Zhongda Consulting sorted out the relevant materials of buildings by consulting relevant materials, and the basic contents are as follows:
What is a building?
architecture is a general term for buildings and structures. It is an artificial environment created by people in order to meet the needs of social life, using the material and technical means they have mastered, and applying certain scientific laws, feng shui concepts and aesthetic laws.
Basic information of buildings:
(1) Classification according to the nature of use
1. Residential buildings: refer to buildings for families or individuals to live in for a long period of time, and can be divided into two categories: houses and dormitories (houses are divided into ordinary houses, high-grade apartments and villas; Collective dormitory is divided into single staff dormitory and student dormitory).
2. Public buildings: refer to non-productive buildings for people to shop, work, study, medical care, travel and sports, such as office buildings, shops, hotels, theaters, gymnasiums, exhibition halls and hospitals.
3. industrial buildings: refer to buildings used for or directly serving industrial production, such as factories and warehouses.
4. agricultural buildings: refer to buildings used for agricultural production or directly serving agricultural production, such as silos and farms.
(2) The number of floors in a building classified according to the number of floors or the total height refers to the natural number of floors in the building, which is generally calculated according to the indoor floor above ; If the lighting window is in the semi-basement above the outdoor terrace, and the indoor floor height is above 2.2m (excluding 2.2m), the natural floor number shall be calculated. False floor, attached floor (interlayer), interlayer, attic, decorative tower, stairwell and water tank room protruding from the roof are not counted. The total number of floors of the house is the sum of the above-ground floors and the underground floors of the house. Houses are divided into low-rise houses (1 ~ 3 floors), multi-storey houses (4 ~ 6 floors), medium-high-rise houses (7 ~ 9 floors) and high-rise houses (1 floors and above). Public buildings and comprehensive buildings with a total height of more than 24m are high-rise buildings, but single-storey buildings with a total height of more than 24m are not included. The total height of the building exceeds lOOm, whether it is residential or public buildings or comprehensive buildings, it is called super high-rise buildings.
(3) Classification by building structure A building structure refers to a system consisting of load-bearing components (foundation, wall, column, beam, floor, roof truss, etc.) in a building.
1. Brick-wood structure building: The main load-bearing components of this kind of building are made of brick and wood, in which the walls and columns of vertical load-bearing components are made of brick, and the floors and roof trusses of horizontal load-bearing components are made of wood. The floors of such buildings are generally low, usually below 3 floors. Ancient architecture and architecture in 195s and 196s were mostly of this kind.
2. Brick-concrete structure building: The vertical load-bearing components of this kind of building are brick walls or brick columns, and the horizontal load-bearing components are reinforced concrete floor slabs and roof slabs, including a small number of wooden roof frames. Generally, the number of floors of this kind of building is less than 6, which has low cost and poor earthquake resistance, and the width, depth and height of the building are limited.
3. Reinforced concrete structure buildings: The load-bearing components of such buildings, such as beams, slabs, columns, walls, roof trusses, etc., are composed of two major materials: steel bars and concrete. Its enclosure components, such as walls and partitions, are made of light bricks or other masonry. It is characterized by strong structural adaptability, good earthquake resistance and durability. The types of reinforced concrete buildings include frame structure, frame shear wall structure, shear wall structure, tube structure, frame tube structure and tube-in-tube structure.
4. steel structure building: the main load-bearing components of this kind of building are all made of steel, which has high construction cost and is mostly used in multi-storey public buildings or buildings with long spans.
(4) Classification according to the construction methods of buildings Construction methods refer to the methods used in building.
1. Cast-in-situ building: The main load-bearing components of this building are cast and laid on the construction site.
2. Precast and assembled buildings: The main load-bearing components of this kind of building are prefabricated components made in the processing plant and assembled at the construction site.
3. Part of cast-in-situ masonry, part of assembled building: Some components (such as walls) of this building are cast or laid on the construction site, and some components (such as floors and stairs) are prefabricated components made in the processing plant.
(5) Classification by building durability
Classification table by building durability: durability grade/durability/scope of application level I/over 1 years/important buildings and high-rise buildings level II/5-1 years/general buildings level III/25-5 years/minor buildings level IV/under 15 years/temporary buildings
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