graves for a day can understand it after reading the following introduction. "Qing dynasty paper money? An old thief named Jiao Si described in "Bandits" is a master of "seeing mud marks". " Look at the mud marks "is to observe the color of the soil." This is the knack of grave robbers in the north, and of course it is also the entry skill of grave robbery. Photo: Painted coffins (unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha) are usually sealed with special soil after burial. Even the in-situ soil backfilled at the top of the tomb was mixed with different levels of soil when digging the pit, resulting in different soil colors. This kind of soil has a noun called "flower soil", and some people call it "five flower soil" and "big flower soil". If you find the "flower soil", you will find the clue to the ancient tomb. The discovery of Tomb No.1 of Qin Gong was due to the appearance of "flower soil". At 1976, a villager named Zhao came here with a small dirt cart. He wanted to dig some dirt to repair his courtyard wall. Some clods of the shoveled loess are very mixed in color, which is obviously different from other places, such as yellow and red, and there are many gravel in the soil, so the soil is very hard. Photo: This strange thing is mentioned in the gossip of the villagers surnamed Zhao in the archaeological site of Qin Gong No.1 Tomb. It happened that archaeologists from Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology came to investigate and concluded from experience that there was something underground. Soon, the archaeological team came to investigate on the spot. It is indeed an ancient tomb, and it is not an ordinary tomb. Qin Jinggong, who had been sleeping for more than two thousand years, was discovered. Because "flower soil" is easy to expose the target, the ancients also thought of a method, that is, when digging a burial pit, the excavated soil was piled up in different order from bottom to top, and then backfilled in turn when sealing the soil. No tomb of the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty has been found so far, which is directly related to the secret burial. During the secret burial, the Mongols dug the pit deeply, but the soil should not be broken, but cut into pieces. The clods should be carefully placed in order, and after the coffin is buried, the clods should be put back to their original positions. Even the "Luoyang shovel" used by the North School grave robbers could not find anything unusual. Photo: Charcoal commonly found in Qin and Han tombs (unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha), but it seems irregular that Han people have not considered it so far. Not only is it not a secret burial, but it is also afraid that no one in the world will know that the old and tall grave will be watched. This kind of carelessness, intentional or unintentional, provides an excellent goal and opportunity for grave robbers.
If you see the "flower soil", the probe or Luoyang shovel down, and then you see the white paste, then there is an ancient tomb below, which is certain. White gypsum mud, scientific name "microcrystalline kaolin", is an extremely pure clay, which is distributed in many places in China, but the white gypsum mud in Gaoling, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province has the best quality, hence the name "kaolin". Kaolin is fine, moist and full of viscosity, and its most obvious feature is low water permeability, which is the reason for producing fine ceramics and chemicals. Jingdezhen ceramics are famous at home and abroad for their good soil quality. Photo: Why is white plaster (unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha) also called white plaster? Because this soil is blue-gray when wet, it is called green paste mud; After drying, it is white or bluish white, which is called "white paste mud". Through modern scientific detection and analysis, white plaster mud is composed of oxides such as silicon dioxide, alumina, iron oxide, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Because of its high viscosity and compact molecules, it has magical antiseptic effect. The ancients in our country discovered this characteristic of white plaster mud very early, and white plaster mud was rarely used in large tombs in Qin and Han Dynasties. Figure: Luoyang shovel can be added. If there is no white gypsum mud in the local area, it is synthesized with gypsum and lime. Artificial white gypsum mud is also very useful. Now everyone thinks of Luoyang shovel when they mention grave robbery. Why is this shovel so magical? It's easy to bring out the underground soil. According to the color of the soil, especially the white paste and mud, it can be concluded that there is an ancient tomb under it by simple discrimination. Experienced grave robbers will also smell the smell of flower soil and white mud paste.
Question 8: What does archaeology mean ... and how did they find the ancient tomb archaeology, which is used to express the isomorphism of * * * observed in archaeological remains (especially primitive society). The word culture has different meanings, referring to all the achievements of human society in science, technology, art, education and spiritual life, such as China culture and cultural heritage. However, the culture mentioned in archaeology has its specific meaning, especially a group of remains belonging to the same era, distributed in the same area and with the same characteristics in archaeological discoveries. For example, in archaeological work, it is often found that certain objects are unearthed in a certain type of residence or tomb in a certain area. Such a group of remains with a specific combination relationship can be called a kind of "culture". Because they always exist in the same cultural layer or tomb, it shows that they belong to the same era. A culture cannot be divided by one characteristic, because similar cultural factors may be found in different cultures. Only the combination of many characteristics can distinguish one culture from another. The origin of the concept of archaeological culture 65438+In the 1960s, the French archaeologist G.de Mortillet divided the Paleolithic Age in Europe into five periods (later increased to six periods), and named the first discovered places according to the method of geological history staging. After the First World War, due to the expansion of archaeological discovery areas, we know that the remains in different areas in the same geological period are not the same, especially in the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age, the contents of the remains are more complicated, and the differences between regions are very obvious. At the same time, with the deepening of research work, it is found that some cultures in different periods that were originally thought to be connected before and after are actually different cultures that coexist at the same time. So the concept of archaeological culture came into being, which refers to different types of remains in the same period and also refers to different types of remains in the same area. At present, the six stages of the Paleolithic Age in Europe have basically been renamed as culture. There is a similar situation in the history of archaeological development in China. At first, An Tesheng, a Swedish geologist and archaeologist, divided the Neolithic remains in Gansu into six periods, inferring that each period had a history of 300 years, and one after another. Later, I learned that they represented different cultures and were all changed to cultural names. In the history of archaeological development, in addition to the concept of stage, the concept of archaeological culture has been added, which is very meaningful. The naming of archaeological culture takes the small place names first discovered in typical sites as the names of archaeological culture, which is the most widely used. Such as Moster culture, solute culture and Magdalene culture in Europe, as well as Zhoukoudian culture, Ding Cun culture, Xiaonanhai culture, Yangshao culture, Dawenkou culture and Hemudu culture in China. Some are named after regions or river basins, mostly to find out the distribution scope of this culture afterwards. For example, the Danube culture in Europe. In addition, the names of discovery sites all have prefixes, such as Yangshao culture in Gansu and Longshan culture in Henan, because they are similar to the typical Longshan culture. If only the local differences are small, of course, this method can be adopted. If the difference is big enough to be considered as an independent culture, then it should be given another cultural name. Because there is more than one culture in the excavation site, it can be distinguished by adding suffixes to the place names, such as Miaodigou culture in the second phase and Qinglongquan culture in the third phase (see Qujialing culture). The methods of naming characteristic cultural relics are often used, such as microlithic culture, painted pottery culture, black pottery culture, European boulder culture, bell cup tomahawk culture and so on. However, this naming often replaces the characteristics of the whole culture with one-sided characteristics, and this individual type of characteristic remains may also belong to different archaeological cultures, so it has gradually been less adopted by people in recent years. There are also ethnic names, such as Bashu culture, but this can only be applied to later cultures, which will easily lead to confusion after accurate textual research. Otherwise, it is better to name it after a small place name, pointing out that this culture may belong to a certain ethnic group. As for the culture of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties or Sui and Tang Dynasties in the historical period, it is culture in a broad sense, that is, it refers to all the achievements made by a nation in various aspects in a specific period, including all aspects mentioned in written records except material culture. Strictly speaking, this is to be distinguished from the culture with special significance in archaeology. Archaeological culturology studies archaeological culture, not only to solve the problems of times and stages, but also to study its content, characteristics, distribution, origin, development and relationship with other cultures. To fully understand the content of a culture, we should at least conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of a typical site of this culture in order to grasp this culture ... >>
Question 9: How did the grave robbers find the ancient tomb? What are the steps to rob a tomb? 1 See caves, observe Long Mai, 2 smell, according to legends, historical background, etc., ask, ask local people, cut,? That's what ghosts do. There are no such professional grave robbers now. It's all a hobby. I accidentally found the quilt.
Question 10: How to find the ancient tomb from the flat land? Luoyang shovel