Huizhou is rich in precipitation. Houses are Huizhou architecture, with "patios and courtyards". The roof of the patio is always inclined to its own courtyard, and rainwater flows in from the eaves on all sides. In the courtyard, it is called "four waters return to the hall" in order to prevent money from flowing out.
The gatehouse has double eaves and cornices, and patios are opened at each entrance, which is well ventilated and rainwater flows into the sewer. There is a partition between the entrances and a firewall (horse head wall) around it, which looks like an old castle from a distance. Generally speaking, when a family plunges in, the middle door is closed and each family lives alone. The middle door opened, and a gate came in and out to pay homage to the ancestors. The climate in Huizhou mountainous area is humid, and people regard upstairs as the main habitat of daily life, retaining the legacy of "nesting" by indigenous Shanyue people. The upstairs hall is generally spacious, with a hall, bedroom and wing, and a "beauty chair" by the patio.
Living in the North: If the terrain is not special, the best orientation of the house is to sit north and face south, but most houses built in Huizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties face north. It turns out that there are many taboos in the living habits of ancient Hui people. It was popular in the Han Dynasty that "merchants should not be in the south, and households should not be in the north". The reason is that according to the five elements, business belongs to gold and the south belongs to fire, which is unlucky; It is unlucky to levy fire. The north belongs to water, and water can kill fire. Huizhou merchants flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Once they made a fortune, they went back to their hometown to build a house. For the sake of luck, the gate never faces south, and all the houses face north. Up to now, there are still tens of thousands of ancient houses facing north in Huizhou.
Houses: The houses in Huizhou are all deep, with a vestibule at the entrance, a patio in the middle and a living hall at the back. The hall is separated from the back hall by a middle door, and the back hall has two bedrooms. There is an uphill wall behind the hall with a patio and wings on both sides. This is the first entrance. The structure of the second entrance is still a ridge divided into two halls, two days before and after the well, with partition, four rooms and two halls. Memorial archway is the highest honor symbol in feudal society, which is used to flaunt merits and promote feudal etiquette. There are many archways in Shexian County, which has a long-term relationship with the development and rise of Huizhou merchants and the origin and influence of Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng. Ancient Huizhou people who took Confucianism as the main content of their spiritual world, the natural condition of insufficient cultivated land became the main driving force for them to expand their living space. Shexian people have left their homes and gone out to do business, and their footprints are all over the world. Going out is as short as three years and five years, and as long as several decades. In order to take care of Gaotang's parents, it is generally necessary to get married before going. If you can't make a fortune doing business outside, you will be ashamed to meet your elders in your hometown. Businessmen have made a fortune, and their money is prominent. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huizhou merchants reached their peak, and there was a grand occasion without Huizhou merchants, whose financial resources affected the lifeline of the national economy for more than 300 years. Of course, the imperial court showed great favor to Huizhou merchants, so Huizhou merchants entered a benign development track of attaching importance to commerce, taking literature as an official and protecting them with officials. Huizhou merchants who traveled all over the world, in order to honor their ancestors, asked the emperor to allow them to return to their hometowns, repair memorial archways, and make meritorious deeds, longevity and chastity monuments, which will last forever. There are many Ming and Qing memorial archways in Huangshan City. The famous ones are Shexian Paifang Group, Shexian Xidihu Paifang and Shexian Shifang.
The archway evolved from Lingxingmen. It turned out to be, but xing. Emperor gaozu stipulated: sacrifice the spirit star first every day. In the sixth year of Song Renzong Tiansheng (1028), the outer wall of suburban platform (a building dedicated to heaven and earth) was built and the Lingxing Gate was set up. Move back to the Confucius Temple and pay homage to Confucius. Later, people thought that the sacrifice of spiritual stars in the Han Dynasty was to pray for a bumper harvest, and it had nothing to do with the Confucius Temple. See also Changing a Spirit Star to a Star. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties (Southern Song Dynasty), especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this kind of building was not only placed in the altars and Confucius temples in the suburbs, but also built in front of temples, tombs, ancestral temples, offices and gardens, or in front of streets, back streets and intersections. It is also used not only to worship heaven and Confucius, but also to praise merit, good manners and virtues, etc. Therefore, the Lingxingmen not only became the Lingxingmen, but also became the memorial archway. As far as its construction intention is concerned, archways can be divided into three categories: one is the sign square; The second category is Gongdefang; The three categories mark the achievements of the imperial examination. Huizhou Three Carvings refers to three folk carving techniques with Huizhou style in ancient Huizhou, namely wood carving, stone carving and brick carving. The three sculptures have a long history, exquisite skills, handed down from generation to generation, complete technological process, and enjoy a high reputation at home and abroad, and have been included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
The contents of Huizhou Three Sculptures mainly include folk customs, operas, flowers and birds, animals, dragons, lions and red deer, scenic spots, folk customs, fishing and firewood farming, Eight Immortals of Light and Dark, and Bo Gu Jitu. Its carving techniques are generally relief, mixed with through carving, round carving, line carving and other techniques.
Because of the different materials, tools and techniques, the production procedures of Huizhou three sculptures are also different. For example, the production procedures of brick carving include brick repairing, lofting, blank making, thinning, polishing and repairing. Traditional tools mainly include carbon rods, chisels, brick planers, crowbars, mallets, grindstones, emery cloths, bow saws, brown brushes, drag drills and so on. The production procedures of woodcarving include taking materials, lofting, rough machining, rough machining, polishing, wiping oil, painting and so on. Traditional tools mainly include hatchet, hardwood hammer, chisel, carving knife, wire saw, grindstone and emery cloth. The production procedure of stone carving includes stone processing, drawing, cleaning, rough machining, hollowing out and fine grinding. Traditional tools mainly include chisel, wedge, chisel, carving knife, hammer, axe, chopping axe, hammer, chop, grinding head and so on.
The representative works of Huizhou's three sculptures are yi county City Hall and Woodcarving Building, especially the carved beam woodcarving "Hundred Immortals Making Lantern Festival" in the City Hall; The stone carvings are the "Songshi" and "Zhu Mei" sister stone carvings of Tang Yue Paifang Group in Shexian County and Xidi in yi county, especially the sister stone carvings are leaking windows, one on the left and one on the right, one on one, reaching the artistic perfection of poetry without words and pictures; Brick carving is a large-scale brick carving of the "500-Li Huangshan Map" in Tunxi Riverside Corridor. It is an unparalleled masterpiece in terms of many scenic spots, large frame area, diverse perspectives and exquisite carving techniques. Huizhou three sculptures are closely coordinated with the whole building, and their layout, ingenious structure, beautiful decoration, exquisite construction and profound connotation are amazing. Whether wood carving, brick carving or stone carving, relief, general carving, round carving, line carving and other techniques are used together, from which we can see the inheritance of architectural decoration carving art in China since the Han and Tang Dynasties, and also reflect the influence of other artistic styles in Huizhou culture, such as Xin 'an Painting School, Huizhou Printmaking, Huizhou Seal Carving, Huizhou Ink Painting, Huizhou Seal Carving and so on. The name of Huian ancient road. Huizhou Fucheng to Anqing Fucheng. The whole journey is 2 10 km.
The name of Huichang ancient road. From Huizhou Ancient City to Changhua County, Zhejiang Province. Yucheng is 62 kilometers from Yulingguan. This ancient road was converted into an expressway at 1932. (The picture on the right shows the scenery around the famous Gangtou Yuliang Dam. )
The name of huifu ancient road. From Fucheng in Huizhou to Fuliang County in Jiangxi Province. The whole journey is 200 kilometers. Most sections of this road are used by Zhang Ci Expressway.
The name of Huijing Ancient Road. Huizhou Fucheng to Jingxian County. The whole journey is 94 kilometers. The 30-kilometer section is flat, with a width of 6 to 9 feet, and is used to build the Zhang Ci Expressway.
Huikai ancient road name. From Huizhou Fucheng to Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province. Tunxi-Hua Kai section is a stone pavement, which is now mostly used for Wutun Highway construction.
The name of Huining ancient road from Fucheng of Huizhou to Ningguo County. In ancient times, there was a post station on this road, which was one of the official roads for officials to travel to and from Huizhou. This road is now used by Zhang Ci Expressway.
The name of Huiqing ancient road. Huizhou Fucheng to Qingyang County. This road is mostly a stone road with a smooth surface and a width of 3 to 6 feet.
The name of Wu Huigu Dao. Huizhou Fucheng to Wuyuan County. Most of the local products such as tea in the southwest of Xiuning are also transported to Tunxi for exchange.
Huizhou-Raozhou Ancient Road was built in the Tang Dynasty, with a total length of about15km. Due to disrepair, it has not been fully developed, and there are many cliffs and beautiful natural scenery along the way, which is suitable for the crossing experience of junior outdoor enthusiasts.
The name of the first pass in Jiangnan. Also known as Xiaoyao Rock. It is the only way from ancient Huizhou to Hangzhou, located in the east of Fuling Township, Jixi County. It is 424 meters above sea level. . Guan Ming was taken by Ming Hu Zongxian. Names of regional gardens in Huizhou gardens. Huizhou gardens are built for leisure, cultural entertainment and daily life, and have been documented since the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Jixi Xurungou Leshan Academy built small buildings such as Tianyue Pavilion and South Tower, which were often visited by people. There is a pool pavilion in the broken garden of Zhu Garden, and Zhu once wrote a poem entitled Fangtang Shadow, Whale and Carp Scenery. From the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, there were many private gardens in Huizhou, among which the famous ones were Leshan Academy in Song Jixi, Zhu Shi Garden in Beiyuan, Zui Garden in Shexian, Xianyuelou, Wushi Garden Pavilion in Xiuning, Zhuye Garden Pavilion in Shoucun, Dongye Mountain House, Wuyuan Wushi Garden Pavilion in Huangyuan, Zhao Shi Garden Pavilion in Long Yuan and Peiyun Garden in Ganxian. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xiuning had Linquan Yuefeng Pavilion, Zuijing Hall, Yuetan Bamboo Stone Garden Pavilion and Qiu Jiang Diaoyue Building. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huizhou merchants invested a lot of money in garden construction, which made Huizhou gardens extremely prosperous. The private garden on the right side of Laowuge in Xixinan Village, Huizhou District, with an area of only over 400 square meters, is extremely well built and is full of flowers and trees. On the left is a pond called Yutang, where lotus flowers are raised and fish are released for people to watch and fish. There are green pavilions and pavilions in Chi Pan, and ancient houses are arched in ponds and gardens, with fresh and comfortable artistic conception. There are eight famous gardens in Yansi Town: Miluo Garden, Vegetable Garden, tan shan Garden, Xishu Garden, Huixin Garden, Maolin Bamboo Garden, Xiangxuewo Garden and Fangshi Garden. Shuikou village was originally built for geomantic omen. Through human management, buildings, platforms, pavilions, pavilions, towers and bridges are looming among trees, becoming places for ordinary villagers to rest and entertain, which is the earliest form of parks in China.
The name of the submerged nozzle. Located in Qiankou Village, Huizhou District, Huangshan City. Xiazifeng is the starting point of the south side of Huangshan Mountain and is known as the first peak of Huangshan Mountain. This peak is located in the south of Qiankou Village, and the stream at the foot of the mountain passes through it. Shiban Avenue leads directly to the village center, and the Shuikou is here. Xia Zifeng is less than 50 meters high and surrounded by mountains. There are dense ancient trees on the top of the mountain, mainly Xiangshan and Maple. Bauhinia is planted on both sides of the stone road. Guanyin temple was originally built in a ravine, and the Guanyin statue flowed out of the spring water, which was sweet and cool. In addition to the main hall, the temple also has an attached room for monks to live in. The ground in the yard is paved with slate. Along the stream, across the bridge, you will see the Lingguan Hall. The stone steps detour up and there is a pavilion.
Tansong Shuikoulin, located in Qi Hong Township, Qimen County, Huangshan City, is one of the largest existing ancient Shuikoulin in Anhui Province, with an area of 1.40 mu, which is like a green barrier, sheltering Tansong Village from generation to generation. 20 10 July, Tansong Shuikou Forest was listed as "Top 100 Photographic Attractions" by Huangshan City.