Legend of Fengshui in Sixteen States

Foreword The history of Chinese civilization has lasted for more than 5,000 years. Most of the time, it is dominated by the Han nationality, but there are also a few nomadic peoples outside the Central Plains, which have left a strong impression in some specific historical periods. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a very special and mysterious ethnic minority with a small tribal population and long-term displacement. However, it can rise up in the turbulent years of war, establish four dynasties in succession, rule the Central Plains for nearly half a century, and then quickly disappear into the dust of history, and even the ethnic groups disappear with it. It is a mysterious Shatuo people. Shatuo, a minority in northern China, formerly known as Chuyue, is a member of the West Turkic Sect. -Baidu Encyclopedia According to historical research, the lunar calendar at that time was mainly distributed in a large desert area called "Shatuo" in the south of Jin 'ao Mountain and east of the Prehe River, so it was also called Shatuo Turkic, or Shatuo for short. Located at the southern foot of Nichi Mountain in Xinjiang, east of Barkun Lake in northeast Xinjiang (as shown below). In the literature of the Tang Dynasty, Chu Yue, as the surname of the clan of the ruler of Shatuo, was transliterated as "Zhu Xie". Like other nomads, the Shatuo people, where the Moon Department was located in the Tang Dynasty, basically adopted the "integration of defense and civilian technologies" system. The vigorous war horses in the western regions, superb riding skills and brave fighting style make Shatuo people the strongest cavalry with amazing fighting capacity. During the long-term migration of the Shatuo cavalry in the Tang Dynasty, the Shatuo people struggled to survive because of their limited strength amid the forces of Datang, Turkic, Tubo, Uighur and Tuguhun. Therefore, the early Shatuo clan was never a staunch supporter of any regime, but was in a state of "chop and change" and was displaced from place to place. At the end of Zhenguan, the month was subordinate to Ashnahulu, a Turkish state. In 654 AD (the fifth year of Tang Yonghui), after the rebellion in Ashnahulu, West Turkic, the Tang Dynasty established two captive countries, Jin Man and Shatuo, in the place where Chu Yue was located. In 702 (the second year of Wu Dynasty), Sha Tuo was named the Governor of Jinmanzhou by the imperial court for his meritorious service with Tang Jun. In 790 AD, under the pressure of Tubo, the leader of Shatuo led the tribe to join Tubo with 7,000 households. Later, Tubo moved Shatuo to Ganzhou (now Zhangye, Gansu), with Sun Zhuxie's loyalty as the general. Tubo attacked the Tang border, often with Shatuo cavalry as the vanguard. At the beginning of the 9th century, Uighurs occupied Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu). Tubo suspected that Shatuo colluded with Uighur and planned to move its Shatuo department to the west of the Yellow River. After consulting with Zhu Xie, the leader of Shatuo, and Zhu Xie, the eldest son, he led 30 thousand people to join the Tang Dynasty in 808 AD. In the process of migration, Zhu Xie was killed by Tubo pursuers, and his son Zhu Xie led the disabled soldiers to Lingzhou (now the northeast of Wuzhong, Ningxia). In the Tang Dynasty, Shatuo set up Yanzhou (now Dingbian, Shaanxi Province), set up Yinshan Governor's Office, and Zhili was the military ambassador. Shatuo, who was scattered all over the country, returned to the Ministry one after another, and its power increased. Considering the close relationship between Shatuo and Tubo and fearing its recurrence, the Tang Dynasty decided to disperse Shatuo, and then summoned Shatuo to move to Hedong. At that time, Fan Xichao, the ambassador of Hedong, selected 1200 riders who were brave and good at fighting as the "Shatuo Army", and the rest of the troops were placed in Dingxiangchuan (now Muma River in Shanxi). It is located in Huanghuadui, Sichuan, SHEN WOO (now northeast of Yin Shan, Shaanxi), which was called "Yinshan North Shatuo" in ancient times. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Xie, the son of Zhiyi, led the Shatuo cavalry to help suppress the Pang Xun uprising, and was awarded the title of Datong Army, surnamed Li. Later, he moved to Yan Yan and Zhenwu to help Tang resist Uighur. At this point, the Shatuo clan began to play a decisive role in the political and military arena of the Central Plains. The leader of Shatuo had strong control and high tactical execution over Shatuo cavalry during the Four Dynasties. Shatuo cavalry is a cavalry unit that scares the enemy and has strong combat effectiveness. There are three main reasons: the nomadic people's "military and political integration" system; Shatuo people are brave and aggressive, and they are invincible in war. Under human control for a long time, the Shatuo people can only gain a foothold by killing the enemy. After Li Jianli, the first dynasty of Shatuo cavalry in the Tang Dynasty, as mentioned above, Zhu Xie was awarded our time by the Tang Dynasty for leading the cavalry to suppress the Pang Xun uprising in the Tang Dynasty, and was given the surname Li, but Li was arrogant and out of control. In six years, the Tang Dynasty ordered Li Keju and Governor He Lianduo of Tuguhun to attack Yuzhou Li, and Li and his son Li Keyong were forced to flee to the north. Li Keyong But not long after, the famous Huang Chao Uprising broke out in the Central Plains, and Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was attacked by rebels. In order to suppress the rebels in the Tang Dynasty, there were no elite soldiers available at the moment, so we had to put a low profile and send someone to recruit Li Keyong, Li's son, to lead Shatuo and Tatar troops to the rescue. This is a suspicious advantage, and the situation has reversed. In 883 AD, Li Keyong led the army to defeat the rebels in Liangtianpo, Huang Chao was forced to withdraw from Chang 'an, Tang Xizong promoted Li Keyong to our position in Hedong, and Li Keyong occupied Taiyuan conveniently, thus forming a competitive situation with Zhu Wen, another general who suppressed the rebels. In 907 AD, Li and Liang Wang Zhu Wen overthrew the Tang Dynasty and established political power. In 923 AD, Li, the son of Li Keyong, destroyed the back beams and established the later Tang Dynasty. This is the first Central Plains regime established by the Shatuo clan in history. The second dynasty-Shi Jingtang of Jin Dynasty (April 20th-September, 892 1 1, 942) was founded in Shi Jingtang, and Jin Gaozu, a native of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, belonged to the Shatuo nationality. During the Five Dynasties, dynasty change was like a merry-go-round. After the Tang Dynasty in Li Jianli, the regime was unstable and anti-military forces were suppressed everywhere. Shi Jingtang followed Li Siyuan, the son of Li Keyong, as a soldier in Li. He saved Li and Li Siyuan's father and son many times, which made him famous and highly valued. Li Siyuan also married his daughter to him. Later, after Li Siyuan's adopted son Li Congke succeeded to the throne, Shi Jingtang was ostracized by suspicion. In order to protect himself, he turned to Khitan Yeludeguang for help, and promised him to cede sixteen states to Khitan, paying a large amount of property every year, calling himself the country of children. With the help of the Khitan army, Shi Jingtang defeated Tang Jun and established the second dynasty-Houjin. Although the regime was established, it was humiliating. Shi Jingtang was very cautious about the submission of the Khitan. Every letter used tables to express the difference between the monarch and the minister, calling Taizong the "father emperor" and calling himself "minister" and "son emperor". After the establishment of Shi Jingtang in Liu Zhiyuan, it was called the third dynasty of Qidan-Liu Zhiyuan (895-948), that is, the post-Emperor Gaozu (reigned 947 -948), a native of Taiyuan in Hedong, and a Shatuo nationality. Liu Zhiyuan was originally a general who fought with Shi Jingtang everywhere. He's heroic and he's Shi Jingtang's right-hand man. When Shi Jingtang led the Khitan soldiers to offer humiliating conditions, he thought that the conditions were too much and clearly opposed them. Later, after Shi Jingtang's death, his son Shi Zhonggui succeeded to the throne, and became the last emperor. He didn't want to surrender to the Khitan, so the Khitan invaded the capital, took Shi Zhonggui into exile in the north, and the latter died. Since then, Liu Zhiyuan has established the third dynasty-the post-Han dynasty. Liu Min, the fourth dynasty of Liu Zhiyuan, founded the Northern People (895 -954), formerly known as Liu Chong, a Shatuo native of Taiyuan, the founding monarch of the Northern Han Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and the younger brother of Liu Zhiyuan, the Emperor of the Later Han Dynasty. Topographic map of the Northern Han Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty 95 1 year, Guo Wei overthrew the regime of the Later Han Dynasty and established the Later Zhou Dynasty. Liu Chong also proclaimed himself emperor in Taiyuan and established the Northern Han Dynasty, but he ruled only twelve states. Historically, the Northern Han regime was only a continuation of the later Han regime, which was not recognized because of its weakness and was destroyed by the later Zhou Dynasty in a few years. Although the Shatuo nationality disappeared without a trace and was in its heyday, it did not have the ability to stabilize the political power in a complex social state. But at this time, because of the constant migration and war, the Shatuo people had deep contact with the Central Plains people. With the frequent communication with the Han nationality, such as long-term cohabitation, intermarriage, changing the surname of the Han nationality, adopting the adopted son of the Han nationality, etc., the Shatuo people gradually began to sinicize. Later, with the collapse of Shatuo regime, the later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty were established one after another. The integration of Shatuo people with the Han nationality and other nationalities has been greatly accelerated, and the original national characteristics have been completely lost, gradually submerged in the dust of history, and there will be no Shatuo people in future generations. Conclusion As a nomadic people in western Turkistan, the Shatuo people seized the opportunity to occupy the Central Plains and established four dynasties, namely, the late Tang Dynasty, the late Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the northern Han Dynasty, under the special political and military environment of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, with the strong combat capability of their cavalry units. As the backbone of the Central Forbidden Army in the Four Dynasties, Shatuo Army was an important force to promote the political and military reform and development in the Five Dynasties, with far-reaching influence until the late Song Dynasty. With the existence of a series of problems such as the internal struggle of Shatuo Group, the fall of Ma Yuan and the continuous integration of Chinese culture, Shatuo Army, a heroic cavalry unit, gradually withdrew from the historical stage and disappeared in the vast historical waves, but it also left a magnificent chapter in the political and military history of China.