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Queen Xiaozhuang - the woman who assisted three generations of Qing emperors
The Borzigit family, Mongolian Horqin Beile ( The daughter of Zhai Sang, the head of the tribe, the niece of Queen Xiaoduan, and the queen of Huang Taiji, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, she was extremely beautiful and sexually alert.
In 1625, when he was only thirteen years old, he married Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhaci, and he and his aunt married Huang Taiji. After marriage, they gave birth to three daughters, Princess Gulun Yong, Princess Gulun Shuhui, and Princess Gulun Shuzhe. In 1636, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor, and named Borjijit the concubine of Yongfu Palace. In the third year of Chongde (1638), the emperor's ninth son, Fulin, was born. Concubine Zhuang was honored as the empress dowager, and she was known as Empress Xiaozhuangwen in history.
Empress Xiaozhuangwen's natural beauty can be regarded as a peerless beauty in the early Qing Dynasty. She dealt with the situation calmly and decisively. As early as the Huang Taiji period, Queen Xiaozhuangwen "supported internal affairs" and contributed to Huang Taiji.
In 1642 (the seventh year of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing army captured Songshan, and Hong Chengchou, the governor of Jiliao in the Ming Dynasty, was captured. In order to show his loyalty to the Ming Dynasty, he announced a hunger strike. Later, Huang Taiji knew that Hong Chengchou was lustful, so he filial piety. Empress Zhuang recommended herself to Huang Taiji and lured Hong Chengchou to surrender. Later, Hong Chengchou led Qing soldiers into the pass and the Ming Dynasty fell.
In 1643, Huang Taiji passed away, Fulin succeeded to the throne as Emperor Shunzhi, moved the capital to Beijing, respected Queen Xiaozhuang as the Queen Mother, and used Emperor Uncle Dorgon as regent. Shunzhi was young (six years old) in order to eliminate many Due to Ergon's threat to the throne, Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang resolutely married Dorgon in accordance with the Manchu custom of "if a brother dies, his wife will be his sister-in-law". Although history books have different opinions on Xiaozhuang's marriage, the documents record the fact of marriage in a formal way. "Donghua Lu" records that Dorgon often visited the inner courtyard of the palace, and Shunzhi also called Dorgon "the emperor's father and the regent." The suspected case of "the Queen Mother's marriage" in the early Qing Dynasty must not be groundless. For political reasons, this move does not undermine her historical status. Due to the mediation of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, Shunzhi's throne was saved, Duo Ergun did not replace him, and the power of the Qing Dynasty gradually transferred to Shunzhi's hands.
In order to gain the support of the upper class of the Han nationality in the early days of the Qing Dynasty, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang dared to break the convention that Manchus and Han were not allowed to intermarry. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), she brought Kong Youde's daughter Kong Sizhen into the palace of education. "Zhong" was treated as a royal princess; and the fourteenth daughter of Huang Taiji, Princess Heshuo, was married to Wu Yingxiong, the son of Wu Sangui, which played a role in winning over the Han generals.
After Shunzhi's death, Xuanye ascended the throne, named Kangxi, and became the Kangxi Emperor in later generations. Kangxi honored Xiaozhuang as the Empress Dowager. When Kangxi was eight years old, four ministers assisted in government affairs. The Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang tried her best to educate her young master and protected the Aisin Gioro regime from major risks and hidden dangers. This was the achievement of the Qing Dynasty. The other side of prosperity. Among the four auxiliary ministers, Obai was domineering and had no young master. He tried to usurp the imperial power. He killed innocent people indiscriminately and tried to blackmail the emperor to order the princes. Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang became Kangxi's strong backing. With her support, in the eighth year of Kangxi's reign, Kangxi crushed the Obai Group and regained power in one fell swoop.
When Kangxi was quelling the Third Rebellion, Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang fully supported Kangxi in quelling the rebellion. She pulled out the gold and silk in the palace and rewarded him. The Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang advocated thrift and used the money saved in the palace to help victims of disasters many times. Her frugal family tradition influenced the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties.
In 1687, the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi, the Empress Dowager passed away at the age of seventy-five and became "Queen Xiaozhuangwen".
What is puzzling is that he was not buried with Huang Taiji in the Zhaoling Mausoleum in Shenyang, nor did he enter the Qing Imperial Mausoleum. Until the death of Emperor Kangxi, no mausoleum was built for his grandmother, Empress Xiaozhuangwen. Zi Palace stayed in the temporary anfeng hall for 38 years, and finally in the third year of Yongzheng (1725), the great-grandson Yinzhen was buried in the underground palace outside the Feng Shui wall of the Qing Dong Tomb. What is the reason for this? Even though no convincing explanation has been found so far, it is still an unsolved mystery, but there are many folklore about it.
As for why Empress Xiaozhuang was not buried in Zhaoling, there is a folk saying that "the site of the mausoleum was determined through dreams". The general idea is: After the death of Empress Xiaozhuang, the Qing court followed the ancestral system and decided to bury her in Zhaoling together with Taizong. But when Zi Palace passed by Dongling, it suddenly felt extremely heavy. Each of the 128 pole pullers was so crushed that they showed their teeth and cracked their mouths, their eyes were filled with stars, and they could not move even an inch, so they had no choice but to park Zi Gong on the spot.
After two hours, I wanted to move on, but Zi Gong seemed to be growing on the ground, not moving at all. Now I was so anxious to attend the funeral of all the kings and ministers, so I flew to report to the court. Emperor Kangxi was unable to do anything after receiving the memorial. That night, the emperor dreamed of Empress Xiaozhuang and said to the emperor: "I am determined not to be buried with Taizong. Now the place where the Zi Palace is parked is Shangjijia soil, and a mausoleum can be built and buried there. Please remember my words and don't go against them." After waking up, he followed the instructions and chose the auspicious place to build the mausoleum. This time it was not so heavy to move the coffin. Obviously, this is purely a myth and cannot be relied upon.
Some people say that because Queen Xiaozhuang married Dorgon and was no longer Huang Taiji’s queen, she was not qualified to be buried in Zhaoling, and she had no face to be buried with Huang Taiji. There is no record of Empress Xiaozhuang marrying Dorgon in the official documents of the Qing court. Emperors after Emperor Kangxi always recognized her as the empress of Emperor Taizong. So this reason is not sufficient.
Looking at historical materials, there is such a record as to why Empress Xiaozhuang was not buried with Huang Taiji. Queen Xiaozhuang had already left a will regarding her burial place before her death. She sincerely told Emperor Kangxi: "I would like to tell you what to do after my death: Emperor Taizong Wen has been in the Zi Palace for a long time and is too humble to be respected. It is inconvenient to bury them together at this time. If we separate the tomb area, it will be a waste of people and it will not be buried together." I love you and my son so much that I can't bear to leave you. I have no regrets about settling in Zunhua." Emperor Kangxi had always been filial to his grandmother. After the death of Empress Xiaozhuang, Emperor Kangxi followed his will and buried his grandmother in Zunhua. near Tanglin.
So, why was Xiaozhuang buried outside the feng shui wall on the east side of Dahongmen in the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty, instead of inside the imperial mausoleum? Many unofficial historians claim that this was because Xiaozhuang had lost the face of the Aixinjueluo family by marrying Dorgon, so she was buried outside the gate of the mausoleum and was punished to guard the door for her descendants for generations. In fact, this is just the subjective opinion of good people. The real reason is that Shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum is in the highest position in the mausoleum area, and Xiaozhuang is Shunzhi's biological mother. She is buried anywhere in the mausoleum area, and her position is lower than Xiaoling Mausoleum. This is inconsistent with her seniority. proportionate. Second, although Xiaozhuang is buried in the Qingdong Tomb in Zunhua, it is still in the same system as the Zhaoling Tomb of Huang Taiji in Shenyang. The mausoleum of Queen Xiaozhuang is called Zhaoxiling. Therefore, it can be seen that they are two different systems from the Dongling Tomb of the Qing Dynasty and cannot be confused. They can only be buried outside the Dongling District to show the distinction. Third, in the Qing Dynasty, whether emperors or princes visited tombs, they always started with the tomb of the highest-ranking tomb owner. Empress Xiaozhuang has the highest seniority among all the people buried in the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, when visiting the mausoleum, one must first start with the Zhaoxi Tomb of Empress Xiaozhuang. Dahongmen is the main entrance to the mausoleum area. It is a must-stop for those visiting the mausoleum. Building Zhaoling next to Dahongmen also provides great convenience for visiting the mausoleum and avoids the detour and round trip. Fourth, in the Qing Dynasty, the left side was regarded as the place of honor. When the emperor visited the mausoleum, he would use the left door to enter and exit the palace, palace, and mausoleum doors, and his ministers would use the right door. The Zhaoling Mausoleum was built on the left side of Dahongmen, in a noble place, which also reflects the respect and admiration of her descendants. The terrain on the left side of Dahongmen is high and flat, with thick and pure soil, while the right side of Dahongmen is low-lying and rocky, and is adjacent to the West River, often prone to flooding. Therefore, from a geographical perspective, Zhaoxi Mausoleum should also be built at Dahongmen. left side. From the above points, burying Queen Xiaozhuang outside the Dongling Mausoleum area is not to punish her for guarding the mausoleum gate for future generations, but to make the best choice after comprehensive consideration of various reasons
Empress Xiaozhuang's surname was Borzigut and her given name was Bumubutai. She was born on March 28, 1613, in the Mongolian Horqin aristocratic family. She was a descendant of Genghis Khan, the "Golden Family". At the age of 13, she married Huang Taiji, Sibeile from Houjin Kingdom. After Huang Taiji became emperor, she was named Zhuang Fei. During the Shunzhi and Kangxi reigns, she was revered as the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager. He died of illness on January 27, 1688, at the age of 75. Later generations used to call her Queen Xiaozhuang.
Empress Xiaozhuang was an outstanding female politician in ancient my country who was virtuous, talented, and whose contributions went down in history. Under the complex situation of ethnic conflicts and internal struggles among the Manchu aristocracy, she successively supported two young emperors (six-year-old son Fulin and eight-year-old grandson Xuan Ye) to ascend the throne; assisted three dynasties (Huang Taiji, Shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi governed the imperial court and made significant contributions in establishing and developing the great cause of the Qing Dynasty.
However, she does not have any political title or political name, although court officials repeatedly ask her to "listen to politics behind the curtain"; she only has the natural status of a wife (concubine), mother (Empress Dowager), and grandmother (Empress Dowager). Behind the scenes, they quietly contribute their efforts, wisdom and talent. No matter what contribution she made, it was all due to her husband, son, and grandson.
Queen "Xiaozhuang", that is, Queen Duankwen of Xiaozhuang in the early Qing Dynasty, was originally from the Mongolian ethnic group, her surname was Borjigit, her name was Bumbutai, and she was the daughter of Mongolian Horqin Beile Zhaisang. . At the age of thirteen, she married Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty and was named "Concubine Zhuang". Her delicate, frail and beautiful lady's body is filled with the blood of Genghis Khan's descendants, full of courage, perseverance, confidence and wisdom. He fought his whole life in the vortex of the Manchu court struggle and the tide of the decisive battle between the Ming and Qing Dynasties. She successively assisted Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty Huang Taiji (husband), Emperor Chengzongyi of the Qing Dynasty Dorgon (marriage), Emperor Shunzhi Fulin (son), Emperor Kangxi Xuanye (grandson) of the Qing Dynasty, and presided over the "four generations" of emperors. The three major events of Guan Guan, establishing the capital, and destroying the Ming Dynasty played an immeasurable role in the establishment, consolidation and political clarity of the Qing Dynasty. ?
Her status in the court at that time was no less than that of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, but she did not proclaim herself emperor; her power was no less than that of the later Empress Dowager Cixi, but she did not "listen to politics behind the curtain."