Keywords: sustainable development of architectural natural environment, ecological region and culture
China Library Classification. : TU2 Document ID:No. A:1672-3791(2012) 051Reasons and trends of the integration of architecture and natural environment.
As a kind of creative labor to conquer and transform nature, human architectural activities undoubtedly have obvious practical and utilitarian purposes, and have realized the problem of human habitation that has never been realized in human history. However, the great development of modern architecture has brought immeasurable damage to the natural environment, the earth on which human beings depend, human civilization and tradition. The design idea of ecological architecture is produced under the background of regional environmental pollution and ecological environment deterioration, and it is the result of architects' deep reflection on modern industrial civilization. Ecological architecture design is to study the relationship between natural environment and people from the perspective of ecology, emphasizing that modern urban architecture should conform to the laws of nature and combine with nature. Respect the local ecological environment in the design and try to protect the original ecological system; Combined with the needs of the public, simple and applicable technologies are adopted, and passive design strategies such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy and bioenergy are adopted; While meeting the requirements of function and space, improve the flexibility of building space and make the building environment healthy and comfortable; Use energy-saving building materials and strive to use renewable building materials; Emphasize the realization of resource intensification in the whole life cycle of buildings and reduce environmental pollution; Protect the natural ecological environment, so as to achieve the balance between architectural ecology and economy. At the same time, with the opening of the country, western modern architecture is rising in China. They only pursue the foundation, the grandeur of a single building, or the beauty of a single form, or the practicality of functions, or the pursuit of economic benefits, regardless of the integration of regional, natural and historical conditions, resulting in the urban tendency of China today from south to north and from east to west. With the passage of time, these reinforced concrete jungles have become more and more "urban garbage" leaving a lasting legacy. Therefore, modern designers must base themselves on the present situation, adjust measures to local conditions and shoulder the dual mission of conquering and transforming nature and protecting nature and ecology. As one of the ecosystems with the most complex functions and the largest structure, the ground green plant system has always had the most extensive connection with buildings. Therefore, the integration of architecture and environment has become a new exploration and new development direction of architectural design thought in 2 1 century.
The integration of modern architecture and natural environment is inevitable for the development of human society. "Environment refers to the sum of various natural forces (matter and energy) or functions that are closely related to human beings and affect human life and production (including the second nature formed under human intervention)." Environmental problem is a compound and complicated problem, and its variability determines that "the essence of environmental problem is development problem". According to Marxism, nature is "the foundation on which human beings, as natural products, live". The existence of human beings and the continuation of life must depend on the gift of nature. At the same time, nature can only become an essential element in people's lives if it is brought into people's life track.
2 the integration of architecture and natural environment
2. 1? View of nature
The view of nature is people's overall view of nature and the relationship between man and nature. The natural view of architecture is mainly manifested in two aspects: one is that architecture should be isolated from nature, and the other is that architecture should be integrated with nature, which is the unity of opposites, which is a very important and unique feature of architecture. Buildings first appeared because people needed shelter from the wind and rain and the attack of wild animals, that is, buildings should be isolated from nature. Architecture should be isolated from nature and integrated with nature. For example, buildings open to the south, and the sunshine is good in winter, so buildings can't live without life. However, with the development of the times, people began to pursue harmony with nature and get close to nature in architecture after their basic needs for architecture were met. The most basic requirement of early architecture is isolation from nature. People who live in it can resist wild animals, avoid strong winds and heavy rain, and keep warm and insulated. We can study the relationship between man and nature from many aspects, among which architecture is more intuitive, because architecture is the language of direct dialogue between man and nature. From the evolution of human architecture, we can see human attitude towards nature. At first, humans only lived in forests and grasslands. When people walk from trees to the ground and start walking upright, they first live in caves to avoid wild animals and forest fires, lightning and so on. They gradually learned to build nests at work. At this time, human beings basically live directly in the embrace of nature and are integrated with nature, regardless of each other. When humans learned to dig their own caves and build huts with vegetation, they began to be different from nature. However, because the materials used in this stage of architecture are still directly taken from nature and have not changed the form of nature, the relationship between man and nature is still relatively close. People's attitude towards nature in architecture should be said to be respect and awe.
However, after human beings can change the physical form of natural objects, burn all kinds of pottery tiles, cast bronze and iron, especially after they have the ability to use simple machinery and equipment for productive labor and build their own palaces and temples, the situation is very different. Humans seem to have the capital and ability to look down on nature, but in fact, it is also the case. In the long agricultural society, although human society has many challenges and fantasies and dreams that overwhelm nature; However, we can see that the ancient buildings are relatively close to nature as a whole. There is an obvious fact that most ancient buildings are built on the premise of not destroying the natural features as much as possible, which is not only related to the small population, small living area and relatively natural and simple building materials in ancient times, but also related to the closeness and respect of ancient humans for nature. In the west, people's buildings are mostly stone, solid and tall, and the style is vigorous and masculine. However, even in the era when the economy of western ancient cities has been relatively developed, human architecture has not developed to the extent of destroying nature and environment on a large scale. In ancient China, the buildings in oriental society mostly produced soft and beautiful wooden buildings, which seemed to better reflect the harmonious relationship between ancient people and nature. Of course, the most direct consequence of building palaces on a large scale is the massive felling of forests and trees. As Du Mu said, "Shushan is upright, Afang is outside". However, most of the ancient buildings in China, whether residential houses or palaces, religious temples and Taoist temples, can still be built in line with the natural geographical environment. In particular, religious temple buildings, although mostly built in the environment of famous mountains and rivers, can be integrated with mountains and rivers. They are hidden between green trees and forests and streams and rocks, and humanity and nature complement each other. The dialogue between man and nature is quite kind and beautiful, full of poetry and painting.
As the representative theory of China's concept of architectural environment, the core of this concept is "Taoism is natural", that is, we should act according to the truth inspired by nature, instead of imitating nature. Nature is organic, so the representative named "organic architecture" is American architect Wright. He believes that architecture is an extension of human elements in the ecosystem, and it is liberated from other elements in the natural ecosystem because of the extraordinary power of human beings to meet human activities or space needs. He advocates that every building designed should form an idea according to its own unique objective conditions, which runs through every part of the building from the inside out, so that every part is interrelated and becomes an inseparable part of the whole. He also advocated that architecture should be in harmony with nature, just as flowers grow naturally from branches; The idea of trying to extend indoor space outward and introduce natural scenery into interior, roof, wall, doors and windows for design has opened up a new realm for architecture. The basic orientation of geomantic omen theory also pays special attention to the relationship between man, architecture and nature, that is, the relationship between man and nature, and holds that the most fundamental management of human settlement environment is to conform to heaven and build an artificial ecosystem on the basis of natural ecosystem. Many representative ecological building models in China, such as Hakka earth buildings, cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi and quadrangles in the north, are the complete achievements of realizing various functions by using the natural environment under the condition of living in harmony with the surrounding ecological environment.