Chinese name banyan tree
English famous banyan tree
Alias banyan, mature tree and banyan beard.
morphological character
Chinese fir is an evergreen tree with a height of 20-25m and active roots. Leaves leathery, oval, ovoid or obovate, 4 4- 10/0cm long and 2-4cm wide. Inflorescence receptacle born singly or in pairs in leaf axils, oblate-ovoid, 5- 10 mm in diameter, milky white, yellow or reddish when mature; Gall flowers and female flowers are born in the same receptacle.
Habitat distribution
Growing on the edge of the village or in the mountains. Distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan Province, southern Zhejiang, Yunnan and Guizhou. India, Myanmar and Malaysia also have it.
use
Can be used as a street tree. Bark fiber can be used to make fishing nets and artificial cotton. Roots, bark and leaf buds are used as antipyretic drugs.
Ficus, a plant of Ficus in Moraceae, is used as medicine with leaves and air roots (Ficus fibrous). It can be collected and dried all year round.
Traditional Chinese medicine characteristics
Sexual taste orientation
Leaves: slightly bitter, astringent and cool.
Qigen: slightly bitter, astringent and cold.
Functional indication
Leaves: clearing away heat, relieving exterior syndrome and eliminating dampness. Used for influenza, malaria, bronchitis, acute enteritis, bacillary dysentery and whooping cough.
Qi root: sweating, clearing heat and penetrating rash. Can be used for treating common cold, high fever, tonsillitis, rheumatic bone pain, and traumatic injury.
dosage
Leaves 3 ~ 5 yuan, air root 0.5 ~ 1.
draw
National compilation of Chinese herbal medicines
The largest tree in the world-the banyan tree.
The scientific name of Ficus (Ficus L.F.), Moraceae, evergreen tree. Banyan trees can be divided into green trees, banyan pile bonsai and banyan melon (sweet potato banyan, ginseng banyan) bonsai according to their uses. Because of the well-developed roots of banyan, the roots often swell and protrude from the ground, and because of her unique shape, Zhangzhou people have a special liking for banyan. Using plant physiology to cultivate Ficus microcarpa scientifically can make the roots of Ficus microcarpa grow rapidly, control the growth height of its branches, and cultivate bonsai with different specifications, styles and shapes. It has a cultivation method combining natural carving with artistic processing. It promoted the ornamental value of banyan bonsai and became another unique flower in Zhangzhou after daffodils. From the smallest 50 grams of miniature banyan trees to 2000 grams of bonsai with different specifications. The natural shape, exposed roots, beautiful crown and unique charm of the ginseng banyan tree are interesting and refreshing to watch. Suitable for families, offices and public places. In recent years, it is popular in Europe, America, Japan, South Korea and other countries and regions, and is favored by consumers. Is the company's main export products, occupying a large share of the bonsai market, is a high-grade fashion flowers.
Ficus is the general name of Ficus in Moraceae. There are more than 800 species in the world, mainly distributed in tropical areas, especially in tropical rain forests. There are about 100 species of Ficus plants in China, including 67 species in Yunnan and 44 species in Xishuangbanna, accounting for 44.9% of the total number of known Ficus plants in China and 5.5% in the world.
Ficus is one of the largest woody tree species in tropical flora, which has many important characteristics of tropical rain forest, such as plate root, column root, strangulation and old stem fruiting. Among the 44 species of banyan trees growing in Xishuangbanna, 65,438+07 species have big roots, and 26 species can form various air roots or column roots. Strangulation is a unique phenomenon of banyan trees in tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia. Single forest is a special tropical rainforest landscape formed by some banyan trees transformed into thick columns of independent trees after a long period of strangulation.
Ficus is an important source of wild food; Banyan trees used as vegetables in Xishuangbanna mainly include Ficus carica, Ficus pumila, Ficus macrocarpa, Ficus altissima, Ficus polycarpa, Ficus xanthophylla and so on. Woody wild vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, cellulose and picrin, which are helpful for human digestion. Dai people generally believe that eating the tender branches and leaves of woody plants can make people healthy and live longer, and can also keep their posture light for girls. It is also an important national medicinal plant. Among banyan trees, 9 species are commonly used to treat many diseases, including roots, bark, leaves and pulp.
Among Ficus plants, there are 17 species with board roots, 26 species with aerial roots or columnar roots, 8 species with flowering and fruiting of old stems, and 24 species with epiphytes at seedling stage. Among them, 2 1 species develop into trees or bridge trees by strangling plants, thus forming a single tree forest. These special ecological phenomena constitute the garden landscape. Many banyan trees, with spreading crown and shady shade, have always been traditional garden plants, such as high banyan, bodhi, weeping banyan and banyan. Some Ficus plants have become important ornamental trees in gardens, and cultivated horticultural varieties with different leaf colors and shapes. There are more than ten varieties of Ficus pendula and Ficus microcarpa.
There are many kinds of banyan trees with roots, flowering old stems, hanging gardens and strangulation, and the landscape is strange and magnificent, which embodies the important characteristics of tropical rain forests; And some species are regarded as gods (dragon) trees and Buddha trees by local ethnic groups, forming a unique national banyan culture. The park covers an area of about 15 mu and nearly 103 species of Ficus have been collected. The landscape and rich scientific connotation of Ficus altissima, Ficus pendula, Ficus obtusifolia and Ficus papaya in the park make the park an ecological park close to the appearance of natural forest, giving people a strange and beautiful enjoyment.
Cinnamomum camphora, also known as camphor tree and camphor tree, is one of the four famous trees in the south of the Yangtze River.
Cinnamomum camphora is a subtropical tree species, mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River, and it is an evergreen tall tree of Catalpa in Lauraceae. Flowers in early summer, yellow-green, panicle, broad crown, lush foliage, shady everywhere, magnificent momentum, is an excellent street tree and shade tree. Cinnamomum camphora has the characteristics of temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and insect repellent because of its special aroma and volatile oil. It is an ideal material for making expensive furniture, high-grade buildings, shipbuilding and sculpture. Camphor for daily use is a white crystal extracted from the roots, stems, branches and leaves of camphor tree. It is colorless and transparent, and has a cool fragrance. Used for moth prevention, and also widely used in medicine and chemical industry.
In the folk, people often regard Cinnamomum camphora as a landscape tree and a geomantic tree, which means avoiding evil spirits, longevity and good luck. Cinnamomum camphora is favored by the majority of urban and rural residents, and it has been selected as a "city tree" in cities such as Hangzhou, Yiwu and Maanshan.
Cinnamomum camphora is very distinctive, its bark is rough, but its texture is very uniform, and there has never been mottled poplar or tumor of willow. The branch is divided into two and two into four. They won't cut corners or gild the lily. The crown is spherical in shape, drawing a beautiful curve in the sky. Zhangshu is the calligraphy of Dongpo, Su Like. Round and continuous, handsome and elegant, but quite satisfactory. If it is a hillside full of camphor trees, it is simply a peerless monument of Su Dongpo. Therefore, people who study art like to use camphor tree as the object of sketch. What is even more rare is that camphor tree has a special fragrance, which can repel insects, and gardeners hardly need to spray pesticides. These two days in Jiangxi, which is famous for its camphor trees, I feasted my eyes, which greatly satisfied my special hobby of lack of human nature. Cinnamomum camphora is everywhere in Jiangxi, and there are many ancient trees over 500 to 600 years old, scattered in villages, rivers and hilltops.
Cinnamomum camphora smells unique and fragrant for the first time.
The shape of the tree is also very beautiful.
It has high photosynthetic efficiency under light, because it has many leaves and can release a lot of oxygen.
As for breathing oxygen at night, it's nothing.
There is no particularly powerful statement.
However, the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora are quite powerful, and they fall all year round, with the most in spring ~ ~
Garden planting will be even more inconvenient! !
Key points of anti-season construction of Cinnamomum camphora;
1. Seedling selection
The characteristics of plants largely determine the survival rate and planting effect of plants, so it is particularly important to choose seedlings for greening, especially anti-season greening. The use of camphor trees out of season should start from the following aspects:
1) Selection of transplanted trees: Cinnamomum camphora with straight trunk, fresh bark and strong tree vigor transplanted in the last two years should be selected, and its new fine roots are concentrated in stumps, so the survival rate of trees is high.
2) Heel-in seedlings: After a few months, the Cinnamomum camphora seedlings began to grow new roots at the roots, and the roots were more active, making it easier to survive when planted in unsuitable seasons.
3) Choose seedlings with large soil balls: Cinnamomum camphora seedlings dug from the nursery, if used for off-season planting, the soil balls are larger than normal. The bigger the soil ball, the more complete the root system, and the easier it will be to plant. If it is a bare-rooted seedling, it is also required to have as much soil as possible, with long roots and more fine roots.
4) Use small seedlings as much as possible: Small seedlings have stronger rooting ability and higher transplanting survival rate than large seedlings. As long as it is not in a hurry to get better greening effect soon, it should be used.
Pruning and remodeling
Survival and scenery are the unity of opposites; To ensure the survival rate, it will inevitably destroy the landscape effect to a certain extent. How to coordinate the contradiction between them and pruning is one of the keys.
1) Overall pruning of bare-rooted Cinnamomum camphora seedlings: before planting, the root system should be arranged, and the broken, dead and rotten roots should be cut off, and the main roots without fine roots should be cut short; The crown of the tree should also be trimmed. Generally, 1/3~ 1/2 of all branches and leaves should be cut off, which greatly reduces the transpiration area of the crown.
2) Pruning of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings with soil balls: the seedlings with soil balls need not be pruned at the roots, but only at the crown. When pruning, the branches and leaves of the crown 1/3~ 1/2 can be cut off to greatly reduce the water loss of the whole tree, but the basic tree shape should be maintained to speed up the landscaping and achieve the greening effect as soon as possible.
3. Planting technology treatment
In order to ensure the survival rate of planting, the following problems should be paid attention to in the process of planting and corresponding technical measures should be taken.
1) Determination of planting time: the planting should be timely, that is, the trimmed camphor tree seedlings should be planted immediately. If the transportation distance is far away, the root pile should be wrapped with wet grass and plastic film to keep it moist. The best planting time is before 1 1 am or after 16 pm. In winter, just avoid the coldest days.
2) Planting: according to the general technical regulations, dig the planting hole, apply base fertilizer at the bottom of the hole and lay a fine soil cushion, so that the planting soil is loose and fertile. Remove the topdressing of camphor tree seedlings, pay attention to planting seedlings in the planting hole (pay attention to the ornamental surface of the tree), then fill the soil and insert it, and continue to fill the top of the hole. Finally, make a cofferdam around the seedlings to stop water.
3) Irrigation: Cinnamomum camphora seedlings should be watered immediately after planting. For camphor tree seedlings with soil balls, stir the soil around the tree hole with iron bars or wooden sticks to fill it with water. Be careful not to damage the earth cofferdam when injecting water. The earth cofferdam should be filled with water, so that the water can slowly soak the planting holes. In order to further improve the survival rate of colonization, auxin can be added to the irrigated water to stimulate the growth of new roots. In general, naphthylacetic acid is used as auxin. Firstly, powdered naiacetic acid was dissolved in a small amount of alcohol, and then mixed with clean water to make irrigation solution with a concentration of 200PPm, which was used as the first root-fixing water for irrigation.
4) Special technical treatment for transplanting Cinnamomum camphora: In the process of transplanting, in order to keep the humidity of Cinnamomum camphora trunk and reduce the transpiration of bark water, the trunk should be wrapped with soaked straw rope until it reaches the top of the trunk, and if the branches are large, they should be wrapped. Then, the prepared clay mud is thickly covered on the trunk wrapped with straw rope. In the future, you can often spray water on the trunk with a sprayer to keep it moist. After the big camphor tree is dug out, it is necessary to trim the broken roots, broken roots and dead roots, and then soak the roots with clay mud after cutting; If 0.03% sodium acetate auxin is added to the mud, it can promote the growth of new roots of Cinnamomum camphora after transplanting.
4. Seedling management and maintenance
Because camphor trees are planted out of season, it is necessary to strengthen maintenance and management after planting camphor trees. Pay attention to watering at ordinary times, and master the principle of "don't dry it, water it thoroughly"; It is also necessary to spray clean water on the ground and camphor leaves regularly to increase air humidity and reduce plant transpiration. In hot summer, the newly transplanted big camphor tree is shielded by a sunshade net to avoid direct sunlight. In cold winter, the ground should be covered with grass, wind barriers should be set on the side of the tree, the crown of the tree should be covered with film, and the trunk should be wrapped with straw (the film should be tied on the basis of straw wrapping in windy and low temperature places) to keep the soil warm and prevent freezing injury.
Pines are evergreen trees, and a few are shrubs. Bark is scaly, with needle-shaped leaves and spherical fruits. The seeds are called pine nuts and can be eaten. Wood and resin are widely used.
There are more than 100 kinds of pine trees in the world, all of which are fast-growing trees. In addition to the need for some shade at the seedling stage, people like light and fertile and moist soil during the growing period. The native native varieties in our province are Pinus armandii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus bungeana, Pinus massoniana, Pinus Bashan and juniper, and the imported varieties at home and abroad are Larix principis-rupprechtii, Cedar, Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda. These tree species have different biological characteristics, some like warm and humid climate, and some like mild and cold climate. Some are cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, while others are not cold-tolerant and afraid of drought. This paper mainly introduces the suitable cultivation range of several pine trees.
L Pinus armandii, also known as Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla, can be planted in Qinba Mountain area and some mountainous hills in Weibei. The annual average temperature should be lower than 15℃, and the annual precipitation should be 600-1500mm. It has strong adaptability to soil and can grow on mountain cinnamon soil, red yellow soil and red lime soil. However, the requirements for soil moisture are strict, and it is not resistant to drought, barren, saline-alkali and poor drainage. Pinus armandii is cold-tolerant, and can grow normally at the low temperature of -7- 10℃ or at the absolute low temperature of -3 1℃. Huashan pine tree is tall, with green needles and many cones. It is also a kind of dried fruit tree with rich nutrition and delicious taste.
2. Pinus massoniana, also known as Pinus tabulaeformis and Abies fargesii, is the main afforestation tree species in subtropical areas, and is only planted in some places such as the southern slope of Bashan Mountain and Qinling Mountains. Suitable for warm and humid climate, it grows in the place where the annual average temperature is 13-22℃ and the annual precipitation is more than 800 mm, and it is not tolerant to low temperature. Young tree needles will wither in winter at-15℃. Pinus massoniana is not strict with soil requirements, is drought-resistant and barren, and can grow in clay, sandy soil, gravel soil and thin soil layers or cracks on sunny slopes. I like acidic and slightly acidic soils, and the mountains with PH value of 4.5-6.5 grow best.
Pinus massoniana, with its fast growth, long life, strong adaptability, tall and straight tree potential and majestic vigor, is not only the main pioneer tree species for afforestation in barren hills, but also an excellent tree species for creating scenic forests and convalescent forests.
3. Pinus tabulaeformis, also known as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus thunbergii, has the widest adaptability and can grow from south to north in Shaanxi Province. It is the best pine variety to adapt to continental climate. Cold-resistant, drought-resistant, low temperature of-25℃, can grow in the northern part of northern Shaanxi with precipitation of 300-400 mm. Pinus tabulaeformis is not strict with soil, and prefers slightly acidic and neutral soil. It will not grow well in alkaline soil above 7.5. Salt-tolerant alkaline soil, but it grows well in limestone mountain area, with deep soil layer, high water content of organic matter, abundant precipitation and good drainage. Therefore, Pinus tabulaeformis is one of the main coniferous tree species for windbreak, sand fixation and soil and water conservation in the loess hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi.
4. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is the main fast-growing timber tree species in Northeast China, and it is also an excellent tree species for shelter forest and "greening all around". In 1960s, it was introduced into Yulin area of our province and grew well. Strong cold resistance, can withstand the low temperature of MINUS 40-50℃. At the same time, it is also a tree species with strong drought resistance, which has low requirements for soil moisture and well-developed roots and can make full use of soil moisture. The soil requirement is not high, and it is suitable for growing on aeolian sandy soil, gravelly coarse sandy soil, sandy soil, chernozem and albic soil. It is not conducive to the growth of alkaline soil with PH greater than 8 and places with salt content greater than 0. 1% or waterlogging.
According to the requirements of suitable environmental conditions, Pinus sylvestris var. Quercus mongolica, as a tree species for sand prevention, sand fixation, gully control and "all around" greening, is only suitable for large-scale planting in northern Shaanxi.
5. Cedar, also known as Himalayan pine and Himalayan cedar, is tall and majestic. It is a precious timber tree species and a world-famous ornamental tree species. Cedar is a subtropical tree species, which is suitable for growing in a warm and humid climate. The annual rainfall is 600- 1000 mm, and the soil is deep, fertile and loose, acidic or slightly acidic. However, it can grow in cohesive loess, barren soil and exposed rock, and is not suitable for growing in low-lying stagnant water or places with too high groundwater level. Otherwise, it will grow poorly and even die. Poor anti-smoking ability, vulnerable to tobacco injury.
Cedar is suitable for planting in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi. Cedar is mainly supplied from other provinces because of its low seed bearing and low cutting survival rate, so it is used for landscaping and street tree planting every year. There are many natural types of cedar, which can be divided into three types according to tree type and branching: thick-leaved cedar, drooping cedar and upturned cedar.
6. Pinus elliottii [Pinaceae]
Latin name: Pinus elliottii
Distribution of origin:
It is native to warm and humid low-altitude areas (below 600 meters) in the southeastern United States. China, Shandong Pingyi South to Lingshui County, Hainan Island, Taiwan Province Province in the east and Chengdu in the west all performed well in several trial planting areas.
Morphological characteristics:
Evergreen tree with straight trunk and height of 30 ~ 36 meters. The bark is grayish brown, longitudinally cracked and scaly, and flaked. Winter buds are cylindrical, reddish brown, stout and resin-free. The needles are a bundle of two or three needles, with a length of 18 ~ 30 cm, dark green, stomatal lines on both sides of the ventral back and fine serrations on the edge. Flowering from March to April. In June of the following year, the fruit ripens 10 ~ 1 1, and the cones are oblong and conical, with 2 ~ 3 strings. Seeds ovoid, trigonous.
Growing habits:
Love light, avoid shade. Cold and high temperature resistance. It is also drought-resistant, water-resistant and moisture-resistant, and can endure short-term flooding, hence the name. Developed root system and strong wind resistance. I like deep and fertile neutral strong acid soil, and alkaline soil has yellowing phenomenon.
Garden use:
Pinus elliottii has the advantages of vigorous growth, fast growth speed, strong adaptability, good material quality and high fat yield. China has been successfully introduced and domesticated for decades. As an important tree species in Jiangnan gardens and natural scenic spots, it has broad prospects. It can be used as garden tree, cluster planting and group planting, and should be planted beside river banks and pools.