The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the largest cemetery in the history of China, and its huge project is also rare in history. The tomb is 76 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. The cemetery has two walls, which are zigzag. The circumference of the outer city is 6264 meters, and that of the inner city is 2525 meters. The mausoleum is located in the south-central part of the inner city. The pit from 1974 to 65438+ 1 is the largest, with a length of 216m from east to west and a width of 62m from north to south, with an area of13260m2. It is a rectangular array of infantry and chariots. The second pit is 124 meters long from east to west, 98 meters wide from north to south and covers an area of 6,000 square meters. It is a square army array composed of multiple arms. The third pit is 124 meters long and 62 meters wide, with an area of only 520 square meters. The third pit is the smallest, but it is supposed to be the headquarters, and its location is extremely important. At present, Gong has unearthed more than 800 warrior figures, nearly 20 wooden chariots and 65,438+000 war horses in three tombs. It can be imagined from the simulated military array that Qin Jun, invincible two thousand years ago, swept the six countries and unified the whole country. Pottery figurines are tall and similar to real people, usually around 1.8 meters. Their expressions are different and lifelike, which reflects the superb artistic level of sculptures in the Qin Dynasty. According to historical records, there are also various palaces in the Qinling Mountains, displaying all kinds of rare treasures. The Qin Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit are called the eighth wonder of the world.
Before the Qin dynasty, the sacrifice to the late king was not held in the cemetery, and Qin Shihuang first built a sleeping hall for sacrifice in the cemetery. Mausoleum of the first qin emperor has two walls, the plane is zigzag, and the mausoleum is located in the south-central part of the inner wall. There is a sleeping hall 50 meters northwest of the mausoleum. The base site we can see now is nearly square, covering an area of 3,500 square meters, and there are other architectural sites nearby. The mausoleum is dedicated to the statue of Qin Shihuang and sacrifices. This mausoleum system had a far-reaching influence on later generations, and was imitated by later emperors' tombs until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is also a development of ancient funeral culture in China.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located 5 kilometers east of Qiao Lin County, about 37 kilometers away from Xi, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. Why did you choose the seat here? Some people think that this is inseparable from the ancient superstition of geomantic omen. In recent years, according to the pictures taken by satellite, geologists can see that it seems like a dragon from Jiao Shan to Huashan, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is at the leading eye. As we all know, there has been a saying that "make the finishing point" since ancient times. It is unclear whether the ancients had the ability to "foresee" or whether today's people are too attached to meetings.
The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters.
According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner and outer cities; There are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, prison pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed.
Since 1974, three toilet pits have been found on the east side of the cemetery at 1.5 km. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 pottery barrels unearthed, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, about 6,000 pieces of Bai Tao and Ma Tao are as big as real horses and buried in No.1 pit. There are 1300 pottery barrels and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior barrels in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 Ma Tao.
1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze".
In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on.
The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint?
According to historical records, "the water phase makes the world's prison slaves to 720,000 people as tombs, and chisels the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. It is not difficult to imagine the relevance of the whole history of the construction of imperial tombs. The specific design blueprint is still under further study.
Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang?
It is speculated that Shaofu is responsible for the construction and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management level is true, but true nature is busy, and it is handled by Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, there is an office in Shaofu named after the reunification of Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to verify whether this office existed before reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution specializing in civil engineering of the imperial court. As for the name of this institution, further research is needed.
How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that it "wears three springs". The description of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the old books of Han Dynasty is "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than what people often say "under the nine springs". According to Lu Chunqiu, "Shallow is the rise of the fox, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under springs. Moreover, if the underground palace is located below the groundwater level, long-term infiltration of groundwater will definitely cause the underground palace to be "soaked". Qin Shihuang and the designers of his mausoleum could not have failed to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown.
What is the structure of the catacombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum?
Judging from the excavated remains of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, it seems that Qin Shihuang wanted to bring his palaces, mountains and other things to the underground world without building a huge mausoleum, which is difficult to achieve. According to "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor", "When the great event is finished, it has been hidden, closed in envy, and the craftsmen are hidden outside the door, and they cannot return." Here, when it comes to appreciating the middle door and the outer door, there must be an inner door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage leading to the main tomb in the underground palace, and craftsmen can only close it outside the Zhongxian Gate. Neixian Gate is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin and camphor are placed. As for the length of the pyramid-shaped mound, it is conceivable that if there is a 300-foot cave, it is no wonder that some people think that the cave in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is directly below Wangfeng, the main peak in the center of Riding Mountain.
According to archaeological exploration and judging the location of soldiers' toilets in the tomb, experts believe that the direction of the tomb is to sit west to east. This is a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected, and the tombs of emperors in past dynasties basically sat in the pattern facing south. Why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, sit west to east?
Some people think that during his lifetime, Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fudong across the Yellow Sea to look for Penglai and Yingzhou Wonderland, and made many personal expeditions, drank stones in the east, met in the south, and stayed in Langxie and Zhi Zhu, all of which showed his urgent yearning for Wonderland. It's a pity that Qin Shihuang's wish to visit the fairyland finally fell through when he left at dusk and there was no news. If you don't get the elixir of life before you die, you must face the east after you die, so that you can extradite the immortal and reach the kingdom of heaven. Perhaps this is the greatest wish of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Based on this, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can only sit west to east.
Some people think that Qin is located in the west. In order to show his determination to conquer the six eastern countries, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, first built a Dongling; After the annexation of the six countries, the first emperor was determined not to change the original intention of designing and building the mausoleum in order to keep an eye on the six eastern countries after his death, so the mausoleum we saw could only face east and west.
Some people think that the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang faces east from west, which is related to the customs of Qin and Han Dynasties. According to relevant documents, at that time, from emperors, governors to generals, and even ordinary scholar-bureaucrat families, all the masters sat in the west and sat in the east. There is only one Qin Shihuang in the world. In order to maintain "respect", the direction of the mausoleum can be imagined.
In fact, it's not just the orientation of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang that puzzles people. According to the investigation, 9 17 Qin tombs have been excavated in Shaanxi, mostly in the east-west direction. The 32 tombs of Qin Gongling also face east. This feature of Qin people's burial style was more obvious in the early days. What caused the Qin people to adopt this eastern burial method? Scholars who insist that Qin people originated in the East believe that because the East was the place where Qin ancestors used to work and live, they have special feelings for the East. But things are separated, and the road is long, during which there are many strong enemies. The hope of "returning to the roots" is very slim, so they adopt the burial style facing east to show that they will not forget their roots. On the contrary, scholars who insist that Qin people originated from the west believe that Qin people adopt the burial custom of "facing the west" to show that they are from the west of China. However, if the burial ceremony means that Qin people are from the west, does the popular custom of burying their heads in the north mean that they are from the north? Researchers of modern cultural chemistry and folklore put forward a new viewpoint, that is, the popular custom of burying one's head in the west of Qin people, like their popular "limb-bending burial", is related to the ancient culture of Gansu or some primitive religious belief. For example, the popular explanation of the first funeral in the west, "White Horse Tibetans", is that when the sun goes down, people follow the sun. Perhaps, the Qin people also have their own unique explanations for their own burial style.
Everything is unknown.
People often ask why Qin Shihuang used so many clay figurines to be buried with him.
Some people think that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was designed in essence according to the ancient etiquette requirements of "death is like life". Because after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, most of his energy and time were spent on the war to unify the whole country. At that time, he led thousands of troops to fight in the north, thus annexing six countries and unifying the world. In order to show his achievements before his death, it seems inevitable to be buried with him in the form of an army.
Most scholars believe that the toilet in Qin Bing is a part of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which reflects the military situation of Qin Shihuang before his death, but there are differences on specific issues.
One view is that the large-scale group sculptures of Qin Jun unearthed in Qintong pit are the symbol of Qin Shihuang's creation and strengthening of centralization; The large number of soldiers and toilets in Qintongkeng is an image record of the powerful military strength under the rule of Qin Shihuang. In a sense, it can also be said to be the symbol of Qin Shihuang's eastern patrol escort.
One view is that the toilet pit in Qin Jun symbolizes the troops stationed outside the capital, and it can be called the guards. Take the No.1 soldier toilet army array alternating with chariots and infantry as the right army; The toilet pit of the No.2 soldier is mainly composed of chariots and cavalry, which is Zuo Jun; The unfinished abandoned pit should be No.4 pit, which is the proposed Zhong Jun; The toilet pit of the No.3 soldier is the right, left and middle armed forces commanded by the shogunate. The pit itself symbolizes the barrier of the garrison. Defending the capital by the three armed forces is the embodiment of Qin Shihuang's desire to strengthen centralization and safeguard national unity.
One view is that there is no pit 4, and the terracotta warriors and horses are composed of regular soldiers, strange soldiers and headquarters, thus denying the theory of the three armies.
One view is that the toilet array of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is an unfinished project, and all of them should have 50 thousand toilet pits. This huge army array is equipped with troops in front, back, left, right and middle, which is actually the most basic array method practiced in the Qin Dynasty. One of the characteristics of square formation is "thin in the middle and thick in the square". China's army, Serenade, received more soldiers from four peripheral teams. The military array of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is configured according to the square matrix method of "thin with medium and thick with square".
One view is that the three pits of terracotta warriors and horses are not symbols of the left, middle and right armed forces, but reflect the three components of the Central Army in the Qin Dynasty. The third pit is by no means what people usually call the headquarters, but should be the palace guard Lang Wei who symbolizes the command of the doctor. Pit No.1 is a reflection of the Miyagi Guards under the jurisdiction of Wei Wei, or the Confederate Army. The second pit reflects the capital garrison commanded by the lieutenant, which can be called the North Army.
As for the No.3 pit, some people think that it belongs to the clan of soldiers and is used for military sacrifices. It is the place where the master and master who are the objects of ancestor worship in the army and the two masters who have been placed are located.
For the No.2 pit, it was suggested that it is a four-beast array, that is, the curved array is Zhu Bird array, the mixed array of chariots, infantry and cavalry is Xuanwu array, the array composed of cavalry chariots is Qinglong array, and the chariot array is White Tiger array.
Some scholars believe that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are the "positive array" described in Wei Manzi.
Some scholars believe that the terracotta warriors and horses are a group of figurines buried for Qin Shihuang.
The purpose of building the Terracotta Warriors cannot be confirmed.
A great man, Qin Shihuang, has many secrets hidden in his grave.