the influence of Confucianism on China culture.
China's modernization is a socialist road. Socialist modernization requires both material and spiritual civilization.
in the process of socialist modernization in China, one of the serious problems is that the construction of spiritual civilization can't keep up with the construction of material civilization. In the four modernizations in recent years, due to the proliferation of bourgeois liberalization ideas, there have been very serious corruption phenomena in China, such as corruption, bribery, reselling fraud, all money-seeking, jobbery and forgetting righteousness. This can not help but remind people of the essence of Confucianism, such as the distinction between public and private, the debate between righteousness and benefit, which is still beneficial to our spiritual civilization construction today and should be inherited and carried forward. This shows that Confucianism can still make contributions to the realization of socialist modernization today and has certain vitality.
a country with complete sovereignty should have its own independent economy, politics and culture. The so-called independent culture is the cultural factors such as language, customs, ideas and beliefs that are created by the people of her own country or absorbed by others to maintain her survival and development, among which ideas are the most active and become the core of these factors. If a nation has a long history, a vast territory and a large number of people, it will have a strong cohesive force to maintain the traditional culture in which the people of this country can survive and develop.
It is impossible, unnecessary and even more inappropriate for a traditional culture like this to completely abandon her and break away from her. Like this traditional culture, which has lasted for thousands of years, although it has undergone drastic changes, there are many dross and many essences. The proper attitude towards her today is how to correctly guide her to the road of modernization. Get rid of her rigid and rotten parts, preserve and develop its vital and healthy parts, so that she can continue to make contributions in the process of modernization. China's traditional culture belongs to this kind of culture, and China's Confucianism belongs to this kind of thought. ?
Confucianism has a profound influence on China culture. For thousands of years, feudal society has taught nothing but traditional thoughts of responsibility, moderation and loyalty and filial piety, all of which are the result of its combination with feudal rule. Therefore, Confucianism is the mainstream along with our contemporary thoughts.
the positive influence of Confucian ideology and culture on reality
the essence of Confucian ideology and culture has been honed and accumulated in the historical inheritance, and has become the wisdom, spirit and virtue of our nation, with the eternal value of human beings.
1. A series of moral categories, propositions and thoughts put forward by Confucianism have enriched the traditional moral treasure house of China. Confucian culture belongs to the culture of human relations, and it puts forward benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, gentleness, kindness, respect, frugality, concession, loyalty, filial piety, honesty, frugality and shame, which are very rich, and each word can write a big article. If their general meanings are abstracted, selected, processed and brought into play, they can become the essence.
2. The rational spirit of breaking through the destiny of ghosts and gods has resisted the erosion of people's thoughts by religion. Confucianism is cautious about ghosts and gods, "the son does not talk about strange, powerful, chaotic and divine", "how to know death when you don't know life", and has an atheistic tendency, denying the existence of supernatural savior and the other side of the world. At the same time, guide people to pay attention to "secular" life and solve practical problems.
under the influence of Confucianism, China people tend to rely on human strength to solve practical problems, forming a habit of not asking God to worship Buddha easily.
3. The people-oriented principle of "people are the foundation of the country" embodies the social responsibility of taking the world as its own responsibility. Confucianism has always attached great importance to the role of ordinary people, believing that ordinary people are the foundation of national peace, and that "the people are the foundation of the country, and the foundation is the foundation of the country."
4. the ecological ethics of "harmony between man and nature" provides a broad ideological and cultural foundation for us to build an ecological civilization. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are all pursuing the harmony and unity between man and nature. Taoism advocates "Taoism is natural" and returns to simplicity, which is a retrogressive return.
5. Paying attention to the inspiration and cohesion of ideals and beliefs has become a major feature and political advantage of China's rule of virtue. Confucianism emphasizes that a person should have ideals and beliefs. His ideal personality is wisdom, benevolence and courage, which is considered as "the great virtue of the world". Confucius said: "The benevolent is not worried, the knowledgeable is not confused, and the brave is not afraid".
The ideal society in Confucianism is "Great Harmony". In this society, "the world is for the public", "people are not only close to their relatives, but also only sons and sons", and they all "trust and repair each other", "make the old people have an end, be strong and useful, have their strengths when they are young, and provide for the widowed, lonely, sick and disabled". The ideal of "Great Harmony" is people's memory of primitive capitalism, their resistance to class exploitation and oppression at that time, and their yearning for a better society in the future.
6. The dialectical thinking of "going too far is not enough" embodies superb ways of dealing with the world and leadership art. "The Doctrine of the Mean" occupies an important position in the Confucian ideological system, and it is regarded as the highest virtue accomplishment, as well as the norm and method. There is dialectics in the "golden mean", that is, the idea of "degree" should not be overdone or "inferior", and it is opposed to going to extremes, requiring people to grasp the sense of proportion and pay attention to the temperature. Confucius said that when someone asked him a question, he would "buckle its two ends and exhaust it", that is, find out the two contradictory aspects of things and then give an answer comprehensively; He also said that "attacking heresy is harmful", that is, only grasping one aspect of contradiction and forgetting the other will inevitably cause harm. Confucianism is for the sake of officials. It holds that as a leader, one should be "powerful but not fierce", "Thai but not arrogant", "harmonious but not flowing", "proud but not contending", "desirous but not greedy", "happy without lewdness", "sad without injury", "hard without complaint" and "rewarding without expense". From the perspective of temperament cultivation, "quality is better than literature, and literature is better than history, gentle and gentle, and then a gentleman"; He also said that "crazy people make progress, but stubborn people do something wrong", and that these two kinds of people are extreme and should be taken as "middle", which is both positive and steady. If our current leading cadres can really meet these requirements, they can also be called good cadres with cultivation and ability.
7. The rich educational thought of Confucianism has become the main content of the excellent educational tradition of the Chinese nation, and it still has enlightening significance for modern quality education. Confucius was an educator at first, and Confucianism inherited the tradition of running a school. The education of the Chinese nation for more than 2, years was mainly undertaken by Confucianism. Confucius said, "There is no class in teaching", "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also", "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be unhappy; If you don't take three corners to counter a corner, you will never do it again. "Learn, interrogate, think carefully, argue clearly, and stick to it", "Don't care, don't be sure, don't be solid, don't worry about me" and "When you are in a threesome, you must learn from me" are all valuable educational experiences. Later, Mencius put forward that "teaching is also versatile", Xunzi's "shine on you is better than blue" and "perseverance", and Han Yu's "industry is good at diligence and leisure, and success is ruined by thinking", all of which have become the mottos of future generations. Even now, they still have enlightening value for our quality education. In view of our current examination-oriented education, our education needs to face the future, the world and modernization, and also needs to inherit the fine traditions of Confucian educational thought.
8. Many outstanding elements of Confucianism have been integrated into the spirit of the Chinese nation and become the core and soul of Chinese culture. In the spirit of the Chinese nation, the brilliance of Confucianism shines everywhere. For example, patriotism, Confucianism emphasizes the spirit of collectivism, requires individual interests to obey the overall interests, and "self-denial" is for "re-ceremony"; Emphasizing the unity of family and country, the country is the amplification of family, and loyalty is the amplification of filial piety; Emphasize that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world." Now, patriotism has become a powerful driving force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Another example is unity and unity, and the Confucian thought of "great unity" is very strong. Confucius said: "If there is a way in the world, the ritual and music will be conquered from the son of heaven; If there is no way in the world, then the ritual and music will be conquered by the princes. " Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty said: "The Spring and Autumn Annals is a great unification, a constant experience of heaven and earth, and a friendship between ancient and modern times." Confucian "sage inside and king outside" emphasizes that the purpose of a gentleman's self-cultivation and "keeping the family in order" is to "govern the country and level the world", which has become the political concept and way of thinking of the Chinese nation. In the history of China, division is unpopular and unified, which has become a broad and profound social and psychological basis for our opposition to ethnic division. Another example is peace-loving. Confucianism stresses "courtesy is the most important", "harmony is different", "virtue is the most important" and "loyalty and forgiveness", which requires people to do to others what they don't want them to do to them, and "do what they want to do to others" and "do what they want to do to others. Here, the most valuable thing is to put yourself in the other person's shoes and think about it, so as to enhance understanding, create tolerance, and form a joint force. Now, the construction of a harmonious society is put forward at home, the concept of a harmonious world is put forward internationally, and the policy of being good neighbors, good neighbors and rich neighbors is adhered to, so as to create a good international environment for China to achieve the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way and modernization. The Confucian thought of "harmony" can play a greater role.
the negative influence of Confucianism on reality
Confucianism represents the spiritual civilization of China's agricultural society and feudal society after all. With the rise of world industrialization and the advancement of economic globalization, the negative factors in Confucianism have become more and more obvious, and they are increasingly unsuitable for modernization. On the surface, China's backwardness, passivity and beatings in modern times were caused by the decadent feudal system, because the western countries were "armed with guns" and China's weapons were not good. In fact, the deepest thing was a problem in culture and guiding ideology, which had nothing to do with the negative factors of Confucianism, and some even thought that Confucianism was the culprit.
The negative factors of Confucianism and its influence still exist, mainly in the following aspects:
1. The concept of hierarchy suppresses people's personality and creativity. The core of Confucianism is "benevolence", and the externalization of "benevolence" is "ritual", which is a characteristic of Confucianism. "Courtesy" means that people find their own position in mutual communication, and their manners and words meet their own position requirements, which means that they understand courtesy. China has always been called "the state of propriety and righteousness", and there are many elegant gentlemen in China, but the problem lies in excesses. Confucianism says that monarch, minister, father and son, husband and wife are "three cardinal principles", and that "there is equality between the noble and the humble, and there is difference between the old and the young". If someone violates the ceremony, he is regarded as guilty of insurrection. One of Lu's courtiers engaged in "eight-stringed dance in court", that is, a music and dance of 64 people was held in the temple at home, which was originally used only by the emperor; This man also offered a sacrifice to Mount Tai, which was also the son of heaven's business. In this regard, Confucius was very angry and said, "It is tolerable, and it is intolerable." Too many "rituals" are red tape and formalism, and the biggest drawback is to suppress individuality and hinder truth discovery and scientific invention. Because of the "ceremony", even if the leaders and elders say something wrong, they can't go beyond it, can't stand it, and can't change it, so they refuse to argue to the point, otherwise it will be arrogance, pride and "irreverence".
In the west, it is normal for students to interrupt the teacher at any time without raising their hands. Not in China. Confucius said, "Don't speak up if you are indecent, see no evil, don't listen if you are indecent, and don't move if you are indecent", and asked people to "live respectfully", "look respectfully" and "think respectfully about things" at ordinary times. If we are educated according to these "rituals", even naive, lively and lovely teenagers will all be educated to be polite, tiptoeing and courteous. In addition, Confucius said that "a gentleman is slow in words, quick in deeds" and "clever words make color, fresh in benevolence", which limits people's exertion of eloquence and communication skills. This runs counter to the requirements of pioneering and creative talents put forward in our reform and opening up era.
2. Pay too much attention to interpersonal relationships and despise the exploration and transformation of nature. Confucian culture is a culture of human relations, and Confucianism is about the relationship between people and society. Learn to teach four things: literature, conduct, loyalty and faith. It is also recorded that Confucius taught disciples with six arts, namely, ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and number, among which the number has the taste of natural science, but it is ranked last; Others belong to social ethics, and the most important of the "six arts" is etiquette. "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." As a gentleman, it is to "stand on ceremony" and "be happy". Under the influence of Confucianism, China culture has formed a value tendency of attaching importance to interpersonal relationship and neglecting science and technology. As Mr. Lu Xun said, China people invented gunpowder to set off firecrackers, while foreigners took it to make guns; China people invented the compass to look at geomantic omen (to coordinate the relationship between man, ghost and god), while foreigners took it to sail (to open up territory and plunder colonies).
3. Ignoring productive labor is not conducive to the development of productive forces. Confucianism preaches that "those who work hard govern people, and those who work hard govern people" and encourages people to be "workers" to "govern people". Confucianism also advocates that people should study hard, and what they learn is not natural science and technology, but books on human relations. "Learning well is excellent", and learning well is to be an official and manage people. "Everything is inferior, only reading is high." Fan Chi, a student of Confucius, asked about "learning crops" and "learning gardens". Confucius said that he was not as good as a farmer and a vegetable grower. After Fan Chi left, Confucius said, "Little man, Fan Xu is also! If you give a good gift, the people will not dare to disrespect; If you are righteous, then the people will not dare to refuse; If you keep a good letter, people will not dare to be heartless. If the husband is like this, then the people of the four directions will be burdened with their sons, so how can they use crops? " If all the people in the world do what Confucius says, everyone can only drink the northwest wind. Historically, most of the people trained by Confucianism are "four bodies are not diligent, regardless of grain", such as Fan Jin in The Scholars; What is not mentioned in the middle, such as Kong Yiji in Lu Xun's works, has the guiding result of despising productive labor and working people, which seriously affects the development of social productive forces.
4. Pay too much attention to the role of morality and lack the spirit of rule of law. Confucian culture is a moral culture, governing the country, with special emphasis on people's quality, consciousness and conscience, so morality is more fundamental and important than law. Confucius said: "Guide it with politics, punish it with punishment, and the people are free and shameless;" Guide it with virtue, be polite, and be ashamed. " It means administration and law, which make people afraid to do bad things, but they are shameless; Morality and propriety can make people feel ashamed, self-disciplined and unwilling to do bad things. Confucianism rejects the law and even regards "no litigation" as a social ideal. But governing the country by morality alone is weak. It can cure people, but it can't cure bad people. It only has the necessary meaning, but not the necessary meaning; It is necessary to inspire consciousness and conscience and strengthen self-discipline, but it is unreliable without heteronomy. Excessive rule of virtue will lead to "rule by man". There is a legal system in China's history, but there is no rule of law, and it is only a criminal law, which is used to govern the people, not the officials, and often becomes a tool to protect dignitaries. It is this point that the legal system is often not as useful as what the "real dragon emperor" casually said. There is a strong "Bao Gong Complex" and the craze for honest officials in society, which shows that there is a huge contrast between people's expectation of social justice and the reality of lack of rule of law.
Confucianism originates from farming culture, which is blood culture, family culture and health preservation culture. Activities such as going to the grave, building ancestral temples, and continuing genealogy have strengthened the patriarchal concept and human factors, and maintaining order mainly depends on rural rules and regulations, traditional morality and customs. Confucianism, which reflects this cultural atmosphere, lacks the western spirit of contract and rule of law, which is based on ancient Greek culture and industry and commerce. If a father steals, should a son report it? It is against filial piety to report it, and it is against the law not to report it. Confucius believes that filial piety is important, son.