It is generally believed that Hakka people gathered in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and merged with the indigenous peoples such as She and Yao, which have unique dialects, cultures and characteristics different from other Han people. The main characteristics of its culture and its inheritance to the Han culture in the Central Plains should definitely be a branch of the Han nationality. But this clan is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and enjoy the same cultural characteristics. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is a Han appellation, not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.
Hakka immigrants
Hakka people have the habit of compiling genealogy. If we trace back to the source, we can find from the genealogy of Hakka surnames that Hakka people originated from the Han nationality and are residents living in the north of China. The range of activities is probably today's Shanxi, Henan and Hubei. According to linguists' research, Hakka dialect is an ancient sound that is close to the Central Plains (the closest is Minnan dialect), and its social patriarchal clan system, cultural life customs, costumes, belief worship and geomantic superstition are similar to those of the old Central Plains.
According to genealogy and historical records, Hakkas refer to the Central Plains people who moved south after the Jingkang Revolution. Most of them are young people. These Central Plains men intermarried with local Yue Nv, and their descendants inherited their fathers' surnames, Confucian culture and Baiyue customs, so Hakka dialect had the characteristics of Chinese and Baiyue in the Song Dynasty. They don't have a good relationship with Cantonese people of Qin descent and Minnan people of Jin descent.
Due to the turmoil in the north, Hakka people have experienced five great migrations. According to the research of historian Luo Xianglin, the migration of Hakka people in the Yellow River Basin can be divided into five periods:
The first great migration was in Yongjia period of Eastern Jin Dynasty. Five chaos in China, the capital moved from Luoyang to Nanjing, chaos in the Central Plains, and a large number of nobles, celebrities and ordinary people moved to Jiangnan. In order to take refuge, Hakka ancestors also moved south, crossed the Yellow River and arrived in Anhui, Hubei, southern Henan, Jiangxi and other places.
The second great migration from the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty was mainly influenced by the Huang Chao Rebellion, which forced the Hakka ancestors to move to southern Anhui, southeastern Jiangxi, western and southern Fujian, and the northeastern border of eastern Guangdong.
The third great migration took place from the late Southern Song Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty. The Mongols entered the Central Plains and moved south in the Song Dynasty. At that time, Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian also moved to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong to support the royal family in the Song Dynasty, and fought against the Mongolian army and died heroically.
The fourth great migration took place in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Due to the migration of Manchu to the General Affairs Office and the internal population expansion, they migrated from eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong and southwestern Jiangxi to central Guangdong and coastal areas, as well as Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Taiwan Province provinces, and a few migrated to Huili and Xikang in southern and southern Guizhou.
The fifth great migration, after Qing Ganjia, moved from Xinxing and Taishan in central Guangdong to Gaozhou, Leizhou, Qin 'an and Lianzhou in western Guangdong, as far as Hainan Island due to the struggle between natives and tourists and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom incident.
When the Chinese moved south to Wu Luan, there was already a "guest-giving system". Versicolor, Zhou Shu County, Nanqi: "South Yanzhou, Guangling Town. When people are in trouble, they move to this place, and refugees often take this as a guest. Yuan Di Daxing four years, a letter to the refugees lost their citizenship, so that people have a teacher, for the customer system'.
It can be seen that the word "guest" of Hakka people is determined by the imperial edict of the Jin and Yuan emperors. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, official books were called "guests". Hakka is a common name among the people. During the household registration in Song Dynasty, the indigenous people who lived there since ancient times were called "masters" and those who moved in from other places were called "guests". The word Hakka was born here.
According to the existing literature, the migration of Fujian and Guangdong tourists to Taiwan Province Province began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, after Zheng Chenggong drove the Netherlands out of Taiwan Province Province, he used it as a base to fight against the Qing Dynasty and regain his sight, so he recruited a large number of mainland people to open up wasteland in Taiwan. It was from this time that the residents of Fujian and Guangdong provinces began to migrate to Taiwan Province Province on a large scale, and the Hakkas in the base area also entered Taiwan Province Province. However, although the earliest Hakkas came to Taiwan with Zheng Chenggong's army, the number was small. After the fall of Zheng Ming, most of them were sent back to their original places by the Qing court, which had no influence on the development of Taiwan Province Province. Then there is the policy of prohibiting immigrants from crossing Taiwan in the early Qing Dynasty. The main reason is to prevent Taiwan Province Province from becoming a land of anti-Qing dynasty and regaining sight again, and the ban on Hakkas is stricter. Therefore, the large-scale migration of Hakkas was after the middle period of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty.
Therefore, a large number of Hakkas came to Taiwan Province in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), after the Qing army pacified Taiwan Province Province. Before that, most people who lived in Taiwan Province province without their wives' property were sent back to their places of origin, and the Qing court accepted Shi Lang's suggestion. In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), people from Chaozhou and Huizhou were strictly restricted. However, due to the pressure of livelihood, there are still many Hakkas from Meizhou, Tingzhou and Zhangzhou who venture to all parts of Taiwan Province Province to participate in the development of Taiwan Province Province.
The origin of Hakka names
"Hakka" originated from the struggle between aborigines and tourists in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Local immigrants are called Hakkas, and then extended to their related ancestors, such as Meizhou people and Huizhou people. Because of their similar cultural backgrounds, they are all called Hakkas. In fact, at first, "Hakka" did not refer to modern Hakkas. For example, in Guangxi, there is a Hakka dialect called Ai dialect, and the local vernacular is called Hakka dialect. Later, it was established that "Hakka" became the ethnic name of residents with similar cultural backgrounds in eastern Guangdong and the same region.
Another view is that the original meaning of "Hakka" should be the old name of the She nationality living in the south in ancient times, "Shanke" and "woodcut". Then, in the process of getting along with the She nationality, the Han immigrants borrowed the name "Hakka" and called themselves "Hakka". But now the word "Hakka" refers to Hakka, which is the abbreviation of Hakka. The "guest" here also includes the meaning of "mountain is the main thing, so I am a guest" of the She nationality. At present, She people like to call themselves "Shanke".
However, some scholars believe that "Hakka" is not a simple outsider compared with "master", and it is different from the Han families such as Guangfu family and Fulao family, which are both moving south of the Central Plains. Historically, all ethnic groups of Han nationality in South China formed earlier than Hakka, basically in the same administrative region (some are only partially extended), while Hakka formed later, not in the same administrative region. Another special phenomenon is that the original aborigines or owners of this connecting area include "Shanke", "Muke" and "Xieke" in addition to the Guyue nationality. Most of them are also "outsiders". These "Hakkas" and later "Hakkas" have lived together for a long time and merged with each other, giving birth to unique language and cultural characteristics. (It can be considered that the ethnic group was initially formed at this time, but there was no official name. However, these unique people moved abroad, such as Fulao, Guangfu and other residential areas, and were called guests, customers and Hakkas by local hosts. Moreover, this title was called by different ethnic groups along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong, and it should be regarded as a kind of "* * * song" for people with the same cultural characteristics (that is, Hakkas later determined) from the cultural connotation. Whether this is related to the "Hakka dialect" of the aborigines in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, or whether the residents in these places have spoken "Hakka dialect" (although there is no written record), it is still difficult to determine. At present, the origin of Hakka names is to use "He Shuo" as a metaphor for "claiming". "He said" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Claiming that time began in the middle of Qing Dynasty. But this does not mean that the Hakka clan was formed at this time. "He said" was first "said" by Fulao people along the southern coast of Fujian and Guangfu people along the central and western coast of Guangdong. "Claiming" is self-identification.