China has paid attention to capital planning since ancient times. The scale of Chang 'an in Han and Tang Dynasties is particularly large. The palaces, government and residential buildings in Daxing City (Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty) built by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty have clear areas and clear boundaries, which is a model of urban design zoning system in later generations. It is far-sighted and awe-inspiring. In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing actually followed the planning of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties in basic principles, making it the largest existing medieval city in the world in the Qing Dynasty. As far as modern urban planning is concerned, the huge imperial city and Xiyuan stand in the whole city, which makes the traffic between the inner city, the east and the west inconvenient, which is the biggest shortcoming. However, at that time, royal dignity was the first premise. People's traffic problems are not considered by designers.
The Second Generation of Timber Structure in Ming Dynasty
Datong Pagoda [1] (Figure 124) Sanmen Pagoda in the southeast and west of Datong, Shanxi Province was built by General Xu Da in the fifth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1372). It is the oldest existing Ming Dynasty wooden structure building. The building plane is convex, with five rooms in the back and three rooms in the front, and cloisters around it. The exterior of the building is divided into upper, middle and lower floors and three eaves. The upper edge of the lower eaves is next to the lower opening of the upper window. Each layer earns a little more than the next. The front and back of the roof are connected, both of which are nine ridges. The beams on each floor are moon beams, and the beams on each floor bear extremely low humps. The lower eaves of the outer eaves bucket arch are single and double arches, and the upper two eaves are double arches, and the center is calculated step by step. Two flowers were laid in the study room for the first three rooms, one for the mountain surface and the other for the corridor between the tips. The characteristics of its bucket arch are as follows:
(1) It is rare that the upper two mud-cave arches and slow arches arch on the same floor, forming a "three-arch" system;
(2) The top of the upper two columns is an extension of the beam head, which is slightly wider than the China archway, and it is the beginning of the beam head increase in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Datong Bell Tower [see Note 1] (Figure 125) is located in Datong City. Plane three rooms, square; Two stories high and three eaves; The upper layer is surrounded by a waist eaves and has nine ridges. The lower bucket arch is a single and double arch, one for each supplementary room; Sit flat with double arches, single arch on the eaves and single arch on the top. Carefully put patches between the rooms, but there is nothing between the rooms. The arch of the waist eaves is very small, single arch, with two flowers in each auxiliary room. It is said that this bell tower was built in the Ming Dynasty. Today, all its structural techniques are the same as many towers. I think it was built at that time.
Kaifu temple Hall [2] (pictures 126, 127) is located in Jingxian County, Hebei Province. The temple was built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. The main hall was Tianshun for six years (AD 1462). The main hall is five rooms wide, four rooms deep and four roofs with a single eaves; But there is a corridor in front, with only half a tip at both ends. Three rooms in the hall are open, with lattice fans installed, while a small room is a solid brick wall to receive both ends of the corridor, which is just the right balance. The arch of the temple is single and double-sided, with a slender mouth. Although the beam head is not enlarged, the number of flowers in the auxiliary room, the careful room and the second room has increased to as many as four, which has gradually become cumbersome. In the hall, the caisson forms a spiral roof with crossed inclined arches on the bucket 8, which is the most exquisite (Figure 127).
Xiangguotan Temple [3] (Figure 128) is located in the north of Guotan, which was built in the 19th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 142 1) and is now the Zhongshan Temple in Zhongshan Park. The main hall is rectangular in plane, five rooms wide and four rooms deep, with one eaves and nine ridges, and stands on a simple terrace. Temple arch single and double, double arch; The first floor is fake, and the second floor is caused by the tail. Playing tricks on it will also irritate the tail at the back, but under the second floor, another layer is applied. The ratio of height to thickness of beam Fang section in the temple is close to three and two; Its diaphragm forehead is also quite high, and the width of ordinary racket is equal to the thickness of diaphragm forehead, which is also a remarkable feature in the early Ming Dynasty.
Ling 'en Temple in Changling [see Note 3] (Figure 129, 130) The southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing is the location of the Ming Tombs. Changling is the mausoleum of the ancestors and the most widely regulated among the Ming Tombs. About the mausoleum, let's talk about the wooden structure of Lingen Hall in Changling. The mausoleum was completed in the 13th year of Yongle (A.D. 14 15), and the temple is the same thing. The hall is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep. Compared with the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Qing Dynasty, it is slightly lower in depth, but wider. The two halls are roughly equal in area, and both of them are the buildings with the most Onodera characteristics in China. Its appearance has four double eaves and stands on three layers of white stone. The lower eaves of the bucket arch are single and double, and the upper eaves are double. The lower eaves of the arch are more than two stories, and the upper eaves extend six stories. Real shots are connected, decorated with three clouds and lotus needles, which has formed the golden rule of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its auxiliary rooms are covered with warning rooms and increased to eight. On the other hand, the upper eaves of the bucket arch only protrude from the second floor and the tail after playing with the head, and are pressed under the lower purlin; In proportion, the length of its tail is unprecedented. All the wood in the temple is Phoebe bournei, and the four inner columns of the ventricle are very large (diameter1.17m), which are made of wood from top to bottom, which is a rare macro view. The cross sections of temples and beams are narrow and high, not nearly square in later generations. Three algae wells in the temple are higher, and three wells on both sides are lower. In 24 years of the Republic of China, Beiping municipal government renovated the temple.
Beijing Huguo Temple [4] Temple, whose real name is Guo Chong Temple, was built without examination and was destroyed by a weapon in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Rebuilt in the Yuan Dynasty, another temple was built in Dadu, known as Guo Chongbei Temple, which is now the site of the temple. Most of the existing buildings in the temple came from Chenghua Room of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (65438+ mid-5th century AD), and the existing scale was also expanded at that time. The layout of the temple can be divided into three parts, with nine floors, the front is the mountain gate, and the three rooms are the square, which is the front. To the north of the square are five halls of King Kong. There are four halls in the north of the temple, such as Tianwang Hall, Yanshou Hall and Chongshou Hall, all of which are Ming structures, and the last Thousand Buddhas Hall is Yuan structures. There is an annex hall in front of the fourth hall, decorated with verandahs, surrounded by the King Kong Hall and the Thousand Buddhas Hall in the north, which is the main body of the hall. To the north of the Thousand-Buddha Hall is the hanging flower gate, which leads to the back of the hall, including the Dharma Hall, the operation hall, the back building and the * * * three-story building. The address of this department is narrower than the front, and there is no east-west corridor. There is a pagoda in the east and west of Hanghuamen, which is the pagoda mentioned in the second section.
The present situation of the temple is extremely broken. Among them, the main hall on the central axis has no roof except the King Kong Hall in the middle, and the dharma hall and operation hall behind it are relatively complete. As for the East-West Corridor and its halls, the halls and bell towers in the east no longer exist.
The layout of temples is mainly in the middle. Some temples are in a straight line before and after the central axis, surrounded by cloisters and temples, covering the usual configuration of Buddhist temples. However, if the tower was built above the central line before the Tang Dynasty, it will never be seen again.
Jiufeng Temple Daxiong Hall and Dou Feng Palace [5] Hall are located in the west gate of Pengxi County, Sichuan Province. Among them, from the outside to the inside, the central axis is the archway, Tianwangmen, Daxiong Hall, Doulv Hall and Houtang. Before the tour, the bell tower and drum tower were built on the left and right, followed by the cloister miscellaneous house. The regulations on both sides of the main hall are quite complete, and the white tower on the left side of the Hall of Great Heroes is towering into the sky, 13 stories high, which is very steep. Temple creation has not been tested. Destroyed by a military disaster at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Reconstruction between Ming and Xuande. The White Pagoda was built in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the remaining wooden structure is a relic of the mid-Ming Dynasty.
Daxiong Hall (No.13 1) has three halls, four small rooms, one eaves and nine ridges. Build a platform in front. Between the eaves columns, two layers of transverse partition should be applied, and the floor should be applied below. The double rafters of eaves and arches are of no help to paving except careful rooms. The first vault was arched with melon seeds. However, the second vault arch does not intersect with the melon arch, but jumps out of the Qixin bucket on it, and the left and right arches are more inclined. In principle, this method is the same as Xuanping (now Wuyi) on the second floor of the main hall of Enbukuji Yuan Dynasty. This is a rare example of wood structure. The front slope and the back slope of the roof are one grade, which is one of the important features of this hall seen by Han Que. The temple was built in the eighth year of Ming Dynasty (AD 1443). The three Buddha statues are also clear and plastic.
The palace was built on a high platform. Light three, Shen, single eaves and nine ridges. The bucket arch is single and heavy, with a slender mouth. At the top of the slow arch of the soil tunnel, a long arch layer is added to form a three-arch system, just as seen in Datong Tower. Its two floors are horizontally arched, with uneven cutting at both ends of the arch and oblique branches "protruding". On the back and two hills, the eaves column will be raised and a bucket will be put on it to carry the eaves. The date of construction of the temple is not recorded, but the inscription on the right shows the year number of Chenghua Ugly (AD 1469), and the time difference is not far.
Qiqu Mountain Tianzun Temple [see Note 5] Qiqu Mountain in the northwest of Zitong County, Sichuan Province, with many temples on the top of Berlin, was built in the Ming Dynasty. Among them, the Tianzun Hall is at the highest place in the hospital, with a magnificent structure. The main hall is three rooms wide, four small rooms deep, with a single eaves and nine ridges. The distribution of bucket arches is single and double on the front, and only on the stigma on the back and sides, such as Jiufeng Temple. The two arches in front of it are not parallel, and the tail of the second floor is under the horizontal purlin. The internal beam frame is used as a fork, ring, wood substitute, etc. The use of bamboo and cross arch on the beam bar is quite similar to the Enbukuji Hall in Xuanping (now Wuyi) in Yuan Dynasty. There is no literature about the construction date of the temple, and its structural style should be built in the early or middle Ming Dynasty.
Qufu Kuiwen Pavilion [6] (Figure 132 and 133) There is no Kuiwen Pavilion in Qufu Confucius Temple. In the second year of Song Tianxi (A.D. 10 18), the "Book House" was built, and Jin Mingchang was given the name "Kuiwen" in the second year. The existing Kuiwen Pavilion was rebuilt in the seventeenth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1504). The pavilion is outside Dacheng Gate; It is seven rooms wide, five rooms deep, two stories high, a hidden building in the middle, three eaves and nine ridges. The lower floor is surrounded by stone pillars standing on brick steps. The frame of the pavilion can be divided into two halves, the lower half is the lower layer, and the upper half is equal. Cover the post below with a bucket arch so that you can sit on the post horizontally. If you sit on a column horizontally, the inner column and the outer column will go directly to the upper column. Although the column is laid horizontally, it will also emerge from the column. Its system is quite different from the ancient laws of Liao and Song Dynasties. In the distribution of columns, the lower layer carefully subtracts the front two inner columns, and the upper layer subtracts all the front inner columns, which makes it spacious. The three-story eaves are supported by a bucket arch, which is the fourth floor. But the outer edge of the upper waist eaves is flat, and there are eaves-clearing columns and lattice rings around the lintel. Sitting flat on the bucket arch is covered with a wild goose wing version, so the sudden view is only remarkable for the bucket arch with upper and lower eaves. All pavilions are on holiday, and the back end is not provoked, which is the standard practice in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The beam head produced by the stigma pavement doubled the width of China archway, and the prototype of the clear peach-pointed beam head has been formed.
Today, most of the ancestral halls in the Forbidden City in Beijing are Ming-style buildings. This temple is located in the east of Tiananmen Square, and now it has been transformed into a park. There are walls around the temple; There are three glazed flower doors in the south of the outer wall and five halberds in the south of the inner wall. Inside the halberd gate, the front hall is in front, and the east and west halls are on the left and right. There is a middle hall and a back hall behind the front hall, each with its own things.
The ancestral hall was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1420) and then in the 4th year of Hongzhi (A.D. 149 1). In the 20th year of Jiajing, the ancestral temple was destroyed, rebuilt in the 23rd year and completed in the 24th year (AD 1545). No reconstruction records have been seen since. Examining the buildings in today's ancestral hall, it is found that the archway with single halberd gate has the largest proportion, and the corner columns are slightly raised; The east and west columns in the front hall were killed as shuttle columns, which should all be Yongle original structures. The rest were rebuilt during Jiajing period. Today, there are eleven front halls, with four double eaves and one roof, which stand on the white stone of three floors (Figure 134). It is in the middle of three rooms, and the beams and columns are decorated with gold. In the Qing Dynasty, people paid tribute to each other. There are nine central halls, which are usually shrines of Emperor Feng 'an. There are also nine back halls, which serve as shrines of temples.
Jianji Hall [7] (Photo 135) Among the main halls of the Qing Palace in Beijing today, only Baohe Hall is an Amin structure, that is, the Jianji Hall rebuilt in the 43rd year of Wanli (A.D. 16 15). In the early Ming Dynasty, the temple was renamed Shenmiao Temple, and it was renamed Jianji Temple from Jiajing to Jiajing. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng burned down the Beijing Palace, but Jidian was spared. There is no record of rebuilding the Baohe Hall in the Qing Dynasty, but when I visited the Forbidden City in 2025, I found a sub-column logo above the algae well, and the ink of "Building a right (or left) one (or two or three) sewing tung columns in the Jidian Hall" in regular script proved to be a clear structure. The temple is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves and nine ridges. The bucket arch is small, so it is difficult to distinguish it from the Qing style, because at most eight can be used.
Three mausoleums
Changling [see Note 3] (Figure 136) Since the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Mao Ying was in Ning, the Ming Tombs system, which is different from the ancient system, has opened the model of imperial tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the records of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the practice of thick burial in the Mausoleum has become popular. At the beginning, the Mausoleum built a cemetery to visit the temple, and the Han Mausoleum had a sleeping hall. Because there are two palaces in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong, the upper palace has a sacrificial hall, which is still like the Han tomb. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two palaces. Unlike the Second Palace, the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Ming Taizu Camp has a kitchen, a temple door, a pleasure hall, east and west, and is a large combination of rectangles on the plane. Later, the mausoleum of Chengzu battalion commander was located in Tianshou Mountain, Changping. He followed the old law of Xiaoling, but Hongchang passed it. Xianling Jingling is not as good as Siling, so it is still the Ming Tombs. The tombs of the Qing dynasty are still the same.
Among the Ming Tombs, Changling is the largest. The mausoleum was built in the seventh year of Yongle and completed in the thirteenth year of Yongle (A.D. 14 15). The mausoleum can be divided into two parts: Baoding and its former palace. The east, west, south and north sides of the hall are surrounded by dazzling walls. The central line, from outside to inside, is the mausoleum gate, the side gate, the side hall, the inner red gate, the archway, the stone banquet, Fangcheng, the Ming building and Baoding.
The mausoleum door is a three-way brick door with a single eaves and nine ridges. Outside the door, in the Ming Dynasty, there were five sacrificial pavilions on the left and five halls on the right, but they are all gone now. There is an imperial road in the door, a pavilion on the east side, nine ridges on the double eaves and a huge monument. There used to be a kitchen in the east of Pavilion and a library in the west of Imperial Road, but it has been destroyed. There are five gates with one eaves and nine ridges, which stand on the foundation of white stone steps. There are three gates in the middle school, and there are three pedals in front and back of the step base. There are two glass-burning silk stoves on both sides of the Imperial Road in the unpopular square. Fifteen original objects have been destroyed for a long time. To its north is Lungen Temple, which stands on three white stone steps, that is, the wooden structure mentioned above. In the north of the temple, there are three holes in the red gate. In the gate, there is another yard. The courtyard in the north is a bright building, towering and towering. Fangcheng is a square brick platform, under which is a round ticket road, and there are classes in it to reach the city and Ming construction. At the northern end of the tunnel, a glass wall is placed, which leads to the entrance of the envy road of the underground palace. The Ming building is shaped like a pavilion with double eaves and nine ridges. The building is made of bricks and passes through a cross vault. The monument in the middle tree is called "Emperor Chengzu Wendi's Tomb". The mound behind the building is Baoding, surrounded by brick walls and female walls, which is a treasure city.
The structure of the underground palace has no evidence in the literature, and the physical objects have not been excavated and investigated. However, there are many existing patterns in the tombs of the Qing Dynasty, so it is almost meaningless to imitate the underground palace of the Ming Tombs, and we can also get a glimpse of the embryonic form of the Ming Dynasty.
In the south of Changling, there is a Shinto more than seven kilometers long. Its southernmost point is the stone archway (figure 137), with five seats on eleven floors, which was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (A.D. 1540). The second is Dahongmen brick, with three holes, one eaves and nine ridges. The date of construction is to be inspected. The second is the Monument Pavilion and the Huasi Table, and the third is the Stone Pillar II and the 36-body stone man and beast, all of which were built in the tenth year of Xuande (AD 1453). From the stone pillar to the northernmost pair of stone men, the total length is almost 800 meters, and the colossus on both sides are opposite every 44 meters. The weather is majestic and unparalleled. The second is Xingxingmen, which is often called Dragon and Phoenix Gate. Three doors are juxtaposed and made of stone, and the third is Daling Gate.
Among the Ming Tombs, Changling is the largest and the best preserved. In 24 years of the Republic of China, Beiping municipal government repaired it, and many other tombs have been destroyed. If it is not repaired soon, it will be in ruins.
Four open towers and other masonry buildings
In the Ming dynasty, the buildings of pagodas were mainly made of bricks and stones, but the wood was easily destroyed, so it was no longer used to build pagodas. There is the Amin dynasty, with the most authors of its stupas, such as the Hongzhi Glass Pagoda in Jinling; Unfortunately, it was destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, leaving only pictures so far. According to the customs report [8], the tower is 276 feet 7 inches high, which is about 84.5 meters. The Tower Classic began in the 10th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty and was completed in the 6th year of Xuande (A.D. 143 1), lasting 19 years. Eight sides and nine grades, with white tiles on the outer wall, the existing stupa is slightly limited by the same type, and it is the Hongfei Pagoda of Guangsheng Temple.
Hongfei Tower [9] (photo 138, 139) The wooden hall of Guangsheng Temple in Huoshan, Zhaocheng County, Shanxi Province, has been described in the Yuan Dynasty. In front of the front hall, the glass pagoda in the middle line is a very special one among the stupas. The plane of the tower is octagonal, with a height of 10 * *, all made of bricks, while the pillars of the wall, such as arches and rafters, are inlaid with glazed tiles and decorated with most Buddha statues, which are gorgeous in appearance. The lowest floor of the tower is surrounded by a wooden corridor. Starting from the second floor above, the starting point of the tower is very low, and the output does not increase the eaves of each floor, nor does it tilt; Therefore, its outline is clumsy, and there is no sense of roundness and beauty. The lowest floor of the tower provides a great statue of Sakyamuni, such as the wooden tower of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County. The lower floor of the tower is dome-shaped and decorated with slender arches. In the class structure of the tower, the landing is usually used instead of the landing, so that the elevator can cross the last class (Figure 139). Although it is not a sound and good policy, under various restrictions, the designer's ingenuity can also be seen. Zhi Zhi Tower was built in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and rebuilt in the 15th year of Yongle (A.D. 14 17). The date of Zheng De's 10th year (A.D. 15 15) on the glazed pagoda is suspected to be the construction date of the existing pagoda.
King Kong Throne Tower of Zhenjue Temple [10] (The first picture is 140) This temple is outside Xizhimen in Beijing, commonly known as Wuta Temple. Today, temples are only destroyed by towers. In Yongle, "Xifan Bandida came to pay tribute to the golden statue, built a temple to live in it, and the temple gave him a real sense of name." In the ninth year of Chenghua (AD 1473), Zhao Si was built in a quasi-Sino-Indian style. "Tired stone stage five zhangs, books on the wall, hovering around. At the top is a platform with five pillars, each with two feet "[1 1]. The outer wall of the stone platform under this tower is supported by Xumi Mountain, which is divided into five floors. Each floor is bounded by eaves, the Buddha statue is placed in the niche, and the top of the niche is the female wall. In the middle of the south, a ticket road is built, which is higher than the Xumi Mountain and the lower two floors. The inner class can "hover left and right" on the top of the platform. There are five towers on the platform, and the plane is square, which is a single-story multi-eaves tower with eleven eaves at four corners and thirteen eaves in the middle. In addition to the five pagodas, there is also a pavilion-shaped small hall with double eaves in the south of the stage, with a square lower eaves and a round upper eaves, which is the entrance and exit of the upper class. The tower was rebuilt by the old capital cultural relics consolidation Committee in 24 years of the Republic of China.
There is also a King Kong Throne Tower in Miaozhan Temple in Kunming, Yunnan. The five towers above are all bottle-shaped towers, which were built in Tianshun Room (A.D. 1457- 1464).
Cishou Temple Tower [see Note 7] (Figure 14 1) is located in Balizhuang, outside Fuchengmen, Beijing. This temple was built by Empress Dowager Cixi of the Ming Dynasty. It began in four years of Wanli and was completed in six years (A.D. 1578). At the same time, the tower was built. Today, the temple has been destroyed, and only the tower stands. The plane of the tower is octagonal and stands on a high pedestal. The tower body is on the pedestal, and there are 13 layers of dense eaves on it. Based on the soil lining, it is a sumeru base, on which a bucket arch sits flat and a hook bar is placed. More importantly, it is a double-layer structure of stone with a tower erected on it. All its shapes are imitations of the Liao Tower, and its blueprint is the nearby Tianning Temple Tower, which is almost suspicious. However, as far as the details of each part are concerned, there are many places that are slightly different from the Liao structure, such as the reduction of entrances and exits on each floor of Xumishan Mountain, the use of a watchtower for each edition of Goulan, the small and dense lotus petals, the low tower body, the use of round coupons for windows, the use of two layers of transverse partitions, and the thin bucket arch, which are all different from the author.
Wutai Mountain Tayuan Temple Tower [see Note 7] (Figure 142) Tayuan Temple is the central building of Wutai Mountain today. Its tower stands in the embrace of the platform and is the most remarkable building in Wutai Mountain. According to legend, the original Ashoka stupa and Manjusri Twin Towers were built in the fifth year of Wanli (AD 1577). The tower is shaped like a giant bottle. The lower part is a double-layer sumeru, and its plane is zigzag, with two layers on each side. There are lotus flowers and Aquarius on it. The upper part of Aquarius is only a little bigger than the lower part. The neck plane of the upper tower is also outside the entrance. After 13 days, the diameter is very large, and the income has eased. On the top of the metal treasure cover, it was picked out in less than 13 days; The top sphere is also a metal bottle-shaped tower.
This tower belongs to the same type as Miaoying Temple Tower in Beijing, but the proportion is slightly tight, so all its phenomena are more comfortable and safe.
Shuangta Temple Daxiong Hall and Twin Towers [See Note 7] Taiyuan Shuangta Temple Puhu Shuangta Temple. Zhi Ming Temple Pagoda was built in the 25th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1597). Its twin towers and Ursa Hall are both interesting examples in the study of architectural history.
(1) The planes of the two towers (Figure 143) are octagonal, both of which are 10 * * high and have similar heights. At first glance, it seems exactly the same, but in fact there are many differences. The biggest difference is that in the South Tower, the outline is delicate and gentle, while in the North Tower, the outline is rough and lacks aesthetic feeling. Both towers are supported by arches, and their arches are quite complicated. Each arch adopts two rows of transverse arches, one on the head, which is the same as the usual arch system, but it is the first time to adopt a row of transverse arches above the arch. The second, third and fourth floors of the South Tower sit on the same floor, with only overlapping arches. The North Tower is unparalleled.
(2) Daxiong Hall and its east-west halls (Figure 144, 145) are all made of bricks, and their construction method is the new style after the middle of Ming Dynasty. The plane of the hall is rectangular, and there are five rooms on the lower surface, each of which is a coupon; In fact, it is a combination of vertical and horizontal coupons. Among them, three large coupons are arranged in a row, and their axes are parallel to the temple surface. On the surface, the three coupons are three small coupons crossed with the large coupons. As for the two tips, there is a small coupon hole at right angles to the big coupon, from front to back. There are only three rooms upstairs, which are lower in depth and width than those downstairs. The ventricle is a square vault with two horizontal coupons between the two tips.
The outside of the temple is brick, and the eaves of the bucket arch are all wood-like, which is the most loyal, but because of the material, the eaves are slightly shorter. There are five halls on both sides of the main hall, which have the same structure and appearance as the main hall.
Although the use of vouchers in China began in the Han Dynasty, its application is mainly based on tomb collection. Used on the ground, although occasionally seen on the doors and windows of bridges and brick towers, in the Song Dynasty, the city gate was still trapezoidal. It was not until the middle of the Ming Dynasty that it was used as a palace building. In the 14th year of Gao Jiajing (A.D. 1535), Portugal leased Macao, and the Jesuit Society was founded in the same year. After Matteo Ricci arrived in Nanjing in the fifteenth year of Wanli, the influence of the Jesuits was immersed in the whole country. This is the heyday of the European Renaissance. Its hall structure is mostly in the form of roof and vault, and its appearance is made of masonry, imitating the ancient wooden configuration system. The structure and design method are exactly the same as those of the beamless hall that suddenly appeared in the late Ming Dynasty, which seems to be no accident. In the meantime, clues can attract the attention of researchers.
Guanen Bridge in Nanchong [see Note 5] Guanen Bridge outside the west gate of Nanchong County, Sichuan Province, commonly known as West Bridge. There are seven holes in the east and west, all of which are semi-circular coupons. The net span of the coupon is about 1 1 m, and the bridge deck is 9 meters wide. These regulations are huge and spectacular. County annals contain the ancient Jiading Bridge in Song Dynasty, which was destroyed between Jiajing and Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. Its former site is in the south of this bridge. It was rebuilt in the sixth year of Wanli and completed in the eighth year (AD 1580). After the bridge is changed, I'm afraid Wanli is still the same or has changed.
Jimei Bridge [12] There is a stone bridge in Ming Dynasty near Song Cun, Zhao County, Hebei Province, in addition to the famous Dashiqiao and Xiaoshiqiao. There is an inscription in the 28th year of Jiajing (AD 1549) under the bridge voucher, indicating that the bridge was built years ago. Four holes in bridge, five votes. The double-hole coupon in the middle is big, and the double-hole coupons at both ends are small. And between the two coupons, a small coupon is applied to become an empty coupon collision system. Although its style is different from Dashiqiao's, its air ticketing method is one of the best.
Wan Li Great Wall [13] (Figure 146) Since Qin Shihuang, Wan Li Great Wall has been rebuilt for generations, but it is only a brick wall. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, I deeply felt the importance of the northern frontier defense. Since Taizu, it has been built in successive dynasties and laid in Shanxi and Hebei provinces, forming the appearance of the Great Wall in the east today. Today, Juyongguan, Nankou and Shanhaiguan in Hebei Province were all built in the Ming Dynasty. The wall is about seven or eight meters thick below, five or six meters thick above and seven or eight or nine meters high. The female wall on the wall is as tall as a person. Pier and abutment are allowed to be set every 100 meter, which is about three or four meters higher than the city wall. This pier seems to be a little older than the city wall. At first, the Great Wall was made of earth. The pier was built first, and then the first pier and the city wall were built.