What are the architectural features of the imperial palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties?

Sleep back and forth? This principle was basically formed in the Zhou Dynasty and has been continued. In ancient times, the former dynasty was called "the palace of government" and the later dynasty was called "the bedroom". From the planning of palace buildings in past dynasties, it can be seen that the palace where the emperor handled state affairs was always built in front of the palace, and the living and entertainment part was always built in the back. The planning of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties is a model. The front of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties includes the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, as well as the Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall symmetrically arranged on the east and west sides, which is the center of imperial politics. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the most important temple in Miyagi. When the emperor ascended the throne, got married, celebrated his birthday and was doomed to war, and received greetings and banquets from hundreds of officials on major festivals, grand ceremonies were held here. After that, Zhonghe Hall was the place where the emperor prepared and rested before going to court, and Baohe Hall in the north of Zhonghe Hall was the hall where the emperor held court examinations and entertained the prince. The latter mainly includes the places where emperors, empresses and concubines lived and lived, such as Gan Qing, Jiaotai, Kunning, Dongxiu Palace and royal gardens. This layout principle, which meets the actual functional requirements, has become the basic pattern of palaces in past dynasties.

Three dynasties and five doors? As the old saying goes, the palace is called "Jiugong Imperial House". This palace system with dense doors and heavy palaces was formed in the early Zhou Dynasty. When Zuo Zhuan and Li Ji recorded the palace system in Zhou Dynasty, they both wrote that there was a vacancy in front of the palace. Que is a kind of high-rise building, which is used to climb high and overlook, also known as Gongque. This is a place to observe national defense, reveal government decrees and listen to the opinions of courtiers. Then there are five palace gates, called Gaomen, Yingmen, Lumen, Kumen and Luomen, which play a role in strengthening deterrence; After that, there were three dynasties: the Great Dynasty, the Inner Dynasty and the Outer Dynasty. The "five gates" of the Forbidden City in Beijing are the Daqingmen, Tiananmen, Duanmen, Wumen and Taihe. These three dynasties are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe. The layout of palaces with three generations and five doors was continued by later emperors in etiquette, but the architectural form changed and developed according to actual needs. In a word, this court system is not only majestic and powerful, but also a symbol and embodiment of the patriarchal social hierarchy and order spirit in ancient China. ?

Zuo zu you she? According to Zhou Li Chun Guan Xiao Zongbo, "the throne of the founding of the People's Republic of China is the right country and the left ancestral temple". When the Forbidden City was established, it basically followed the principle of "left ancestors and right houses". The ancestral hall should be located in the east or southeast of the whole city, and the social altar should be located in the west or southwest. This practice has been inherited. The existing square large flat altar named "five-colored soil" in Zhongshan Park in Beijing is a social altar built when Beijing was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty.

Axisymmetric? As an important representative of classical architecture, another important principle of palace planning is axis symmetry. The concept of respecting China in ancient times was strictly implemented in palace buildings, and the important buildings were arranged in sequence from south to north, with strict layout and orderly order. The first three halls, the last three palaces, the important gates and squares of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties are all distributed on the central axis, and the ancillary buildings are located on both sides. This layout fully embodies the supremacy of imperial power and egoism in ancient society.