In addition, I will give you this link, which is different from the one below and more detailed. You can choose it yourself: /view/944618.htm
1. Drum:
Legend
The Chinese had artificial drums in 3500 BC
.
In 3000 BC, the method of making drums was to cover the frame or container with animal skins
. By 1000 BC, the Sumer people of Mesopotamia made a round drum as high as a person, with pictures on the drum body.
Later, there were small bronze drums and big bronze drums
. The large bronze drum used by cavalry in the 15th century was adopted by orchestras in the 17th century. It was used in Purcell's score for "The Faerie Queene" in 1692.
This kind of drum is now called timpani, and in the 19th century there was a bass drum.
Drum sound can make the beat distinct, rough and powerful
.
The Chinese invented the timpani in the 2nd century BC
.
2. Binary system:
It is said that Fuxi invented the binary system in
3000 BC
. "Book of Changes" is one of the Five Classics. It is one of the oldest classics in my country
. It is said that the "Book of Changes" was composed of Fuxi's hexagrams, King Wen of Zhou's heavy hexagrams, and Zhou Gong's Yao (yao) poems about 3000 BC. It was revised by Confucius and became the "Book of Changes"
. Contemporary electronic computers do not use decimal but binary.
Who invented binary
? The "Yisu" in "The Book of Changes" uses binary.
In other words, it was Fuxi
who invented binary, and Fuxi was Shennong
. It is said that Shennong tasted hundreds of herbs to produce grains, and my country had primitive agriculture
. Fuxi made a great contribution to the progress of our society! The Xiannong Altar in Beijing, my country, was built to commemorate Shennong (i.e. Fuxi). It expresses the admiration of the descendants of Yan and Huang for him
.
3. Rope:
In 2800 BC, the Chinese had mastered the technology of creating hemp rope
. Our people began to use hemp fiber to make rope.
By the beginning of AD, hemp fiber had become the main rope-making material in most parts of the world. In 1775, British inventor Marcus Matthews invented the rope-making machine, ending the era of manual rope-making. Ropes have been made from man-made fibers since 1950. A Manila rope with a diameter of about 2 mm will break under a tensile force of 5512 kilograms, while a similarly thick nylon rope can withstand a tensile force of 13227 kilograms
.
4. Compass:
According to legend
In 2700 BC, Emperor Xuanyuan of China
invented the compass
. Huang Di used a compass to identify the direction in the fog and defeated Chi You
. According to historical records, the Chinese have been using compasses as early as the Warring States Period
.
"Han Feizi" written in the 3rd century BC
said that during the Warring States Period, some people already used "Sinan" (compass)
. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" of the Song Dynasty records this in more detail
. In 1090, Chinese and Arab navigators began to install compasses on their ships.
as a navigation tool
. In Europe, around the 11th century, compasses were made from magnetic needles floating on water. Around 1250, in the Mediterranean region, magnetic compasses were mounted on cards with degrees and balanced on a central rotating axis
.
In the 16th century
the compass was mounted on a flat frame and played a role on the ship
. 19th century iron ship compasses were fitted with a piece of Flinderston iron to correct for errors caused by the ship's magnetism
. Gyrocompasses for ships and aircraft made in the 20th century
According to the principle that the stable attitude of the rotation apex is related to the stars, the gyrocompass has two major advantages: it is not deflected due to proximity to metal, and both points point to true north instead of magnetic north
. In 1908, Germany made the world's first such practical instrument
. The best compass is made by the American Spory
. It was successfully tested on the ship "Dravidian" in 1910 and was soon adopted by the U.S. Navy
. In short, the compass is one of my country's four great inventions. It later spread throughout the world and made a great contribution to the development of the global navigation industry.
5. Fish farming method:
The Chinese already knew how to raise fish in 2500 BC
. At that time, our people could hatch fish eggs artificially and raise them for consumption.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, Europe and the United States only used artificial breeding of frogs and other fish
. The United Kingdom and other Western European countries now produce about 100,000 tons of freshwater fish from fish farms every year
.
6. Equatorial astronomical instrument:
In 2400 BC, the Chinese
invented the equatorial astronomical instrument
.
7. Decimal counting system:
The Chinese in
the 14th century BC
Invented the decimal notation system
. It is very important in modern science. The earliest evidence of its formal adoption by Europeans was found in a Spanish manuscript in 976 AD, while China had it as early as
The Shang Dynasty in the 14th century BC
had already adopted it
. In the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in the 13th century BC, there are instances where the Chinese recorded "547 days" in decimal.
8. Printing:
In 1324 BC, the Chinese were able to engrave seals and use ink to print on documents. Printing was the first communication media in the world. Only with it can the information be disseminated
. Printing is one of my country's four great inventions
. We Chinese have been using seals to engrave people's names or official titles since ancient times
. The seal was originally a mark of official title, but by 1324 BC, it began to be used to stamp documents; at first, it was ink, and by
5 or 6 AD
p>
The use of red ink pads did not begin until the 19th century
. Most Chinese seals are carved from soapstone, jade, bamboo and even ivory
. The Chinese believe that documents, letters and bills backed by a seal are more reliable if signed.
Among the current printed books, the oldest is the "Diamond Sutra", which was printed by the Chinese King Wang and is now an only copy.
In 868, the Chinese invented woodblock printing. The Diamond Sutra was relief printing. It is a 5.25-meter scroll printed with multiple blocks 91 centimeters long and 36 centimeters wide.
. Later it fell into the hands of the British and is now in the British Museum in London.
9. Lacquer - the world's first plastic:
The Chinese made it in the 13th century BC at the latest
/p>
The invention used paint
. The tomb of "Fu Hao" (buried in the 13th century AD) was excavated in Anyang City, Henan Province in 1976, as evidenced by her painted coffin
. Needham said: "Paint may be the oldest industrial plastic known to mankind.
"In ancient China, the organization and management of the paint industry was very structured. There were private paint workshops and national production centers.
There is a painted wooden wine cup in the Museum of Oriental Art in Paris, with carvings on it. In addition to stating that the cup was made in AD 4, the inscription also bears the names of the seven craftsmen who participated in the production and the five officials of the production center. The Chinese had views on manufacturing processes two thousand years ago; on the other hand, this cup also shows that the production at that time may have used processes like modern industrial production lines
As early as
. p>In the second century B.C.
the Chinese had discovered the important chemical properties of lacquer, discovered a way to alter its quality through the evaporation process of lacquer, and discovered how to use lacquer by putting a few crab shell, the paint will remain liquid and will not dry out
The book "Huainanzi" from 120 BC and
AD 12<. /p>
Li Shi in the 19th century all mentioned the special function of crab shells in keeping lacquer in a liquid state
Modern scientists have confirmed that there is indeed a chemical in the crustacean tissue that inhibits the activity of certain enzymes. Ingredients, one of the enzymes is the enzyme that hardens lacquer
Lacquer can remain liquid for a long time through chemical reactions, which makes this biochemical process in China an enduring industrial prototype
.
10. Bronze mirror:
About
12th century BC
Chinese
Invented the bronze mirror
. The Chinese also invented the magic mirror in the
5th century AD
; British crystallographer William Blige systematically expounded the theory of the magic mirror in 1932, about 1,500 years later than China
The magic mirror is one of the most bizarre objects in the world
. What's so wonderful about the magic mirror? There are bronze patterns - images or words, or both - on the reverse side of the magic mirror.
It is made of polished bronze and used as a mirror
Under most lighting conditions, this mirror looks like any other ordinary mirror
However. , when the magic mirror is used in bright sunlight, its reflective side can be "seen through"
By using the mirror to reflect sunlight onto a dark wall, people can see the image cast on the wall. The patterns or characters on the mirror surface can be seen
The solid bronze products become transparent. This mysterious phenomenon led the Chinese to give the magic mirror the name of light-transmitting mirror
. Bronze is opaque, but it actually makes people feel light. Why? This mystery has caused Chinese and foreign scholars to discuss it for hundreds of years. The Chinese scientist Shen Huo and the foreign scientist William Blige Sirs have expressed their opinions
. When Sir William Blige discovered this secret in 1932, he said: "It is the amplification of reflection that makes the pattern appear clearly." Joseph Needham correctly called all this "the passage of time." The first step towards mastering the expression of fine structures in metal
”
11. Umbrella:
The Chinese have been using it since 1100 BC. Umbrellas, umbrellas were already used to express identity at that time
. The ribs are made of bamboo or sandalwood, and are covered with an umbrella canopy made of leaves or feathers
.
The word "umbrella" did not appear in English until the 12th century AD
In the past, there were only parasols. It was not until 1733 that Parisians used oilcloth as an umbrella surface to make umbrellas
. In 1750, Hanwei from England brought an umbrella back to London after traveling abroad, which caused a sensation
. In 1874, Hawkes, a metal wire-drawer in the Deka area near Snowball, obtained the patent for curved steel umbrella ribs
. With these ribs, the umbrella can be tightened, and it has since become a common rain gear for British gentlemen
. In 1930, Berliner Haupt invented the telescopic umbrella. Some people in academia also say that
Chinese talents
invented the umbrella during the Three Kingdoms period in the 4th century AD
.
12. Kite:
In 1000 BC, the Chinese were the first to fly kites
. Long before history was recorded, it was said that the Chinese could fly kites
. According to legend, in the fourth century BC, the famous Chinese craftsman Lu Ban (also known as Gongshu Ban) made a kite that could fly for three days without falling. Another story tells of a general who surrounded the palace and used kites to measure the distance between the palace walls and his own troops.
Kites can be used to carry bricks to a house or to tie a fishhook to the tail of the kite for fishing
.
In 1600 AD, Eastern kites (diamond-shaped) were introduced to Europe by the Dutch.
19
Britain
Inventor Clay was inspired by kites
to invent the glider
in the 19th century. Texas actor "Captain" Cody once used a kite to drag a folding boat across the English Channel; in 1901, he continued his efforts and flew on a twin box kite, which attracted great interest from the British War Department
. Airplanes soon replaced military kites, and "Captain" Cody was killed in a crash while piloting his new biplane in 1913.
In 1970, the U.S. space program designed various "flying wings", making kites once again a toy for adults. For example, the Rogloro folding flying wing was originally designed for the safe landing of the Mercury spacecraft cabin. It was replaced by a parachute; but this folding wing turned out to be the wing of today's hang glider
. The kite flying into the sky provides the principle and inspiration for the airplane to fly into the sky
.
13. Rice wine:
In 1000 BC, the Chinese
invented rice wine
.
14. Bow and arrow:
The Chinese invented the bow and arrow in the
8th century BC
/p>
.
In 200 BC, the Chinese had
invented the crossbow
. It is mainly used for fighting and hunting. It can be fired lying down, standing up, and mounted, and is very powerful
. Italy in Europe did not use bows until the 10th century AD, which was 1,200 years later than our country.
15. Ancient robots:
770 BC to
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in 256 BC, the Chinese had already
invented The ancient robot
. In today's world, whenever we talk about robots, we always talk about Europe, America, and the East. However, did you know that we Chinese were the first to make ancient robots in the world?
The ancient robots made in our country are not only exquisite, but also have a wide range of uses. There are all kinds of robots
. There are robots that can dance, robots that can sing and play the sheng, robots that make money, robots that can catch fish... etc.
Dancing robot
. Duan Anxi of the Tang Dynasty in my country said: During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was besieged by the Xiongnu Chanyu Maodun in Pingcheng
. Chen Ping of the Han army learned that the soldiers commanded by Maodun's wife Yan were the most elite and fierce troops in the country, but Yan had a jealous character.
So Chen Ping ordered the craftsmen to make an exquisite wooden robot
. Dress up the wooden robot in beautiful clothes, dress it up, and paint its face with rouge to make it look more handsome
. Then put it on the parapet (the short wall on the city wall), turn off the engine (the starting part of the machine), and the robot will dance gracefully, gracefully and charmingly.
The Yan family saw this scene very clearly outside the city, and mistook the dancing robot for a real human beauty. She was afraid that after the city was broken, she would indulge this beautiful girl from the Central Plains and neglect herself, so she led her troops. Abandoned the city
. Only then did Pingcheng save the day.
A robot that can sing and play the sheng
.
The robots in the Tang Dynasty were more sophisticated and magical. Zhang Yuan, a Tang Dynasty native, said in "The Complete Collection of Government and Opposition": Yin Wenliang of Luozhou once served as a county magistrate (equivalent to "county chief"), with a smart personality and a fondness for drinking
. He carved a wooden robot and dressed it in clothes made of silk and satin; he made the robot a waitress
. This "waitress" is always polite when drinking wine.
A robot that makes money
. During the Tang Dynasty, a craftsman named Yang Wulian in Hangzhou, my country, developed a robot that looked like a monk. It held a copper alms bowl in its hand and could imitate the monks in alms making. When the money in the bowl was full, it would automatically collect the money
. And it will bow to the donor
. Citizens in Hangzhou rushed to invest money in this bowl to watch this wonderful performance
. It can actually earn thousands of dollars for its owner every day. It can be called an ingenious and wise way to make money.
A robot that can catch fish
. Robots in the Tang Dynasty were also used in production practice
. Liuzhou Shi Wangzhi of the Tang Dynasty developed an otter-like robot
. It can sink in the water of rivers and lakes. After catching a fish, its head will emerge from the water.
Why can it catch fish? If you put a bait in the mouth of this robot and install the starting parts, it can sink into the water by hanging it with a stone
. When the fish eats the bait, this part is activated, and the stone falls from its mouth into the water. When its mouth is closed, the fish in its mouth cannot escape, and it floats from the water to the surface< /p>
. This is the world's first robot used in production
.
In addition, in books such as "Records of Lost Relics", there are also records of ancient robots performing on the stage and holding lamps to accompany the blind.
16. Branch cultivation and precision farming methods:
In the 6th century BC
the Chinese
invented branch cultivation and fine cultivation Farming method; Europeans did not use this technology until 1731, about 2,400 years later than China.
17. Iron plow:
In the 6th century BC
the Chinese
invented the iron plow
. Europeans did not use iron plows until the 17th century, about 2,300 years later than China.
In 1050 AD, the Chinese also
invented the plow mirror and equipped the plow with a plow mirror to facilitate soil turning, thereby increasing agricultural output
. Around
around 3500 BC, farmers on the Mesopotamian plains
invented the ox-drawn plow
. The plow is an agricultural tool that began to cultivate land in the early days of mankind. The Chinese have been using ox-drawn plows with wooden bodies and stone plows since the Shang Dynasty.
In 500 BC, European farmers built an iron plow with two wheels and a plow blade (i.e. plowshare) in front of the plow
. During the Warring States Period in China, a V-shaped iron blade was put on the wooden plowshare, commonly known as the iron-mouth plow
. The plow frame has become smaller, lighter and more flexible, and the depth can be adjusted, greatly improving farming efficiency
. Europeans began to use advanced Rotherland plows, Ransom gold iron plows and seed drills in 1700.
In 1830, American immigrants began to use Deere copper plows, and other continents also began to use copper plows
. In short, the invention, application and development of the plow embodies the efforts of Chinese and other inventors in the world and demonstrates their wisdom
.
18. The Great Timber Bell:
Invented by the Chinese in
the 6th century
BC
The Europeans did not have the great tine bell until 1000 AD, about 1,600 years later than China.
19. Ever-Bright Lamp:
About
5*** BC, the Chinese
invented the Ever-Bright Lamp
. The core of the lamp is asbestos; the lamp oil is seal oil or whale oil
.
20. Abacus:
The Chinese in 550 BC
invented the abacus for calculation, and it has also been a widely used calculation tool in business since ancient times. Later it spread to all parts of the world, and was gradually replaced by modern Arabic numerals in the 12th century.
Until the 20th century, many people in the Soviet Union and the Far East still used abacus, and plastic abacus replaced wood and bamboo abacus.
At present, electronic calculators and electronic computers tend to replace abacus in the world. However, because abacus is cheap, it will take at least ten years before electronic computers can completely replace abacus in the world.
51. Sealed laboratory:
In the 1st century BC
the Chinese
invented and built a sealed laboratory
p>
.
52. Transmission belt:
In the 15th century BC
the Chinese
invented the transmission belt
. Europeans started using transmission belts in 1430, more than 1,400 years later than China.
53. Sliding surveyor:
The Chinese invented the sliding surveyor in
AD 5
p>. And more than six hundred years
. In the same year, the Chinese also
invented the decimal
. With the establishment of the decimal system in China, decimal decimals also appeared in China
.
In the inscription written by Liu Xin on a standard measuring instrument in AD 5, he mentioned a length that was accurate to 9.5 units
.
In the 3rd century AD
Liu Hui's commentary on "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" recorded a diameter of 1.355 feet
. Two outstanding mathematicians, Yang Hui and Qin Jiushao, have made great contributions to the use of decimals.
Later, the concept of decimal decimals was gradually passed from my country to the West
. In this regard, Europe is 1600 years later than China.
54. Hydraulic bellows:
In 31 AD, the Chinese
invented the hydraulic bellows
. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" records that Du Shi, the prefect of Nanyang, invented a water-powered bellows (blast and water row) for casting iron farm tools. He also commented penetratingly: It "uses less force but accomplishes more, and the people can do it
."
Later
Inventor Du Yu made a lot of improvements to this kind of bellows, and the wind blower was passed down from generation to generation and spread more and more widely throughout China
. Europe did not begin to use blast water drainage until the 13th century AD, which was 1,200 years later than China.
In the process of large-scale industrial processing, the Chinese's pioneering use of water conservancy was one of the most significant breakthroughs in energy supply before modern society
. It was one of the major steps towards the Industrial Revolution
.
55. Keel waterwheel:
In 80 AD, the Chinese
invented the keel waterwheel; and the first square-leaf keel waterwheel in Europe The car was made in the 16th century. It was directly modeled on Chinese designs, about 1,500 years later than China.
56. Stern rudder:
In the 1st century AD
the stern rudder was invented; and in the West
< p> The rudder appeared on the church carvings in 1180 AD, about 1,100 years later than China.
57. Porcelain:
The Chinese invented porcelain in the
1st
century
p>
. People in the Western Jin Dynasty used kaolin, feldspar and quartz as raw materials to make white and fine eating utensils
. Porcelain did not appear in the West until the 18th century, which was about 1,700 years later than China.
58. Seismograph:
In 132 AD, Chinese Zhang Heng
invented the earthquake detector - the seismograph
. Zhang Heng was an imperial astronomer during the Eastern Han Dynasty. He wrote many books, one of which was "The Armillary Sphere"
. He once imagined that the earth was a ball in infinite space with nine continents
. In China, he was the first to introduce the geographical intersection network of longitude and latitude lines
. At this time, Zhang Heng also invented the armillary sphere
. The armillary sphere shows the relative positions of the major planets in the universe, and the seismograph is very sophisticated in predicting areas where earthquakes will occur.
The foreigner de la Hautefouye designed the first modern seismograph in 1703.
This is 1571 years later than the ancient seismograph invented by Zhang Heng
.
59. Tear gas:
In the 2nd century AD
the Chinese
invented tear gas
.
60. The watertight compartment in the ship:
The Chinese invented it in the
second
century
Watertight compartment in ship
. At least since the
2nd century AD
no matter how big a hole is in the hull of a traditional Chinese ship, the ship will not sink
. What kind of stunt produces such good results? This is the result of the Chinese using the bulkhead principle to build ship hulls
. The bulkhead is also called the bulkhead. It is a vertical partition that divides the bottom tank of the ship into several watertight partitions
. A typical medium-sized ship has 16 watertight compartments. Once an unexpected situation occurs and one compartment is flooded, the other compartments will not be flooded because the watertight compartments are separated from each other and sealed. Therefore, the ship It is unsinkable
.
The Chinese shipbuilding skills were spread from China to Europe by Sir Kemuir Bentham.
Marco Polo also wrote an article in 1295 introducing the above-mentioned Chinese shipbuilding technology
. However, European shipbuilders and sailors were so conservative that it took 500 years for the watertight cabin principle to reach the West before it was generally adopted.
The Chinese were inspired to create the bulkhead theory by observing the structure of bamboo poles.
The construction of the bulkheads obviously provided many strong crossbars for the hull, which could withstand the weight of the masts. This was the key to the variety of masts used on ships at that time.
In the Middle Ages, this not only surprised Westerners, but also prompted the emergence of a variety of masts on European ships.
61. Balanced square sail:
The Chinese in the 2nd century AD
invented the balanced square sail
. At this time, China already had longitudinal sail rigs using square sails
.
AD 2
The "Nanzhou Foreign Objects" written by Wan Zhen in the 2nd century has clearly recorded the use of this sailboat
. For example, some ships carry 700 people and 200 tons of cargo, which is really amazing! At this time, China already had four-mast ships
.
62. Quantitative cartography:
The famous inventor Zhang Heng in ancient China
AD 2
century
The quantitative cartography method was invented, thus taking the science of cartography a big step forward
.
Zhang Heng was the first to apply the rectangular grid coordinate method to maps, so that a more scientific method can be used to calculate and study methods, distances and journeys
. His book "Network Theory" clearly contains the basic principles of accurate use of map coordinates
. Zhang Heng's rectangular network coordinates were successfully used to reduce the size of maps, in a technique similar to photographic miniature technology
. Throughout history, the availability of accurate maps is a key factor in political and military victory; from this we can see how significant the Chinese invention of quantitative cartography is! However, maps of considerable value did not appear in the West until the 15th century, which was about 1,300 years after Zhang Heng invented quantitative cartography.
63. Spinning wheel:
The Chinese invented the spinning wheel in
AD 121
; and the West arrived
< p> The spinning wheel was not used until 1280 AD, more than 1,100 years later than China.
64. Pure sulfur refining method:
The Chinese invented it in the
second century
AD
Pure sulfur extraction method
. This matter was mentioned in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica"
. Before the 11th century AD, the way to obtain pure sulfur was to roast pyrite and collect sulfur crystals by sublimation. Because sulfur and saltpeter are both important raw materials for making gunpowder, the emperor issued an imperial edict in 1067 prohibiting the sale of sulfur and saltpeter to foreigners, and also prohibited the private trade of this mineral product
. During this period, the famous Chinese doctor Zhang Zhongjing also invented the treatment method for nutritional deficiencies in 200 AD.
Zhang Zhongjing gave a vivid description of nutritional deficiencies in his book "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" and proposed dietary therapy. The vitamin-rich foods he recommended are indeed effective in treating nutritional deficiencies after eating them
. Later, in his "Essentials of Drinking and Dieting", nutritionist Wu Sise explained in detail how to treat beriberi due to lack of vitamin B.
He proposed that one of the methods to treat "wet athlete's foot" is to "wash purslane, take juice and make soup with japonica rice, and take it on an empty stomach." He also prescribed a prescription for "dry athlete's foot"< /p>
. However, it was not until the end of the 19th century that Western medical staff realized the methods for deficiencies such as athlete's foot. It can be seen from this that the Chinese people
invented treatments for nutritional deficiencies that were about 1,700 years ahead of the West
.