Since the Yinwan Han Tomb Slips and their explanatory texts were published in the 8th issue of "Cultural Relics" in 1996, it immediately attracted attention from scholars at home and abroad, including those from Japan, Taiwan, and Scholars in Hong Kong and China attach great importance to it. Currently, five relevant monographs and more than 70 papers have been published. The tentacles of this paper have touched every aspect of life in the Han Dynasty. For a time, the Yinwan Han Tomb slips became the focus of domestic and foreign historical and archaeological circles, especially slip research experts. Mr. Liao Boyuan, a researcher at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, only saw the August 1996 issue of "Cultural Relics" published in China in early 1997. In July 1998, his monograph "Bamboo Slips" was published on the textual research of the bamboo slips in the Yinwan tomb. and System" has been published by Taiwan Wenjin Publishing House. In May this year, Mr. Liao used the Yinwan bamboo slips to publish a new book, "Qin and Han Historical Commentaries", with about 200,000 words. The incisiveness and speed of its research are unprecedented.
The entire process from the rescue and protection of cultural relics to cooperative research has received the care and support of the leaders of the city and county cultural bureaus, which is a guarantee that the work can be carried out smoothly.
It took three years from the discovery to the publication of the Yinwan Han Tomb Slips, with six drafts of the text. Mr. Zhang Zhengxang’s evaluation in the appraisal report is: “It only took three years from the time I saw these photos of cultural relics in early August 1994 to the time they were compiled into a book and published this year. It was the fastest compilation of bamboo and silk books that I have seen in many years. Professor Xu Pingfang, former director of the Institute of Archeology of China, believes that "the interpretation of this book is accurate and reaches the current high level." Professor Yu Weichao, director of the Museum of Chinese History, believes that this book "outpaces the existing literature on Han Dynasty bamboo slips." It is a high-level achievement in the interpretation and compilation of the slips, which fully meets the standards required by the National Social Science Fund project."
Mr. Li Xueqin attended the appraisal meeting of the "Yinwan Tomb Slips". It is specified: "The publication of "Yinwan Han Tomb Slips" is the result of compilation. The research work cannot be completed by one or two generations." Yes, publishing these materials to the society is a benefit for experts and scholars. Research activities provide first-hand information and promote the development of history and related disciplines, which is the purpose and significance of our work.
In addition, "A Comprehensive Review of Yinwan Han Tomb Slips" published by Science Press, edited by the Lianyungang Municipal Museum and the Chinese Cultural Relics Research Institute, was also published in February 1999, which collected 27 domestic Scholars' monograph on the study of Yinwan bamboo slips. In April 1999, the "Yinwan Han Tomb Slips" edited and published by the Japanese Calligraphy Institute, selected important slips such as "Shenwu Fu" among the Yinwan Slips, which have important calligraphic artistic value. As a special souvenir from the 1999 Japan Calligraphy Academy Exhibition, it aroused great repercussions in Japan.
Less than a year since the publication of "Yinwan Han Tomb Slips", six major breakthroughs have been made in the study of Han history using the Yinwan Slips:
1. Editing of "Han Tomb Slips" "Book of Han" and a breakthrough in correcting historical books: "Book of Han" is a trustworthy historical work for the study of Han history. However, in the process of copying, proofreading and reprinting for more than two thousand years, due to human factors, classics handed down from generation to generation can easily be modified by later generations. The first-hand information revealed in books such as "Collection Book", "General Book of Officials" and "Setting Book" are recorded by people at that time, with the original appearance and original characters, and there is no suspicion of tampering, thus filling in some key questions. Kongque can be directly used to revise the "Book of Han", correct historical records, and evaluate the relevant conclusions of previous research results.
The names of some counties in "Ji Bu" can be used to correct the errors in some county names in "Hanshu Geography". For example, "Haiqu" is a mistake of "Haixi". "Zhu Qi" should be mistaken for "Kuang Qi". "Yuxiang" should be mistaken for "Qianxiang". "Lanqi" is regarded as "Lanqi", and "Nancheng" is regarded as "Nancheng". Donghai County has: "Pingqu", one is a county and the other is a prince state. Some people may think that the "Pingqu" of the vassal states is composed of one county and the other lord state. Some people may think that "Pingqu" of Hou State is regarded as "Quping", but now it can be concluded that Erpingqu is correct.
There is a record in "Hanshu Geography" that "Qu has an iron official". According to the "General Register of Officials" and the "Name of Chief Officials", Donghai County only has the Xiapi Tieguan, while Yilu has a salt officer, and there are two salt officers, "Yuzhou" and "Beipu". rule.
These three places are all Qudi, which proves the error in "Hanshu Geography" that "you iron official" should be "you salt official".
2. A breakthrough in the study of the Han arsenal
The discovery of the "Arsenal Collection of Weapons and Vehicles in the Fourth Year of Yongshi" in the Yinwan Han Tomb Slips can be said without exaggeration. It is the earliest and most complete statistical report on the arsenal construction of the Han Dynasty that our country has seen so far. It was found in the Neijun government documents and files, and its documentary value is even more extraordinary. As Mr. Li Junming of the China Literature Research Institute said in his "Preliminary Study" of the Arsenal: The report "has many indicator items and clear numbers. It provides us with rare first-hand information for our in-depth understanding of the weapons and equipment of the Han Dynasty. It's very precious."
Listed in the collection are the chariots and horses in a county's arsenal, as well as the corresponding combat weapons and other equipment. There are separate lists of royal utensils and inventory utensils. The royal utensils are named "Chengyu", and the inventory of weapons is collectively called "Kubangcha". The amount of weapons and equipment in stock is astonishing. The total of the two items is "242,326,8487 ordinary weapons and equipment."
The Donghai County Arsenal should be one of the country’s arsenals located in inner counties. "Book of Han: Chronicles of the Emperor" records as quoted by Chun Zhu: "The northern county treasury is where the weapons of the officials are stored, and orders are placed." In the Han Dynasty, not only did national arsenals directly under the central government be built in Chang'an and Luoyang, but also separate arsenals were set up in border and inner counties. . Judging from the archive records in the collection book, the Donghai County arsenal has two characteristics. First, the inventory is large. For example, the total number of crossbows reaches 537,707, the total number of spears reaches 52,555, and the number of Youfang (Ge weapons) reaches 78,392. These three caps alone can equip an army of 500,000 people, far exceeding the needs of a county's arsenal. Second, the arsenal is not under the jurisdiction of Donghai County. Because there is no "Treasury Order" in the Donghai County Officials General Register or the Officials Settlement Register, it can be concluded that the Donghai County Arsenal is a national arsenal located on the southeast coast that is directly under the jurisdiction of the central government.
3. A breakthrough in the study of the Shangji system in the Western Han Dynasty
The discovery of "Jibu" in Yinwan's Han bamboo slips provides the first physical evidence so far for the study of the Shangji system in the Han Dynasty The importance of templates is self-evident. A large number of various books and records have been found in the Juyan Han Slips and Dunhuang Han Slips, but no accounting documents at the county or county level have been discovered, so Yinwan's "Collection Book" is even more precious.
The so-called upper plan means that the local chief executive regularly submits upper plan documents to superiors to report on local governance. At the end of the year, the county magistrate compiles the county's household registration, cultivated land, money valley, criminal prison, etc. into a accounting book. Judging from the physical objects unearthed in Yinwan, its accurate name should be "Jibu". Submit it to the county, and then the county officials will classify and make statistics based on the collection books of each county, and then compile the collection books reported by the county to the central government. The superior planning officials will make a special trip to Chang'an and report to the central government. The imperial court assessed and evaluated the political achievements of local governors accordingly. This system was very complete by the Western Han Dynasty, and there was a special criminal law "Shangji Law" to ensure the standardized implementation of the Shangji system. Regarding the specific content of the above plan, a complete model has never been seen in the past. The researcher only based it on Hu Guang's "Han Guan Jie Ji", which included "household registration, cultivated land, money and grain access, and the number of thieves" and other items. The No. 1 wooden slip unearthed from the Yinwan Han Tomb is the original material of the Donghai County Shangji in the late Western Han Dynasty 2000 years ago. Even if it is not the original, it is a copy of the Shangji, which is reliable and reliable. The wood of "Jibu" is arborvitae, 22.7 cm long, 6 cm wide and 0.25 cm thick. It is written on both sides, with 12 lines on the front and 10 lines on the back, about 700 words, written in cursive ink.
This 700-word 22-item statistics is the complete record of Donghai County’s plan to the central government. It looks like a group of boring numbers, but it is this group of numbers that concretely reflects all aspects of the social form in the late Western Han Dynasty and reproduces the colorful social life of the people during the Western Han Dynasty. Sociologists and historians were surprised and sighed. They obtained the historical information revealed by the Han Dynasty people from this group of numbers; they drew countless sources from this group of numbers, and flowed out one grand document after another.
4. Breakthroughs in the study of the political system of the Western Han Dynasty
The scope of the study of the political system of the Western Han Dynasty is very wide, including the composition and operation of government agencies, the establishment and application of the legal system, military The formation and changes of the system, the facilities of the cultural and educational system and its impact, etc.
Studies on the official system of the Han Dynasty have mostly focused on documents in the past, and most of them have not looked beyond the "Book of Han·Hundred Officials", "Book of the Later Han·Hundred Officials", "Old Yi of the Han Dynasty" and "Tongdian" "" and some other ancient books contain records about the establishment of official positions in the Han Dynasty. Moreover, most attention is paid to the establishment of officials in the central government, and at most to the establishment of officials in counties and counties. Since the excavation of some border county archives such as Juyan Han Slips and Dunhuang Slips, the study of the official system and political system of the Han Dynasty has developed into a broader field and has achieved fruitful results. Since the 1960s, Mr. Yan Gengwang of Taiwan has devoted himself to the study of the local political system of the Han Dynasty and completed the systematic masterpiece "History of the Local Administrative System of China", which pushed the study of the political system of the Han Dynasty in-depth and put forward many new insights, which provided a valuable contribution to the field of history. respected. However, due to the limitations of literature and the lack of new archaeological materials, many issues, such as the pavilion system, township and other institutional issues, have not been discussed in depth. In his "History of Qin and Han Dynasties", Mr. Jian Bozan did not provide any details about the establishment of salt and iron officials in the Western Han Dynasty from the county official level down, and even made some conjectures. Since the publication of Mr. Wang Yuquan's article "Tings, Townships, and Lis in the Han Dynasty have different natures and different administrative systems", there have been numerous lawsuits and debates for nearly thirty years. As soon as the Yinwan Han bamboo slips were published, the relevant records in various books were clearly organized and systematic, and the issues that had been debated for many years began to become clear. The new historical materials have opened up new channels and raised new topics for the study of Qin and Han history.
5. Breakthrough in the study of slips in the category of Shushu in the Western Han Dynasty
Shushu as a subject category began in the Western Han Dynasty. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records: "(Liu) Xin then composed a group of books and wrote seven strategies. Therefore, there are collections, including six skills, Zhuzi, poems and poems, Shu Shu, and Fang Jie. "The categories of magic include astronomy, calendar, five elements, tortoise divination, miscellaneous divination, criminal law, etc. The Shu-type slips found in Yinwan slips include the following: First, the "Calendar of the First Year of Yuanyan", "Calendar of the Second Year of Yuanyan", and "Calendar of the Third Year of Yuanyan" written on wooden slips ", "Shengui Zhan", "Boju Zhan"; the second is "Xingde Xingshi" and "Xingdao good and bad" recorded on bamboo slips.
Compared with the calendar of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in the past, the "Yuanyan First Year Calendar" has complete records of the four seasons and eight festivals of the year, Fu, La, and festivals, which provides a good foundation for the past. The history found in the Yanbian has never been seen before. It provides another complete example for us to study the calendar of the Western Han Dynasty. It will play a direct corrective role in correcting the errors in the "Perpetual Calendar". It has important reference significance for the study of reconstructing the leap tables and calendars of the Western Han Dynasty.
6. "Shenwu Fu" and breakthroughs in literary history research
"Shenwu Fu" is the only literary work among the slips unearthed from the Yinwan Han Tomb. It is written on 21 broad slips. When it was unearthed, it was in random order, with 18 of them writing the main text, one writing the title, and one writing unclear. The author of the poem may have been a copyist. There is also a simple piece of plain noodles.
"Fu" was the common holiday of "Fu" in the Han Dynasty. "Shen Wu Fu" is an unknown fu composed in the late Western Han Dynasty, with a total text of approximately 664 words. It tells a very touching bird story. This is a very complete folk poem of the Han Dynasty that has been lost for more than two thousand years. Compared with some Han poems handed down and newly discovered in the past and belonging to upper-class literature, its style is more advanced in terms of subject matter, content and writing skills. Close to folk literature. This poem is mainly composed of four characters. It uses anthropomorphic techniques to tell the story of crows and birds fighting for their nests. It is exactly the same as the four-character writing style of Cao Zhi's "Ode to a Harrier" and the "Ode to Swallows" discovered in Dunhuang. Its discovery has advanced the history of this kind of folk fu by more than 2,000 years, which has greatly enriched the research content of ancient folk fu in the history of ancient literature, especially in the study of fu.
The value of the discovery of "Shenwu Fu" cannot be underestimated. It adds a new source to Han Fu, and it complements another example in the ancient literary series of bird fables. It enables people to have a more systematic understanding of the process of development, continuation and change of this type of literary phenomenon.
Through the observation of the origins of "Shen Wu Fu", we can draw inferences from one instance, increase people's interest in the emergence, development, inheritance and evolution of certain themes, themes, and images in classical literature, and summarize some experiences and lessons in artistic thinking. It is also a new perspective of literary research.
"Shenwu Fu" is a major discovery of ancient Chinese literary history materials. It fills a gap in "Full of Han Dynasty" edited by Mr. Fei Zhengang. More importantly, the discovery and publication of "Shen Wu Fu" gave literary historians a new feedback. Studying literary history cannot pay attention to literary phenomena in isolation, but also to new discoveries in archaeological data. Fragments of the lost poem "Tang Le" were unearthed from a Han tomb in Yinqueshan, Linyi, Shandong. Fragments of "Chu Ci" and its poems were unearthed in Shuanggudui, Fuyang, Anhui. The discovery of "Shenwu Fu" in Yinwan, East China Sea will bring the The research on the history of Western Han Dynasty has reached a new milestone. "Literature and History Family" Literature and history will work together to open up a new world of literary research.
As the document archives of the county government in the late Western Han Dynasty, this batch of bamboo slips is indeed more meticulous, complete and systematic than the five types of Han bamboo slips published in the past (Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei, Lop Nur). ) only seen in. This batch of documents comes from the tomb of Shishi Rao, a distinguished official in Donghai County of the Western Han Dynasty with an exact date and clear identity. Documents and files, including personal documents and lost pieces of Han Fu, are files and materials that the owner of the tomb should have owned or kept for a certain status during his lifetime. This completely eliminates the possibility of random creation. Bringing them into the ground as funerary objects is not only a reflection of the burial customs of the Han Dynasty, but also in the hope that they will still have the same status as before their death. This established the scientific nature and reliability of this batch of slips. In this sense, the academic value of the Yinwan Han Tomb Slips cannot be underestimated. It will provide a full range of first-hand information for the study of the history of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the history of China's political system, archives, military history, the history of magic, literature, calligraphy, bamboo slips, as well as ancient book arrangement and archive protection technology. Mr. Qiu Xigui of Peking University said: "The bamboo slips of the Yinwan Han Tomb cannot be overestimated."
The slips of the Yinwan Han Tomb only have more than 40,000 words, but the documentary value is extremely high and awaits the review of experts and scholars. Keep researching.