Guo Liqun
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430073)
Huizhou ancient dwellings listed in the World Cultural Heritage List, especially Xidi and Hongcun, ancient villages in southern Anhui, are not only in shape and decoration, but also in the ring.
Both landscape design and master plan show China's long-standing traditional culture, and the humanity and ecology embodied in its architectural art.
Its unique aesthetic value not only left a valuable world cultural heritage for future generations, but also has important reference significance for modern architectural design.
Meaning: First, the building is magnificent, spectacular, safe and practical; Second, the humanistic color and decorative beauty of the building; Thirdly, the garden artistic conception of architectural environment design; The fourth is
Application of bionics in architectural planning.
Keywords: Huizhou ancient dwellings; Architectural art; Decorative culture; bionics
China Library Classification Number: TU-8 Document Identification Number: A
Date of receipt: 2003024
About the author: Guo Liqun (1968), female, from Zhongxiang, Hubei, lecturer, studying for a master's degree. Research direction: environmental art design and its theory.
It is called "the ancient oriental country" by experts and tourists at home and abroad.
Emblems of "Treasure House of Architectural Art" and "Miniature of China Traditional Culture"
No matter in shape, layout, furnishings, decoration,
They all show strong China characteristics and heavy traditional China culture.
Inside information. Yi county, located in the south of Anhui, has just been included in the World Cultural Heritage List.
Xidi and Hongcun [1], "people in the Peach Blossom Garden", are both Huizhou schools.
An outstanding masterpiece of ancient residential architecture. However, the construction of Huizhou ancient residential buildings
Architectural art not only left a valuable cultural heritage,
It is also an inspiration for modern architects to practice.
Architectural classics for reference and innovation.
1 Architectural modeling not only highlights the graceful figure.
Beautiful and generous, and pay attention to safety and practicality.
Huizhou ancient dwellings, whether Hongcun dwellings built in the Southern Song Dynasty,
It is also a folk house in Xidi Village, which flourished in the Ming Dynasty and was inherited and carried forward.
The unique style of ancient architecture in China is different from that in the west.
Looking at the building materials, the ancient houses of Huizhou School adopted the Neolithic Age.
It is necessary to gradually form a wall with civil structure as the main body and brick soil and masonry.
Auxiliary civil structure building system. This is mainly because of the classic wood.
Economical and practical, convenient for construction, light in shape and easy to receive good results.
From the architectural form, a considerable number of Huizhou ancient dwellings are
The pavilion-style architecture improved China's works popular in the north before the Song Dynasty.
The font pattern and plane layout are courtyard grids with depth space.
Bureau. Its appearance is all white walls and blue tiles. Seen from a distance, it looks like a hard mountain.
High "horse head wall", simple and simple roof, long hissing head, sandwiched in the alley.
Up, gray and magnificent. The gray of the horse head wall
It was originally because feudal society prohibited the use of all kinds of houses.
A resplendent color decoration, but this single gray.
Color composition, not only in the green mountains, will produce a kind of.
The pleasant effect of peace and tranquility, and after a long time in the sun,
After wind erosion and rain erosion, it will add more layers and thickness to the wall.
The aesthetic content of the sense of history is more peculiar. See figure 1, 2.
Figure 1 Hongcun Ancient Dwellings
F ig。 Hongcun Ancient Dwellings 1
Figure 2 Xidi Ancient Dwellings
F ig。 2 Xidi ancient dwellings
Huizhou ancient dwellings are generally divided into two parts: houses and accessories.
Each has its own uses. Large ancient houses generally have front and back halls.
There are bedrooms on both sides of the hall, and there are compartments between the bedrooms on both sides of the front and rear halls.
The houses are connected. This typical four-bedroom pattern, although reflecting a
The concept of self-sealing, but compared with the vestibule before and after the Song Dynasty
I-shaped houses connected by corridors are more spectacular, practical and beautiful.
Safety, especially the setting of horse head wall in Huizhou ancient dwellings, is the right of the ancients.
The artistic modeling treatment of piled walls not only has the functions of fire prevention and theft prevention, but also
Journal of Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology Vol.25 No.3
September 2003. Chemistry. Technology. September 2003
Security, and unique, shows the superb craftsmanship in ancient China.
Architectural skills.
Indoor and outdoor decoration not only contains distinctive humanistic colors.
Color also pursues unique aesthetic value.
The interior and exterior decoration of Huizhou ancient dwellings is the richest ancient culture and
Appreciate value. In many houses, from outside to inside, from the ground.
To the roof, from doors and windows to the arch shed, there are stone carvings, brick carvings, wood carvings and colored paintings.
Painting, painting scrolls and couplets are integrated into one, integrating humanities and aesthetics.
In a series of decorations of Huizhou ancient dwellings, leakage is the main form.
Stone carvings, brick carvings on windows and doorways, and many wood carvings in the hall.
It is the most exquisite (Figure 3). "Three Carvings" (stone carving, brick carving and wood carving) are the representatives.
The architectural style of Huizhou ancient dwellings greatly enriched the decorative beauty.
The research content of this paper makes Huizhou ancient dwellings unique among China ancient dwellings.
Unique. One of the humanistic colors and aesthetic values of Huizhou ancient residential decoration
Style, originated from China ancient culture and decorative arts (including decorative design
Design and decoration skills). Look at it as a whole and appreciate it as a whole.
Integration mainly includes the following aspects and features:
Figure 3 Stone Carving of Door Cover
F ig。 3-door stone carving
First of all, the concepts of dragon and phoenix culture and decorative arts are highly unified.
The dragon and phoenix are symbols of the Chinese nation, so it has an indissoluble bond with China culture.
An indissoluble bond, but in the decorative art of Huizhou ancient dwellings, it is even more inexhaustible.
Quite a perfect embodiment, such as the double real dragons on the wall of the ancient house.
The circular stone carving with patterns leaks windows, and its dragon-shaped lines are smooth and similar.
"Full of energy". The most typical one is the door cover of "Fu Ying Hall" in Xidi Village.
"Dragon Head and Phoenix Tail" brick carving, with a dragon playing in the water on the left and a dragon on the right.
It's a phoenix dragging its tail. It's really lively and interesting.
The meaning of "Xiang" is amazing, and its skill is called cleverness.
According to legend, this sculpture has placed its owner's expectation of "good beginning and good end".
Second, the cultural spirit and decorative art of combining rigidity with softness.
Machine combination. For example, there are both light and floating statues in the sculpture of ancient residential columns.
Clouds, surging waves, the rising sun in Ran Ran,
There are also white cranes flying with wings, which constitute the overall artistic conception.
A cultural picture that combines rigidity with softness reflects subtlety and profundity.
The outstanding characteristics of China culture combining rigidity with softness.
Third, the intersection of people-oriented cultural genes and decorative arts.
Rongruhong Village is known as the "Folk Forbidden City"-the hall door of Chengzhi Hall.
The woodcarving of "Hundred Immortals Passing the Lantern Festival" on the wall shows the innocent life of 100 children.
Splash, colorful, different shapes, some are playing with dragon lanterns, some are playing with lions, and some are stepping on lions.
Dry boat, some burning firecrackers? Show a vivid picture.
Such as life, festive scenes. It not only embodies the "people-oriented"
The cultural spirit of "heart" and the traditional concept of "more children and more happiness" are also being valued.
I am very satisfied with the career and beauty that people all want.
Full of the same psychology that life can be passed down from generation to generation. In Xidi village, ancient people
Yu Xiang, a stone carving artist, lives in the "West Garden" of the courtyard and uses ancient porcelain.
The two "four gentlemen" carved by full carving techniques are pine, stone, bamboo and plum.
Leaking windows, eight floors, the image of both form and spirit is hidden.
It contains the cultural meaning of "centering on people's ethical and moral cultivation" and
Taste entrusts the master's noble moral realm and ideal personality.
Pursuit, so it was evaluated by experts as the most wonderful ancient stone carvings in China.
Unparalleled works that reward value.
Fourthly, the compatibility between feudal ethics and decorative arts.
For example, generally speaking, there are large ancient houses above the vestibule.
Woodcarving arch shed above the floor, on the arch shed in the front hall of Chengzhi Hall, and
Rare wood carving sheds in China, such as "double lions playing upside down".
The arch shed design of the floor objectively breaks the oneness of the building.
The flat-top modeling mode enhances the aesthetic feeling of residential form and satisfies the lobby.
The need for deep lighting, but its original intention is mainly to
In order to prevent the woman upstairs from approaching the railing above the main hall, she is not allowed.
The male guests who came to visit found that in feudal society, large families
The front hall is a place for men to move, upstairs and back hall.
It's a world where women move. When men walk in the front hall, women
Must be avoided. It can be seen that the decorative art of Huizhou ancient dwellings.
Obviously, it was influenced by the feudal ethical thought of "men are superior to women"
For this ancient architecture art mixed with historical and cultural dross,
Nature should hold an analytical and critical attitude.
3. Carefully create "harmony between man and nature" in environmental design.
Artistic conception, deliberately embodies the artistic conception of the garden.
The artistic conception of "harmony between man and nature", like a garden, is the ancient Huizhou school.
Characteristics and goals deliberately pursued in residential environment design.
"One" is about the relationship between man and nature in China's philosophy.
The view of relationship. The ancients believed that the relationship between man and nature was originally
The harmonious and unified relationship emphasizes that natural changes precede germination.
Guide, pay attention to the adaptation after natural changes, so as to make the sky not
Violate people, people don't go against the sky, and heaven and man are one.
It is influenced by his thoughts that he pays attention to the relationship between nature and people.
Adjust requirements to design, build and beautify their living environment, and
Pay attention to create the artistic conception of "harmony between man and nature", reflect the garden sentiment, and achieve
Conducive to their physical and mental health, improve the quality of life and taste.
Most ancient houses in Huizhou have "patios". The patio is
The space between four or three rooms and the fence.
The ground is named "patio" because of its good shape and open air.
Setting, from the perspective of feng shui concept, can make rain and dew fall from the sky.
Guo Liqun, No.3: Enlightenment of Huizhou Ancient Dwellings Architectural Art to Modern Design 33
Qi gathered in the yard from all directions and then flowed into the house.
Waterway, the ancients called "four waters return to the hall" [2]; Explain from the architectural point of view,
The patio is a high and closed wall of the house.
The openings for lighting, air intake and air exchange can make people stay indoors.
You can see blue sky and white clouds. The setting of the patio cleverly reflects
Unique artistic conception of "harmony between man and nature"
Courtyard is an important part of Huizhou ancient residential buildings.
It has obvious garden and ecological characteristics. Generally speaking, small courtyards,
Most of them imitate gardens, blue slabs on the ground, or different colors.
Colored pebbles are paved with various exquisite patterns, with large area and many layers.
Higher courtyards are equipped with rockeries, fish ponds, flower beds, bonsai and plants.
Plant all kinds of flowers and trees, and make leaking windows on the courtyard wall to ventilate and borrow scenery to dig the ground.
Build a pool to introduce water into the hospital. There is water flowing in the yard all year round.
Fish often swim, flowers often bloom, and fragrance often floats, which makes people feel at once.
The feeling of surprise is pleasing to the eye, and I am intoxicated with the strong garden atmosphere.
Never forget to return.
The overall planning follows the principle of adapting measures to local conditions,
Pay attention to the application of bionics
Yixian, praised by artists as "the country in Chinese painting"
Hongcun, as early as15th century, people have applied bionics to villages.
In terms of design and architecture, the ancients believed that Hongcun's geographical feng shui shape.
The situation is a lying cow, so the overall planning of the village is based on the "cow"
Form ". They dug a natural spring in the village.
Half-moon-shaped moon pool as "cow's stomach"; Dig a road more than 400 meters long.
As a "beef intestine", "beef intestine" was introduced from the west of Cunxi River.
Water, from south to east, forms nine bends and eighteen bends, running through "Niuwei" and
Four wooden bridges were built on the Xiyushan River as "cow feet". This is very convenient.
Formed a "mountain is a cow's head, a tree is a horn, a house is a cow's body, and a bridge is a foot."
Niuxing village Seen from a height, the whole village looks like a leisurely village.
Figure 4 Scenery of Hongcun River System
F ig。 The appearance of Hongcun water network
The green cow leans on the stream in front of the mountain [2]. "Niuxing Village" is unique.
The design of the water system not only solves the problem of fire water use in Hongcun, but also
Residents' production water provides convenience for residents' life and creates water.
A kind of "there is a clear spring in front of every household" is beneficial and has adjustments.
It saves the temperature, greatly beautifies the environment, and gives people a real source.
The feeling of returning to nature from nature (see Figure 4). The shape of this cow
The ecological ox-shaped village building developed by water system has been recognized by China people.
Understanding and transforming the masterpieces of nature. It shows the splendid ancient China.
Civilization has left a rich historical and scientific legacy to future generations.
It has extremely important reference significance for modern architectural design.
References:
[1] Yu Zhihuai, Yu Jihai. Xidihong Village in yi county is an ancient village in southern Anhui.
[M]。 Guangzhou: Guangdong Tourism Publishing House, 200 1. 2 3.
[2] Yu Zhihuai. People in the Peach Blossom Garden [M]. Hefei: Huangshan Bookstore,
2002.3 1 32, 64 65.