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Introduction: In the old houses in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, there are countless garden landscapes like small bridges and flowing water. But when it comes to wood carving, brick carving, plastic piles and painting, the land house in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province is the first to be promoted. People in the photography field who have been to Luzhai may never forget that the exquisite craftsmanship is really unforgettable.
By chance, I entered Luzhai in Dongyang. Back to Beijing from Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, Yiwu is a well-known commodity distribution center in China. There are only trains on Mondays and Fridays, and it just got off work on Wednesday. Stealing half a day's leisure, I couldn't wait to take a taxi to Dongyang and rush to my old house in the south of the Yangtze River.
Turning east and west, the taxi finally stopped in front of an interesting old street. When I got off the bus, I looked up, but I saw the pink wall of Yamato, which was light and elegant; Seal the volcanic wall and decorate it; Pebble paves the road, winding. It seems that this stretch for hundreds of meters is the famous Luzhai Old Street.
Luzhai is not a house, but a complete sculpture art building community. The old street is not the whole of Luzhai, but its main body. Luzhai is actually the collective name of this ancient architectural complex located in the east of Dongyang. It is a group of classic buildings that combine the essence of Jiangnan folk houses with Dongyang woodcarving, stone carving, brick carving, plastic pile and painting art, and it is a treasure of chinese heritage. During the period of 1988, the State Council newly announced a number of national key cultural relics protection units, and Luzhai was one of them.
The whole Luzhai is centered on Lushi Grand Ancestral Hall, and several groups of buildings extending from the three axes of Fujingtang, Suyongtang and Shudetang are surrounded by an arched moon. The 500-meter-long Luzhai Old Street and the east-west Yaxi River constitute the main traffic roads in Luzhai. * * * More than 40 gardens, academies, temples and 26 memorial archways are dotted among them, which not only makes the architectural forms of Luzhai more diversified, but also adds some beauty and elegance to the overall style of Luzhai. The land residence covers a total area of 23,000 square meters, which seems to be dwarfed by the scale of large-scale ancient buildings such as Dongjiayuan in Dali, Yunnan and Qiaojia Courtyard in Qixian, Shanxi. However, if the architecture is luxurious and elegant, and the architectural components are beautifully carved, it is difficult for any architectural community to compare with Luzhai, which is known as the "hometown of all kinds of works".
The main style of Lu residence is Ming and Qing residential style. According to Yalu's Family Biography, Lu's ancestral home was Zhuozhou, Hebei Province (formerly named), and he was originally a descendant of Jiang Ziya. It is said that Jiang Taigong 1 1 Sun Lu Fu Yuan moved from Hebei to Zhejiang in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 127) and built a house in Dongyang. During the period from Jingtai to Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1456- 1607), the first19th generation Sun Lu and his son of Lu extended the land house, which gave it its embryonic form today. After nearly a thousand years, most of the land houses are still well preserved, which shows the hard work of the builders at that time.
The scholar-bureaucrat mansion, the owner of the land residence, is a model of building regulation. Lujia respects teachers and attaches importance to education. Poetry etiquette has been passed down from generation to generation, and those who pass the exam are endless. There are many people involved in official career, and there are also many people who study forests. Its regulation is different from that of ordinary houses in the south of the Yangtze River, and it belongs to the scholar-bureaucrat mansion of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong Province.
Walking through Luzhai Old Street, you can see that Lunan is a brick wall with five bays and three depths, which is the outermost entrance of Luzhai main body. Because zhaobi completely separates the door street from the main building, it is also called zhaobi. According to the wall, there are pebbles, a bluestone sumeru, eight stone pillars and two tall wooden poles on the ground, which are reserved for hanging lanterns in festivals. Sculptures such as "Double Lion Rolling Hydrangea", "Carp yue longmen" and "Four Treasures of the Study" are carved on the zhaobi, which are meant to pray for the literati of the Lushi family in past dynasties and are auspicious. From zhaobi to the north are two stone archways with four pillars and three rooms, which were popular in Ming and Qing dynasties and wrote "Dafu Di". The main entrance space surrounded by the zhaobi in the north and the zhaobi in the front of the "Dafudi" gatehouse is in the shape of "[]", which means "hiding the wind and accepting the gas", that is to say, it is necessary to ensure the style and bureaucratic atmosphere of the Lujia family and make the official career prosperous forever.
After passing the stone archway of "Dafu Land" and turning into a cobblestone tunnel, I saw the real gate of the land house-"Good News Gate". This gate was built in Jingtai period of Ming Dynasty. The plaque that originally wrote "Good News" of Ming Dynasty has been destroyed and is now written by modern people. The plaque of "Jiebao" records the history of 8 Jinshi, 2 Xie Yuan and 29 juren of Lushi family in small print from Ming Dynasty to Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. Looking back behind the Jebel door, the door frame just framed a distant mountain in the south, which looks like an upright pen rack, hence the name Bijia Mountain. On the east and west sides of Lu Zhai, there is a flowing stream-all this seems to be a unique feng shui specially arranged by Lu's descendants to bless them to be officials from generation to generation.
This architectural form of blessing is also manifested in several halls in Luzhai. After the second "Guoguangmen", it is a courtyard of about 400 square meters, which is also paved with pebbles. There is a 2-meter-wide rectangular corridor in the corner of the courtyard, which is connected to Su Yongtang in the north. When you arrive at Luzhai, Su Yongtang is a must, because this building is the core building and main axis of Luzhai, an ancient architectural complex in Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Sue, Sue's respect, the reason why the ceremony is established; And, and, music, life. " There is a saying in Poem Zhou Song You Bian: "The sound of pan Jue, He Ming of Su Yong". The name of this hall comes from this. According to legend, the temple was built to honor the first14th generation of Lu Rong's concubine Jin. Suyongtang is I-shaped and divided into three bays facing south, with a width of 25 meters. Starting from the first entrance, a 320-meter-long central axis runs through the north and south. Nine buildings of different sizes (that is, nine entrances) are arranged on this central axis, which is divided into the first four and the last five. The first four buildings are180m long. As a ceremonial place, they can be used for discussion, welcome and sacrifice. Women are never allowed to enter here. The last five entrances have a total length of 140m, and are living quarters, such as houses, kitchens, toilets and warehouses. In addition, there are several wings on the east and west sides, named "Xuexuan", which was the "three pools reflecting the moon" of the Lu family in those days, for the disciples at home to go to school. What makes Su Yong Hall particularly unique is that the first four entrances have movable Shikumen and the double-span hall has waterproof gutter on the top, so the drainage of the whole building is extremely smooth. If there is a heavy rain, the water level reaches the top of people's forehead and will be discharged from the hall half an hour after the rain stops. In addition to the central axis of Su Yongtang, there are two axes of Shudetang and Fujingtang in the north-south direction, and there are also many rooms. In terms of area and advanced facilities, Su Yong Concert Hall seems to be the best in China.
If these buildings are compared to paintings, Luzhai is a meticulous painting famous for its exquisiteness. In the process of a cursory visit, I often stop because of the exquisite workmanship of some nuances of the land house architecture. The architectural structure of Luzhai is varied. The main hall is mostly a beam-type wooden frame, while the Xuexuan is a bucket-type frame (bucket-type frame refers to the thin and many columns, which are connected into a whole with string lines and each column is supported by purlin, which is very convenient). For another example, Suyongtang is a structure with five beams passing through purlins, and the wall adopts hollow brick walls, which prolongs the depth. Generally speaking, the architecture of Luzhai takes single building as a unit, forming a unique spatial sequence of artistic charm, showing rich connotation and interest.
If architecture is compared to painting, Luzhai can be compared to meticulous painting, which is famous for its delicacy. As far as the roof is concerned, land houses are divided into double eaves and single eaves, and the forms of eaves are rolled shed, hard mountain and hanging mountain. In every building in Luzhai, the wind-volcano wall, towering vertical ridge and changeable roof of Zhejiang residential style are obviously highlighted, which makes the overall architectural style graceful and rigid, showing a light, elegant and subtle artistic feature of southern residential buildings. Although Luzhai is a scholar-bureaucrat residence, it is characterized by small wood, blue tiles and white walls, and pebbles on the ground, showing a simple and meaningful intimacy everywhere.
The most admirable thing is the carving technology of Luzhai, whether it is bucket arch, arch, beam, sparrow replacement, bracket or partition, or the design and production technology of furniture, which embodies the rich characteristics of the hometown of national wood carving. On the crude partitions, skirts and tapestries, I saw all kinds of carved relief, such as Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea, Water Margin, a century-old picture scroll, and Jiang Ziya welcoming King Wen. Or figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, fish and insects, all beautifully carved and vividly shaped, which is really amazing. Even more difficult is the multi-layer carving on the bracket. I saw that the characters were natural, the flowers and birds were lively and moving, and the auspicious animals were lifelike. If you look closely, it looks like a miracle. Dongyang woodcarving originated from the three-dimensional round carved wooden figurines in the first year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (627), but unfortunately it has been lost. The earliest existing objects are a talented Buddha statue and a broken-headed Buddha statue in the second year of Jianlong in the Northern Song Dynasty (96 1). It is said that in the middle of Qing Dynasty, more than 400 woodcarvers from Dongyang and Shengxian of Zhejiang went to the Forbidden City in Beijing, which shows that Dongyang woodcarving is famous. Luzhai not only collects rare sculptures, but also witnessed the rise and fall of Dongyang woodcarving. Before the Ming Dynasty, metallurgical technology was limited, and the carved works were rigorous and vivid, with rough and bold lines. After the Qing Dynasty, wood carving tools developed rapidly, with more than 300 kinds of tools, and began to be divided into chisel type and drill type. The largest drilling tool is 5 cm wide, and the smallest small needle chisel is only as thick as a hair. Moreover, since the early Qing Dynasty, the painting technology of woodcarving has also been well developed, and the full combination of the two makes the woodcarving in Luzhai begin to present the best state of gorgeous, exquisite and more artistic appeal. In addition, the stone carving, brick carving and plastic carving of Lu Zhai have also reached high attainments.
Although the gardens of Luzhai are not famous, and they are not as light and beautiful as Tongli and Zhouzhuang, they have left many praises and stories from scholars. This is because the Lushi family has reunited. Wen Zhiming, one of the four gifted scholars in Wuzhong, Dong Qichang, a painter in Ming Dynasty, and Liu Yong, an important official in Qing Dynasty, were all guests of Luzhai. After the Ming Dynasty, the war in the south of the Yangtze River decreased, and the extended family and big noble made great efforts in gardening. More than 20 gardens, pavilions and pavilions, such as Peony Garden, Jingu Garden and Furong Garden, have also been built in the land house, which is also an indispensable landscape of the land house. I hope this beautiful ancient architectural complex can be preserved forever.