19 15 In September, Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine (Volume 2 was renamed New Youth). 19 17 1 The editorial department moved to Beijing. After the May 4th Movement broke out, the publication was suspended for half a year. 19 19 10 or so, the editorial department moved back to Shanghai and Chen Duxiu was re-appointed as the editor-in-chief. "New Youth" started from the 8th issue 1920 in September, and became the publication of the Shanghai Initiation Group of China * * * Production Party, and was published on July 1922, until the 2nd issue of Volume 9. 1June, 923, it became the journal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China theoretical organs * * *, changed to quarterly, moved to Guangzhou for publication, and was edited by Qu Qiubai. It will be closed after four periods. In April of 1925, five issues were reissued and stopped in July this year.
All kinds of political thoughts in the process of China's new-democratic revolution are almost related to New Youth. New Youth, to a certain extent, shaped modern China and influenced contemporary China. New Youth magazine plays an important role as a bridge in the transformation of modern social and cultural forms in China.
First, "New Youth" and the transformation of modern cultural carrier
Under the advocacy of New Youth, the New Culture Movement, which started in 19 15, impacted the orthodox position of classical Chinese in China.
For a long time, in the eyes of orthodox feudal literati, only poetry, ancient prose and ci fu can be elegant halls of literature; As for vernacular literature, such as primary schools, operas and folk songs. , are despised objects, despised outside the literary palace. The literary revolution in the New Culture Movement first sprouted overseas. Hu Shi once talked about the development of vernacular Chinese among China students studying in the United States in the spring of Forty Books 19 16. In February and March this year, Hu Shi made an ideological change on the issue of China literature: the original history of China literature is a history of tool change-one literary or linguistic tool replaces another. The history of China literature is also a history of the changes of literature or language tools, and the history of China literature is also a history of living literature gradually replacing dead literature. The vitality of a literary work depends on whether it can make full use of living tools to replace dead or dying tools. When a tool gradually disappears or becomes stiff, it is necessary to change a tool. Accepting a living tool in this evolutionary process is called "literary revolution".
In June 19 17 1, New Youth published Hu Shi's My Humble Opinion on Literary Improvement, and put forward eight suggestions on literary improvement. Then Chen Duxiu's "On Literary Revolution" was published in New Youth, Volume 2, No.6, and Chen Duxiu's article was fierce in rhetoric and sharp in writing, adding fuel to Hu Shi's article. At the same time, Qian, a professor of ancient philology in Peking University, simply proposed to promote Esperanto in China.
"New Youth" has discussed the literary revolution many times in the third and sixth issue of volume 3, the second issue of volume 5 and the 1 issue of volume 6. 19 18 At the end, Chen Wangdao wrote to New Youth that Chinese should be punctuated horizontally, but "scholars still write Chinese vertically, which makes it stagger with western languages; Dots and punctuation are mixed. This is Toyo Ozaki (note: Toyo Ozaki (1867- 1903), a Japanese novelist in the early Meiji period. ), but some philosophers imitated him and proved each other before and after, which made the shallow people puzzled. (Noe: Chen Wangdao: Infiltration and Punctuation, New Youth, Volume 6, No.65438 +0. )。 Qian wrote back and said, "My personal opinion is that it is better to go on the rampage than to go straight. In articles embedded with western words, it is particularly appropriate to rewrite rampage ... Mr. Duxiu is also very impressed, and originally planned to change from this volume to rampage. It is precisely because there are many difficult negotiations in printing that we can't change a fashion. We always have to consider the future. " (Note: New Youth, Vol.6, No.65438 +0. Regarding the marked sentence reading, if everyone's writing styles are not completely consistent, then the sentence reading symbols used by everyone need not be unified, as long as they are roughly opposite.
The editorial department of New Youth stipulates that from 19 18, any author "does not need to write in non-vernacular". 1 919121published the punctuation and line notes of this journal, pointing out that "punctuation and line notes have been marked since Volume 7No.1"(note: punctuation and line notes of this journal). The unity of punctuation and lines in New Youth has influenced the evolution of academic circles, a generation of advanced China people and China's style.
Since the literary revolution began in New Youth, vernacular Chinese has gradually become the main tool for language communication. The discussion of phonetic symbols and the use of new punctuation marks have played a great role in the modern transformation of China culture. This historic progress of China culture not only contributed at that time, but also benefited future generations. As the carrier of social communication, the degree of modernization of language and culture plays a great role in the modernization of the whole society and even the whole society. The cultural transformation of modern language carrier advocated and implemented by New Youth magazine is a part of the transformation of China society to modernity, and it also laid a cultural foundation for the overall transformation of modern China society and injected great impetus.
Second, "New Youth" and the transformation of modern political culture
(1) Initiate feudal ignorance through democracy and science.
19 15 In September, the inaugural issue of Youth magazine published Chen Duxiu's article "Tell Youth", which pointed out: "The prosperity of science is not due to the theory of human rights, but if it is a two-wheel voyage" (Note: Chen Duxiu: Tell Youth, Youth magazine, vol. 1, vol. 650. )。 "China people should be ashamed of being shallow if they want to get rid of the age of ignorance, so they should catch up quickly and pay equal attention to science and human rights" (Note: Chen Duxiu: Warning to Youth, Youth magazine, vol. 1,No. 1. )。 In view of the fact that scholars, farmers, workers, businessmen and doctors "don't understand science" and are still addicted to the talk of geomantic omen, Chen Duxiu proposed that only science can eradicate this kind of "thinking without common sense and irrational belief". The effect of science will make people's thoughts and actions "only follow reason, but be superstitious and ignorant." (Note: Chen Duxiu: Dear Youth, Youth Magazine, Vol. 1,No. 1. He believes that science has supreme authority. Support all science and oppose all unscientific ones. The prosperity of a thing and the interests of a thing are all against science, and scientific laws are used as the standard to test the existence or abolition of things. It can be seen that Chen Duxiu put forward the concept of science in the anti-feudal sense. The science advocated by New Youth mainly refers to the scientific attitude towards people and things, as well as the scientific attitude and methods to study and deal with problems. Chen Duxiu pointed out that science is a comprehensive objective phenomenon, and appeal to reason measured it. It can be seen that Chen Duxiu's view at that time was not materialistic. Although it has played a progressive role, it also has great historical limitations. In addition to the change of democratic view, the May 4th Movement also had a process of changing scientific view to Marxism. During the May 4th Movement, the university (Peking University) opened the course "Introduction to Science", which played an important role in the development of science. The scientific trend of thought encourages people to pursue the truth and the right thing. Among the comparative choices of many doctrines and propositions, China's advanced elements finally chose Marxism, the scientific truth of saving the country and the people.
1April, 920, Chen Duxiu further explained the meaning of science in New Youth, Volume 7, No.5. He thought that "science has two meanings: natural science in a narrow sense and social science in a broad sense. Social science adopts the method of studying natural science and applies it to all social and personnel knowledge, such as sociology, ethics, history, law, economics and so on. Everything studied and explained by natural science methods is considered as science; This is the greatest utility of science. " (Note: New Youth, Vol.7, No.5)
The manifesto (June 1923), a quarterly magazine of new youth, proposed to study social science by scientific methods to guide the revolutionary movement. As an important step in the development of "science", Marxist social science is used to guide the revolutionary movement. The "New Manifesto for New Youth" published in the 1 issue of this magazine has no author, and historians generally believe that it was written by Qu Qiubai. At that time, Qu Qiubai had just returned to China and became the editor-in-chief of New Youth. ) Inheriting the idea of scientific democracy, he proposed to remove the "obstacles" such as patriarchy, universal mentality, opposition to science, superstition, bourgeois philistinism, trivial coping, ignoring science, romanticism, explicitly criticizing experimentalism (trivial coping), pointing out the political and scientific reactiveness of pragmatism, and holding that modern society has the material basis for the development of social science, which should be investigated by social science. The proletariat should study everything strictly by scientific methods, study scientifically, investigate and examine phenomena fundamentally, find out the laws and seek solutions. This is a step forward than the scientific thought put forward by Chen Duxiu in Tell Youth.
With regard to "human rights", Youth magazine pointed out: "The theory of human rights equality has flourished, and the name of slaves is beyond the endurance of flesh and blood. The modern history of Europe is called "the history of liberation"-destroying the monarchy and seeking political liberation; Women's participation in politics seeks the liberation of male power. Liberated people, freed from the shackles of husbands and slaves, are also called independent and free personalities. " (Note: Chen Duxiu: Dear Youth, Youth Magazine, Vol. 1,No. 1. As far as individuals are concerned, they should not only obtain political and economic rights, but also obtain the independence and liberation of personality, emphasize the awakening of "people's hearts" and be an independent and free person. As far as the country is concerned, it is to overthrow the absolute monarchy and establish a free and equal bourgeois republic.
By 19 19, New Youth, Volume 6,No. 1, published the Reply to the Crime of Local Records, saying that "Comrade Local Records is innocent, and only by supporting Mr. Nadmokrasi and Mr. sainz did they commit these heinous crimes." (Note: Chen Duxiu: Pleadings of Local Crimes, Youth Magazine, Vol.6,No. 1. ) "We now believe that only these two gentlemen can cure the darkness of China's political, moral and academic thoughts. If you support these two gentlemen, all government oppression and social attacks will be laughed at, even beheading and bloodshed, and you will not refuse. " (Note: Chen Duxiu: Pleadings of Local Crimes, Youth Magazine, Vol.6,No. 1. ) At this time, Chen Duxiu's slogan of "human rights" developed into a slogan of "democracy" (Noe: Liu Jingquan: "A major turning point in the choice of modern culture in China", "Research on the Party History of China", No.2, 2002. )。
Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science advocated by New Youth initiated the modern transformation of China's political culture. Then, the spread of western political theories in New Youth and the comparison of the differences between Chinese and western political and ethnic views have played a blueprint and a starting role in the transformation of China's political culture to modernity.
(2) Disseminating western political and state theories and triggering political innovation.
Chen Duxiu believes that the general trend of modern European and American countries is from authoritarian politics to free politics; From personal politics to national politics; From bureaucracy to autonomy. If China wants to survive in the world, it must abandon the bureaucratic personal politics inherited from the Millennium, and let the people "consciously grasp the initiative of their masters" with free and independent national politics.
Chen Duxiu published an article in "New Youth", saying that ancient people hoped that sages and sages would implement benevolent policies, but today people hope that great men and elders would establish * * * and constitutionalism. * * * and constitutionalism in European and American countries are in the interests of most people. China's * * * and constitutionalism "are not out of the consciousness and automation of most citizens, they are all fake * * * and fake constitutionalism, and the political decorations are different from those in Europe and the United States." (Note: Chen Duxiu: Our last awakening, Youth magazine,No. 1 issue, No.6 ... Chen Duxiu's article "Ask the reporter of Oriental magazine again" thinks that the "people are the foundation of the country" in ancient China is a feudal family and the people are the property of the monarch; And modern democracy means that civilians are the masters of the country. Autocracy and democracy are incompatible. Chen Duxiu lamented that few people in China really know what * * * is, but many people are full of imperial thoughts. "The state is a group where people gather, a private property that is not in power and supports the welfare of the people." (Note: Chen Duxiu: "Today's Education Policy", Youth Magazine No.2 1 Volume)
Chen Duxiu believes that the legal systems of China and western countries are based on different foundations. The spirit of European legal system is based on equal human rights. In China, however, the tradition is that there is a clear hierarchy, and there is a distinction between honour and inferiority before the law.
Western countries ruled the country according to law in modern times, while China basically ruled the country by men in history, which affected every corner of society. The teaching of saints, the words of monarchs, is also the law. Western nations are based on the rule of law, while eastern nations are based on feelings. "When business returns, there are many people who win glory for France and few people who win glory for the people; Give and receive a little, always stand by and watch the law. A humble person is not afraid of trouble every time he taunts his rudeness. Between father and son Kun Ji, it is said that the loan is responsible for compensation, so we should compare it. Violators will not hesitate to resort to law; Relatives make friends, and it is nothing to harm the interests illegally. " (Noe: Chen Duxiu: "Differences in Fundamental Thoughts between Eastern and Western Nationalities", Youth magazine,No. 1 Volume, No.4 ... China used to say, "It is a matter of course to make friends and ask for a loan. The remuneration is uncertain, and the quality is nothing, but it is conditional on feelings." (Noe: Chen Duxiu: "Differences in the Fundamental Thoughts of Eastern and Western Nationalities", Youth magazine,No. 1 Volume, No.4 ...) That is to say, western nationalities govern the country according to law, and economic exchanges in all fields of society are based on law, similar to economic notarization, even between brothers and fathers. Chen Duxiu thinks that it is better for the west to act according to law than China. "Covering up empty words and appointing feelings" is not a manifestation of honest customs. "People who practice are more affectionate, angry and jealous. It begins with a gentleman and ends with a villain "(Noe: Chen Duxiu: Differences in Fundamental Thoughts between the East and the West, Youth Magazine, No.4 1 Volume). Western nations attach great importance to the rule of law. They are not unkind and ungrateful. But the result of the implementation is that "all people in society are independent, fighting for themselves, making a living independently, becoming independent personalities, keeping their own boundaries and not invading each other." Starting with a villain and ending with a gentleman, social economy is also narrative. (Noe: Chen Duxiu:' Differences in the Fundamental Thoughts between the East and the West',' Youth' magazine,No. 1 Volume, No.4 ...) Chen Duxiu greatly appreciated the way the West handled economic exchanges in accordance with the law, and criticized the old China for substituting emotion for law, which had many drawbacks and was extremely harmful to the country, families and individuals.
Through the comparison of political thought, national outlook and rule of law, New Youth mercilessly attacked China's bad habits such as political autocracy, monarchy, people placing their hopes on wise monarchs, social life based on feelings and ignoring the rule of law, and enlightened Chinese people to learn from the West, build democratic politics, legislate in the spirit of equality and human rights, implement the rule of law, and abandon "rule of man".
(3) New Youth spread Marxism, and found a revolutionary road for the transformation of modern political culture and society in China.
The May 4th Movement promoted the spread of Marxism in China. 1965438+In May 2009, Li Dazhao was the editor-in-chief of New Youth. This issue of New Youth is the fifth issue of Volume 6, and the first issue is marked as1965438+May 2009. Due to the delay in publication, according to the research, it was published in May and September of 2009 by1965438+,but some articles published in this issue were written earlier than1965438+May of 2009. In this issue, Li Dazhao's My View on Marxism (I) and other articles on spreading Marxism were published.
With the further spread of Marxism, Marxism was gradually combined with the workers' movement in China, which laid the ideological, theoretical and organizational foundation for the establishment of the proletarian political party in China. 192 1 year, China * * * production party was established. With Marxism as the guiding ideology, China * * * Production Party led the people of China to establish the people's democratic dictatorship in People's Republic of China (PRC) after 28 years of bloody struggle. As a result, New Youth has realized the leap-forward modern transformation of China's political culture.