Inner and outer walls, the inner city perimeter is 3840m, and the outer city perimeter is 62 10/0m. There are about 8- 10 meters high walls inside and outside the walls, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north. 1974 65438+1On October 29th, a local farmer dug a well and accidentally dug out the head of a ceramic warrior, which was located 1.5 km east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. After the excavation of the relevant state institutions, the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were finally discovered, which shocked the whole world. Modern archaeology has proved that the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is well preserved under a sealed mound and has not been stolen for thousands of years. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the tombs of emperors in past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the bottom area of the paddock is about 120 square meters and the height is 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120).
As high as a mountain, it has been reduced by more than 40 meters after weathering, erosion and man-made destruction. The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow. There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids. Architectural drawing of Qin Shihuang mausoleum
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was the first batch of key cultural relics protection units announced by the people of China and the State Council; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, making it a * * for all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The largest catacombs in the world.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world. The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. Historical records record: "Through three springs, the copper fell to Qin Shihuang."
Palace officials and strange monsters moved to Tibet. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy in the world, geography in the world, and mermaid cream is a candle, which lasts forever. Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries. Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "the reappearance of the guard of honor guard-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum, cemetery and underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
Large scale and rich burial.
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The Imperial Tomb is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of our working people. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among all the tombs of ancient emperors, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lamp in the tomb to keep it alive ... The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor * * found 10 city gates, the north and south city gates and the south gate of the inner wall are on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
[1] Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at 1500m east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2,000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit. The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to drilling, there are three burial pits in * *, among which pit No.1 discovered in 1974 is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of about 5m. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit. Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", where about 6,000 life-size clay figurines and horses are buried. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.
The eighth wonder of the world
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Former French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
The cemetery project "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, looking at He Xiongzai, 700,000 criminals, coming back to life." This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented. The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for 39 years until the death of Qin Shihuang. Hu Hai, the second emperor, succeeded to the throne, and it took more than a year to complete the construction. Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. As many as 720,000 prisoners came to carry out large-scale construction, and the main project of the cemetery was basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the second winter in Qin Ershi, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looks like a man in the depths of his soul, pleading with his ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "Thieves and soldiers have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. Not as close to the county seat as it is today. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended. In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.
The mystery of editing this paragraph
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, about 37 kilometers away from Xi 'an, with Lishan Mountain in the south and Weishui in the north. Why did you choose the seat here? Some people imagine the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum.
It is believed that this is inseparable from the ancient superstition of geomantic treasures. In recent years, according to the pictures taken by satellite, geologists can see that from Jiao Shan to Huashan, it is like a dragon, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is at the leading eye. As we all know, there has been a saying that "make the finishing point" since ancient times. It is unclear whether the ancients had the ability to "foresee" or whether today's people are too attached to meetings. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters. According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner and outer cities; There are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, prison pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. Starting from 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses were found at 1.5 km east of the cemetery. The finished products were arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, and 8,000 pottery barrels, 100 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons were unearthed. Among them, about 6,000 pieces of Bai Tao and Ma Tao are as big as real horses and buried in No.1 pit. There are 1300 pieces of pottery figurines and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior figures in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze". In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen in general, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint? According to historical records, "the water phase ordered the world's criminal slaves to build 720,000 tombs and chisel the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. Throughout the history of the construction of emperors' tombs, it is not difficult to imagine the connection. The specific design blueprint is still under further study. Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? It is speculated that Shaofu is responsible for the construction and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management level is true, but true nature is busy, and it is handled by Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, there is an office in Shaofu named after the reunification of Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to verify whether this office existed before reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution specializing in civil engineering of the imperial court. As for the name of this institution, further research is needed. How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that it "wears three springs". The description of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the old books of Han Dynasty is "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than what people often say "under the nine springs". According to Lu Chunqiu, "Shallow is the rise of the fox, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under springs. Moreover, if the underground palace is located below the groundwater level, long-term infiltration of groundwater will definitely cause the underground palace to be "soaked". Qin Shihuang and the designers of his mausoleum could not have failed to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown. What is the structure of the catacombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum? Judging from the remains excavated from the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, it seems that Qin Shihuang wanted to bring his palaces, mountains and other things to the underground world, and it was difficult to achieve this without building a huge mausoleum. According to "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor", "When the great event is finished, it has been hidden, closed in envy, and the craftsmen are hidden outside the door, and they cannot return." Here, when it comes to appreciating the middle door and the outer door, there must be an inner door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage leading to the main tomb in the underground palace, and craftsmen can only close it outside the Zhongxian Gate. Neixian Gate is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin and camphor are placed. As for the length of the pyramid-shaped mound, it is conceivable that if there is a 300-foot-long cave, it is no wonder that some people think that the cave in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is just below Wang Feng, the main peak in the center of riding a mountain, just south of the artificial paddock. According to archaeological exploration and judging the position of Terracotta Warriors in the tomb, experts believe that the direction of the tomb is to sit west to east. This is a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected, and the tombs of emperors in past dynasties basically sat in the pattern facing south. Why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, sit west to east? Some people think that before his death, Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fudong across the Yellow Sea to find Penglai and Yingzhou Wonderland, and made many personal expeditions. There were Jieshi in the east and Huiji in the south, and he lingered in Langya and Zhifu, all of which showed his urgent yearning for Wonderland. Unfortunately, there was no news when Xu Fu went, and Qin Shihuang's wish to visit fairyland finally fell through. If you don't get the elixir of life before you die, you must face the east after you die, so that you can extradite the immortal and reach the kingdom of heaven. Perhaps this is the greatest wish of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Based on this, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can only sit west to east. Some people think that Qin is located in the west, and Zhao Zhengchu, the king of Qin, built a Dongling to show his determination to conquer the six eastern countries. After the annexation of the six countries, the first emperor was determined not to change the original intention of designing and building the mausoleum in order to keep an eye on the six eastern countries after his death, so the mausoleum we saw could only face east and west. Some people think that the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang faces east from the west, which is related to the customs of Qin and Han Dynasties. According to relevant documents, at that time, from emperors, governors to generals, and even ordinary scholar-bureaucrat families, all the masters sat in the west and sat in the east. There is only one Qin Shihuang in the world. In order to maintain "respect", the direction of the mausoleum can be imagined. In fact, it's not just the orientation of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang that puzzles people. According to the investigation, 9 17 Qin tombs have been excavated in Shaanxi, mostly in the east-west direction. The 32 tombs of Qin Gongling also face east. This feature of Qin people's burial style was more obvious in the early days. What caused the Qin people to adopt this eastern burial method? Scholars who insist that Qin people originated in the East believe that because the East was the place where Qin ancestors used to work and live, they have special feelings for the East. But things are separated, and the road is long, during which there are many strong enemies. The hope of "returning to the roots" is very slim, so they adopt the burial style facing east to show that they will not forget their roots. On the contrary, scholars who insist that Qin people originated from the west believe that Qin people adopt the burial custom of "facing the west" to show that they are from the west of China. However, if the burial ceremony means that Qin people are from the west, does the popular custom of burying their heads in the north mean that they are from the north? Researchers of modern cultural chemistry and folklore put forward a new viewpoint, that is, the popular custom of burying one's head in the west of Qin people, like their popular "limb-bending burial", is related to the ancient culture of Gansu or some primitive religious belief. For example, the popular explanation of the first funeral in the west, "White Horse Tibetans", is that when the sun goes down, people follow the sun. Perhaps, the Qin people also have their own unique explanations for their own burial style. Everything is unknown. People often ask why Qin Shihuang used so many clay figurines to be buried with him. Some people think that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was designed in essence according to the ancient etiquette requirements of "death is like life". Because after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, most of his energy and time were spent on the war to unify the whole country. At that time, he led thousands of troops to fight in the north, thus annexing six countries and unifying the world. In order to show his achievements before his death, it seems inevitable to be buried with him in the form of an army. Most scholars believe that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty are part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, reflecting the military situation of Qin Shihuang before his death, but they have different views on specific issues. One view is that the large-scale group sculptures of Qin Jun unearthed in Qintong pit are the symbol of Qin Shihuang's creation and strengthening of centralization; The military lineup of a large number of terracotta warriors and horses in Qintongkeng is an image record of the powerful military strength under the rule of Qin Shihuang. In a sense, it can also be said to be the symbol of Qin Shihuang's eastern patrol escort. One view is that the pit of Qin terracotta warriors and horses symbolizes the troops stationed outside the capital, which can be called the Suwei Army. Take the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Array No.1 with chariots and infantry alternating as the right army; The No.2 Terracotta Warriors pit, which is dominated by chariots and cavalry, is Zuo Jun; The unfinished abandoned pit should be No.4 pit, which is the proposed Zhong Jun; No.3 Terracotta Warriors Pit is the right, left and middle armed forces commanded by the shogunate. The pit itself symbolizes the barrier of the garrison. Defending the capital by the three armed forces is the embodiment of Qin Shihuang's desire to strengthen centralization and safeguard national unity. One view is that there is no pit 4, and the terracotta army array is composed of regular soldiers, strange soldiers and the headquarters, thus denying the theory of the three armies. One view is that the terracotta warriors and horses array of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is an unfinished project, all of which must have 50,000 pits. This huge army array is equipped with troops in front, back, left, right and middle, which is actually the most basic array method practiced in the Qin Dynasty. One of the characteristics of square formation is "thin in the middle and thick in the square". China's army, Serenade, received more soldiers from four peripheral teams. The military array of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is configured according to the square matrix method of "thin with medium and thick with square". One view is that the three pits of terracotta warriors and horses are not symbols of the left, middle and right armed forces, but reflect the three components of the Central Army in the Qin Dynasty. The third pit is by no means what people usually call the headquarters, but should be the palace guard Lang Wei who symbolizes the command of the doctor. Pit No.1 is a reflection of the Miyagi Guards under the jurisdiction of Wei Wei, or the Confederate Army. The second pit reflects the capital garrison commanded by the lieutenant, which can be called the North Army. As for the No.3 pit, some people think that it belongs to the clan of soldiers and is used for military sacrifices. It is the place where the master and master who are the objects of ancestor worship in the army and the two masters who have been placed are located. For the No.2 pit, it was suggested that it is a four-beast array, that is, the curved array is Zhu Bird array, the mixed array of chariots, infantry and cavalry is Xuanwu array, the array composed of cavalry chariots is Qinglong array, and the chariot array is White Tiger array. Some scholars believe that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are the "positive array" described in Wei Manzi. Some scholars believe that the terracotta warriors and horses are a group of figurines buried for Qin Shihuang.
Edit the new archaeological progress in this paragraph.
"The underground palace of Qin Huangling is just under the mound!" Duan Qingbo, captain of the archaeological team of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, announced at the acceptance meeting of archaeological remote sensing and geophysical technology achievements held in Beijing that the latest remote sensing archaeology and geophysical exploration showed that the mystery of the layout of the first imperial cemetery in China had been solved. It is reported that this project is one of the national "863 Plan", and it is the first time that China has included archaeological work in this plan, and it is also the underground archaeological survey with the largest capital investment and the highest technical level in the history of China. Archaeological exploration began at the end of last year, mainly using remote sensing and geophysical techniques, which will not cause damage to the underground palace of Qin Shihuang mausoleum. In particular, the use of hyperspectral remote sensing archaeology is the second time in the world, but it is the first time in China.
Tomb area
The underground palace is the place where coffins and funerary objects are placed, and it is the core of the building of Qin Huangling. There have always been different opinions about the location of Qinling underground palace. About the depth of the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, it is introduced in the historical material Nine Meanings of Han Dynasty: In 2 10 BC, Prime Minister Lisi reported to Qin Shihuang that he had taken 720,000 people to build the tomb of Mount Li, which had been dug deep, as if it were underground. After hearing this, Qin Shihuang ordered "to walk another 300 feet or even." The statement of "300 feet away" makes the location of the Qin Mausoleum even more confusing. It has been said that the underground palace of the Qin tombs is on Mount Li, and there is an underground passage between Mount Li and the Qin tombs. Every time it rains on a cloudy day, there are "Yin soldiers" in the underground passage. People are cheering and horses are neighing, which is very lively. It is reported that archaeologists have conducted many investigations according to this legend, but they have never found this legendary underground passage. "We use remote sensing and geophysical methods to detect respectively. In fact, the underground palace is just under the mound. " According to Duan Qingbo, this large-scale underground palace is located below and around the mound top platform, 35 meters deep from the ground, with a length of 170 meters from east to west and a width of 145 meters from north to south. The main body and tomb are rectangular. The tomb is located in the center of the underground palace, with a height of15m, which is equivalent to a standard football field. Zhou Xiaohu, an engineer from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application of China Coal Aerial Survey and Remote Sensing Bureau, told the reporter an interesting phenomenon: at the beginning of this year 1 month, the temperature in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum dropped to-12℃, and the pomegranate tree on the mound was in normal bloom, while the pomegranate tree outside the south wall of the mound was severely frozen and could not blossom and bear fruit normally, and the difference was particularly obvious. "The soil outside the wall has not been disturbed, but the soil structure and water content in the sealed mound have changed, and because there is an underground palace under the wall, the relative temperature of the soil is higher, resulting in differences in plant growth." Zhou Xiaohu explained.
Special palace wall
In this exploration, the researchers found that under the sealed mound, there was a thick fine rammed earth wall around the tomb, which was called the palace wall. According to textual research, the palace wall is about168m long from east to west, 14 1 m long from north to south,16m long from north to south and 22m long from north to south. "When building the palace wall, in order to test whether the palace wall compacted with soil is hard, the construction workers will stand in the distance and shoot the wall with bows and arrows. If the arrow can be inserted into the wall, then the repaired palace wall must be demolished and rebuilt. " Duan Qingbo said that the palace walls are made of layers of fine soil, each layer is about 5-6 cm thick, which is quite delicate and strong. "To our surprise, the top surface of the palace wall is even much higher than the ground of the Qin Dynasty at that time, and it has been 33 meters under the sealed soil until now. The height of the whole wall is about 30 meters, which is very spectacular! " Inside the earth wall, the researchers found another stone palace wall. Duan Qingbo said that according to the test, it was found that there was no water in the tomb and the whole tomb did not collapse. "There has been a major earthquake of magnitude 8 or above in the history of Guanzhong area, but the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is intact, which is closely related to the firmness of the palace wall!" "This kind of palace wall is an unprecedented discovery! This brand-new tomb form can be called "Qin Mausoleum Style". It is still unpredictable how much the Qin Mausoleum-style palace wall can promote the study of the ancient mausoleum system in China. " Duan Qingbo said.
Underground palace "waterproof dam"
In addition to the palace wall, the researchers also found that there were huge underground drains around the Qin tomb. Duan Qingbo said that this drainage channel about 1000 meters long is actually a wall. The bottom is tamped with17m thick plaster mud, and the upper part is tamped with 84m wide loess. The scale is unimaginable. "The drainage design is quite clever. Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, with a drop of 85 meters, and the drainage channel just blocks the flow of groundwater from high to low, effectively protecting the mausoleum from flooding. " Duan Qingbo said that in the "crossing three springs" recorded in Historical Records, "three" is actually a rough number. In fact, it should refer to the flood during construction, so a drainage channel was built. Duan Qingbo said humorously: "Qin people are too smart. The Beijing National Grand Theatre under construction is also based on this method to solve the flooding problem. "