The main question debated by scholars in this poem is: Who is "Zuo Jun" in the preface? The traditional view accepted by most scholars is Zhu Lingshi (379-4 18), and Mr. Kai put forward a new theory, which is considered to be Tan Shao (366-42 1). Deng Ansheng wrote the Chronicle of Tao Yuanming, and Gong Bin and Yuan Xingpei annotated the Collection of Tao Yuanming, all of which agreed with the theory of cloud. We believe that the new statement is affirmative. Here, referring to the previous research, this paper sorts out this problem, distinguishes its gains and losses, and makes up for the unfinished meaning.
The poem "Chronicle of Mr. Tao Jingjie" in Song and Wu Dynasties was written in the 13th year of Emperor Yi of Jin 'an (4 17): "The name of the long history is Song Ling, and the Book of Jin originally said that it dealt with Mr. Tao Jingjie ... Liu Yuping was in Guanzhong, and Song Ling took Zuo Jun as the history of the commander-in-chief, and named him Qinchuan." This is no problem. Biography of Emperor Wu of Song records that in the 12th year of Yixi, Emperor Wu of Song sent troops to the Northern Expedition, in August of 13th year, Wang Zhene conquered Chang 'an, and in September, Emperor Wu of Song "went to Chang 'an". In December, leave Chang 'an. Then Yang Changshi went to Chang 'an, which was this autumn and winter. Who is the "Zuo Jun" here?
Li Gonghuan's Notes on Tao Yuanming, Volume II, A Long History of Giving Sheep, with Zhu Lingshi as the note:
Shi Songling was ordered by Zhu Lingshi, the left general, to seek honor in the mansion, and He Ping kissed Luo.
In Yuan Dynasty, Liu Lu also said Zhu Lingshi in Notes on Selected Poems:
In the 13th year of Yixi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked Qin and Chang 'an, and sent Yao Hong, the king of Qin, to punish him. General Zhu Lingshi sent Yang Songling, the chief historian, to congratulate Guan Zhong, and Jing Jie wrote this poem as a gift.
What Li and Herry Liu said is very reasonable. "Biography of Zhu Lingshi in Song Dynasty" records: "In eleven years, I was invited to join the army and be the top general. In the twelfth year of the Northern Expedition, it moved to the left and had the same name. He was equipped with an army to defend Temple Province. Liu believes in war very much, both inside and outside. " There are mistakes in this passage, which will be mentioned later. If we look at this record alone, there seems to be no doubt about the judgment of Li Gonghuan and Liu Lu. On this basis, Qian Daxin thought: "The sheep is the history of the left governor, and it must be the long history of Zhu Lingshi." Historically, Shilin led the secretariat of Yongzhou with the right general, but this cloud is Zuo Jun, which is a bit different. According to Biography of Stone Forest in Song Dynasty, Yixi has moved to Zuo General for twelve years. Although the left and right generals have the same rank, and the left always occupies the upper right, Yongzhou, an important city in the Stone Age, will still keep the original number and should not be changed to the right, so Yun Zuo Jun is credible. "(Top Ten New Records of Yang Zhai, Volume 16, Poems on Tao Jing Festival) He turned to think that Zhu Lingshi's later transfer to the Book of Song Dynasty was a mistake of" Left General ".
However, if we re-examine the history books, we will find that there was another "Left General" in Yixi for thirteen years. Tan Shaochuan in Song Dynasty contains Tan Shaoguan calendar:
Find General Zuo and lead the Quanzhou Dazheng. In the twelfth year, he moved the army and was also the secretariat of Jiangzhou. He stayed in Xincai Second County, Yuzhou and Jiangzhou in Xiyang, and the general remained unchanged. Guilty, relieved of duty.
When was Tan Shao removed from office? "Song Shu Wang Hong Chuan" contains a cloud: "In the fourteenth year, Yangxin Cai No.2 County in Qianxi was appointed as the general of the military department and government army in Jiangzhou, and was also the secretariat of Jiangzhou." In the 14th year of Yixi, Wang Hong succeeded Jiangzhou Secretariat, and Tan Shao should be dismissed at this time. It can be known that in thirteen years, General Zuo had Zhu Lingshi and Tan Shao (according to the fact that General Zuo had no post limit, the Book of Songs on Officials said: "The left and right generals were below the 40th place, only four generals had one each, and the rest were without places." Both of them may be left generals. But Zhu Lingshi is actually not a left general. Why not Tan Shao?
Therefore, in the Chronicle of Tao Yuanming's Deeds and Poems, Mr. Kai thinks that according to the Biography of Zhu Lingshi, "General Zhu is guarding the temple province in Jiankang Town. If you send an envoy to Guanzhong to congratulate you, you will not ask for Yang, and Tao will give poems for no reason. " That is, Zhu Lingshi was appointed as Guan Jian, and his emissary did not set out from Tao Yuanming's hometown to find Yang, so he should not appear there. Mr. Yun's reason for questioning is untenable, which we will analyze later, but he thinks Tan Shao's conclusion is correct. The scholar who demonstrated in detail that Tan was not Zhu was Mr. Deng Ansheng, who said in the Chronicle of Tao Yuanming:
Nine years after Yixi, the stone was highly valued by Emperor Wu of Song, and it was promoted step by step, without moving to the left. A survey of The Book of Song Dynasty and The Book of Jin Dynasty shows that although the left and right generals belong to the same category, the left general is superior to the right general. According to this biography, Shi became a left general in 12 and a right general in 14, which was also a left-leaning move, which was very beneficial to the reuse of Emperor Wu of Song. According to the official system since the Han Dynasty, the left, right, front and rear generals are all foreign generals, and Laoshi is an inner town, so it is called the left general. Another examination of "Official Records of Song Baishu" shows that there are Zuo Wei Army and Wei Jun, and "Wei Jun is in charge of Su Weiying"; Right-wing generals Zuo Jun, right-wing generals, right-wing generals and right-wing generals are all guards. And both belong to four categories, ranking lower than General Zuo. Shi's family was "guarding the temple province" in the 12th year of the Northern Expedition of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so he was called General Left. The "General Left" in this biography must be the mistake of General Zuo Jun. However, the preface of Shi Tao's A Long History of Grazing Sheep calls for Zuo Jun, which is beyond his age. According to Tan Shaochuan in the Song Dynasty, in the past twelve years, Shao took General Zuo as an example to "move the military officers of Jiangzhou and Xiyang Xincai Second County to Yuzhou to make Jiangzhou a secretariat", so the preface of the poem is that General Zuo and Tan Shaojiang secretariat, and the "spectrum" is true.
Mr. Deng questioned Zhu Lingshi's official title of "Left General". He has two reasons. First, according to Qian Daxin's suggestion, it is pointed out that the left general is higher than the right general. As a confidant of Emperor Wu of Song, Zhu Lingshi, who was promoted all the way, should not be left first and then right. Second, General Zuo is not a general of the Guards, and he does not assume the responsibility of "guarding the temple province". These two reasons put forward from the official system are quite powerful and convincing. Deng thought that the Biography of Zhu Ling in Song Dynasty was wrong, and the "Left General" should be the fault of the "General". Mr. Deng's argument has been made public, but he made a mistake at the last minute. Why can't "General Zuo Jun" be simply called "Zuo Jun"? Why must Yang Songling be Tan Shao's Long History of General Zuo, not Zhu Lingshi's Long History of General Zuo Jun? We think that the records in Song Shu are indeed wrong, but Zhu Lingshi should not be a general, but a general.
There are clear words in Song Shu Guan Baizhi:
General Zuo Wei, alone. General Youwei, one person. General will is in charge of Camp Suwei.
As we all know, Su Wei refers to the guards in the palace. It is the duty of General Zuo Wei to "guard the Temple Province". On the question of Zhu Lingshi, Mr. Zhang Jinlong, a scholar who has studied the praetorian guard system in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, noticed that in the first chapter of the book The Rise and Fall of Chaos-Military Power and the Evolution of Southern Dynasties, he mentioned:
According to Zhu Lingshi's "title unchanged" when he moved to the left general, and his title was the top general, the "left general" recorded in this biography must be wrong. Judging from his duty of "guarding the temple and saving the province", it is undoubtedly the fault of General Zuo Wei. (omitted) All three were close friends and confidants of Emperor Wu of Song, and their job arrangement was the most important measure to stabilize the political situation before Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition: Liu was the chief confidant of Emperor Wu of Song, responsible for the control and handling of the military and political affairs of the imperial court; Close friends Zhu Lingshi and General Zuo Wei "guarded the temple province" and actually led the troops to control the Emperor Jin 'an; Xie, a close friend, is a right-back general and Fusa Island, leading troops to control his younger brother Langya. Only in this way can we ensure that the military and political power of the Jiankang court is completely in our hands when he leads the army to the Northern Expedition.
Mr. Zhang actually pointed out the third and most direct reason why Zhu Lingshi could not be a "left general". That is to say, Zhu Xian was called "the top general" in Zhu Chuanzhong quoted earlier, and later "moved to the left general with the same name". The champion general is the general of the combat troops, which conflicts with General Zuo, but has no conflict with General Zuo Wei, who led the Guards, so it can be "unchanged". Mr. Wang also mentioned that in order to control Fu and Langya Wang Sima, Emperor Wu of Song set up another confidant as General Youwei and Fu as Sajima, so Zhu Lingshi, who was in charge of directly controlling Emperor Jin 'an, should of course be General Zuowei, not General Zuo Jun.
Since Zhu Lingshi is a general of Zuo Wei, Yang Songling can't be his long history. Why? Because General Zuo Wei is called "Zuo Wei" for short, not "Zuo Jun". More importantly, General Zuo Wei has no long history. Song Bai Shu's Guanzi:
Second, Wei Jiang has a long history, Sima, Gong Cao and the main book, while Jiang Zuo has no long history.
It turns out that General Will has a short history since the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In this way, Yang Songling can only be the long-standing general Zuo and Jiangzhou secretariat Tan Shao.
Finally, I want to add a question, that is, Yang Songling's itinerary. Mr. Li Hua insisted on Zhu Lingshi's old theory in Tao Yuanming's New Theory, and his argument could not be established, but his rebuttal to Mr. Kuaiqinli's passage was very reasonable:
Yang Songling was ordered by the imperial court to congratulate Guan Zhong, and it was inevitable that he would seek Yang and give poems. Kun said, "General Zhu is guarding Jiankang Temple Province. If you send an envoy to Guanzhong to congratulate you, you will not ask for it yourself. " This is very correct. But "not looking for Yang" does not mean not looking for Yang. I infer that he must go through when looking for Yang. Of course, after Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition, Qin started from Jiankang, followed the direction of accuracy and expense, and took such a marching route. Land and water go hand in hand, and the army is stationed in Pengcheng, which is also the base of Emperor Wu of Song. But the sheep has a long history, starting from Jiankang. He went up the river, looking for Yang, and then went north along the Hanshui River, doing business, reaching Chang 'an and Guanzhong. This road is very convenient, with a little more time, so you can save your relatives and friends by the way. He doesn't need to take the route of Emperor Wu of Song's March, which may not be safe.
Mr. Li believes that the reason why Mr. Wang questioned is untenable. Mr. Gong Bin defended the Zhou family and refuted Li Hua in Notes on Tao Yuanming's School Collection. He thought: "Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition took Xuzhou and Luoyang as Chang 'an. It is the most convenient land route to send envoys from Jiankang to Guanzhong. If you go up the river to find the sun, and then go north through the Hanshui River, it will be time-consuming and labor-intensive due to the influence of Feng Shui. " Mr. Gong's words probably also represent Mr. Yun's thoughts. They don't know much about the traffic routes of the ancients, so they have some misunderstandings.
In ancient times, it entered Guanzhong from the east, and from Luoyang to Chang 'an was the official road, which must pass through Tongguan. During Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition, Wang Zhene, a striker, was stuck in Tongguan, then ventured back to the Yellow River, entered the Wei River by waterway, and conquered Chang 'an. Another road leading to the southeast and connecting Shaanxi with Jingchu and Jiangnan is Wuguan Road, which was called Shangzhou Road in the Tang Dynasty. Its route is generally An-Baqiao-Lantian-Jiuguan-Shangxian-Wuguan-Neixiang-Nanyang-Dengxian-Xiangyang. Textual research on the post road of Wuguan Road in Lantian in Tang Dynasty by Mr. Yan Gengwang (Journal of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica, 39th edition) and Textual research on the post road from Chang 'an to Xiangzhou in Tang Dynasty by Mr. Wang Wenchu (Textual research on ancient traffic geography) have detailed textual research on the route of Shangzhou Road, which readers can refer to. In Tang Dynasty, the traffic between Chang 'an and the Yangtze River valley depended on Shangzhou Road to a great extent, and countless people praised Shangzhou Road in Tang poems. Scholars in the southeast often go this way when they go to Beijing to test their fame and fortune. Wang Zhenbai's "Shangshan Poetry" said, "Shangshan fame and fortune, there are nocturnal people." I can imagine the scene on the road. And Wen's famous "going on a good morning trip", "cock crowing in Maodian, frost on barren Banqiao" are also written on this road. He did the opposite. He failed in the imperial examination in Chang 'an, and when he arrived in Jingxiang, he felt lonely and sad. Of course, the excitement of going up the mountain road is not unique to the Tang Dynasty. This road was opened at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, especially during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was an important passage for traffic and war between Chu Jin and Qin Chu. Qin Shihuang unified the world and created Chidao leading to all directions, including Nanjun Road in Nanyang, which was called Wuguan Road in the Han Dynasty. This is the Shangshan Road in the Tang Dynasty.
Tao Yuanming made it very clear in his poem: "If the road is a business mountain, don't hesitate for me. Thank you for your kindness. What's the coolness today? " Sheep have a long history and entered Guanzhong from Wuguan Road. His route can only be to go up the river, turn into Hanshui River to Xiangyang, and then embark on the journey of Wuguan Road. The ancient roads were not as flat as they are today, and there were many rugged and disrepair sections, which made riding very uncomfortable. If you take a car, the wooden wheels are not covered with rubber, and the road is bumpy and uncomfortable. Therefore, when the ancients traveled, they generally tried to take the water instead of the land. Sheep with a long history are ordered to go out, not March to fight. Why not take the straight and comfortable road instead of the long and uncomfortable road? Besides, if we take the route from beijing-shanghai railway to Longhai Railway today, we can only enter the customs from Tongguan, which is out of reach with the heroism of Shangshan and Sihao.
Sihao lived in seclusion, and the ancients said Shangluo and Shangluo. Shangluo has always been the first county in Shangzhou, and Shangluo is a county in Shangzhou, in the east of Shangluo. Both counties are on Wuguan Road. No matter which mountain Sihao lives in seclusion, a long history will always pass under it. He should pay tribute to Tao Yuanming.
(Author: College of Literature, Shanghai University)