"General History of Customs in Qin and Han Dynasties in China" P238-P258 specifically introduces the interior furnishings in Qin and Han Dynasties: the interior types of furniture include cabinet furniture, couch furniture, digital furniture, bedding, barrier furniture and miscellaneous appliances. People in Qin and Han dynasties liked to sit on the couch, so they could sit or sleep. The sofa is almost as high as today's coffee table. In addition, people paid special attention to architectural geomantic omen in Qin and Han dynasties, even exceeding the practical value of the building itself. Houses in the Qin and Han dynasties were generally one hall and two rooms, which were not connected with other houses. )
Entering the Han Dynasty, the whole Han Dynasty was in the rising period of feudal society, and the feudal society in China entered its first heyday. The development of social productive forces has promoted the remarkable progress of architecture and craft furniture, and the furniture technology in Han Dynasty has made great progress. In addition to the large-scale construction of palaces, temples and mausoleums, private gardens of aristocratic bureaucrats also appeared in the Han Dynasty, and their construction and rise promoted the development of furniture. This is not only another prosperous period in the history of ancient architecture in China, but also a period of great development of low-rise furniture in China. Lacquer wood furniture has entered its heyday on the basis of inheriting the decoration of lacquerware in the Warring States period, which not only has a large number and variety, but also has great development in decoration technology. The prominent decoration of lacquered wood furniture in Han Dynasty made it bright and exquisite. In addition, there are all kinds of jade furniture, bamboo furniture and ceramic furniture. , it has formed a complete combination of floor-to-ceiling furniture series. At that time, people sat on the floor, and the furniture used was generally low-key, such as mats, lacquer cases, lacquerware and so on. You can use it at will, and there is no fixed position. It can be regarded as the representative period of low-rise furniture in China. The main characteristics of furniture in this period are: (1) Most furniture is relatively low. (2) Began to see the clues of evolution from low-level type to high-level type. (3) There is a cushion. (4) There are many kinds of materials for making furniture. Specifically, the style of indoor furnishings and the characteristics of furniture design, production and materials in the Qin and Han Dynasties are as follows:
1 Lifestyle centered on bed collapse
We can see the basic functions of various rooms and the layout of furniture in many residential buildings in the Han Dynasty, such as funerary wares, tomb murals and stone reliefs. From wooden doors, cross windows, curtains on windows, clothes hangers in the courtyard, and murals and stone reliefs depicting the life in the house in the tomb, we can understand the indoor functions and furniture furnishings of the house at that time.
Around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with frequent contacts with countries in the western regions, a few nomadic people in the north entered the Central Plains, breaking the state of relative isolation among countries, and Hu Chuang was introduced from Xicheng one by one, becoming more and more popular. The so-called Hu bed is a Mazar that can be opened and closed, easily carried and folded. Later, it developed into collapsible mazar, chairs and so on. More importantly, it laid the foundation for later people to sit with their feet down. In the Old Biography of Yidu, there is a saying that "the beard bed is sawed and the feet sit". "Taiping Yu Lan" said: "The spirit emperor likes to sleep."
Bed and sofa are different in function and form. The bed is slightly higher than the couch and wider than the couch, so you can sit and lie. The couch is lower than the bed, narrower than the bed, and one person sits and waits for two people. It was only used for sitting in Qin and Han dynasties, and later it evolved into sitting and lying. Liu Xi? Publish name, bed and account? He said: "People are sitting on the bed and lying on the bed, so they load and unload themselves. Long and narrow and humble, it is called the couch near the ground. " The youngest one sits, and the host has no two, so he sits alone. "
During the Qin and Han dynasties, beds developed greatly, and beds began to develop to a high type. ? Yidu old biography? There is a saying in China, "Every time the secretariat sits on a high bed, he sets up a separate seat for his work on the ground."
There is also a great man's biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Su on the couch: "Zhou Yu strongly recommended Su and Sun Quan to talk with him, and all the guests stopped, only bringing Su back and getting together to discuss what's going on in the world."
It can be inferred from the murals, portrait bricks, portrait stones, lacquer paintings, silk paintings, sculptures and prints in the Qin and Han Dynasties that the bed was one of the most used furniture at that time.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty "Xu Zhichuan": "Chen Fan is a satrap, so he doesn't accept guests. He only comes (Xu). If he goes to a couch, he will hang up." In the murals of Han tombs in Wang Du, Hebei Province, the "main book history" and the "main book" each sit on a couch. These two sofas are similar in size. There is an arc-shaped jaw curve between the leg and the cushion on the bed surface.
The stone lintel unearthed from the Han Tomb in Dagualiang, Suide, Shaanxi Province, is mainly sitting on a small couch, and some people bow down in front. On the stone reliefs of Han tombs in Honglou Village and Maocun Village, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, there is a man sitting alone on the couch. On the stone relief of Donghan's tomb in Shilipu, Xuzhou, there are three people bowing down and one sitting on the couch. The Han couch unearthed in Dancheng, Henan Province is rectangular with four legs, 875 mm long, 720 mm wide and 190 mm high. The cross sections of legs and feet are rectangular, and there are also arc curves between legs. The couch is engraved with official script: "The King of Changshan sat on the couch in the Han Dynasty".
The rise of the bed is popular, and its decoration is quietly heating up. "Interpretation of Names" contains: "Zhang, Zhang Ye and Zhang Xuan are in bed." It can be seen that in Qin and Han dynasties, curtains were laid on the bed, and curtains were set up in winter to avoid summer, and mosquito nets were used to avoid flies in summer.
In Qin and Han dynasties, screens were often used in conjunction with beds. There are screens on the side, which set off the order, cooperate with the building partition, play the role of wind, shelter, partition and beautify the indoor space, and construct a quiet and stable space atmosphere and effect. Couch screen is a new variety of screen and couch, which marks the birth of emerging furniture in Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Li You wrote a poem "The Bright Screen": "Give up and avoid it, use it and stand up, stand up and be honest, and the fog is tolerant and heavy." A few short sentences describe the state of the screen at that time.
As can be seen from the decorative patterns of bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty, the screens in the Han Dynasty are mostly double-sided and three-sided. ("Miscellanies of Xijing" records: "... mica screen, glass screen and column treasure account were in Guigong, which was then called Sibao Palace." ) side treasure screen "and so on.
The interior furnishings in the Tang Dynasty are almost the same as the traditional Japanese lifestyle seen on TV today. People in the Tang Dynasty like to kneel directly on the ground when receiving guests. Some people in the Tang Dynasty drank tea before meals and drank alcohol after meals. If it is not meal time, they will only give fruit or snacks, not tea.
The General History of China Customs, Volume of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties (P 177-P23 1) is devoted to the architecture and interior furnishings in the Tang Dynasty. Because of the Fangshi system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the people in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were different from those in the Han Dynasty. They were keen on building quadrangles and liked to use the central axis and distribute symmetrically. While building superstitious houses, Tang people also paid attention to health preservation, such as "what is a peaceful place?" It is called "not a luxurious hall, but a spacious couch". I care about sitting in the south and sleeping in the east, with moderate yin and yang, half bright and half dark. "
There were many people in the Tang Dynasty, and the rich and the poor were different. What is important is that curtains curtains are important shelters and screens in this period. There are lichens on the ground, and the floor is decorated with wormwood mattresses (it is estimated that kneeling down will not hurt so much). There are rope beds (armchairs on which you can lie) and chairs in the room. Candles and lanterns (Tang people attach great importance to this thing, and society likes to show off their wealth with candles. ) Other well sites, mortar, cupboards, sinks, kettles, jugs, etc. Basically every family has it. There are also several cases that are particularly important. People in the Tang Dynasty like to kneel in front of several cases. Several boxes are large and small, expensive and cheap, and their uses are quite different.
Furniture in Sui and Tang Dynasties is still divided into seven categories, namely, seating, bedding, bearing, bedding, furniture, screen furniture and shelf furniture.
Figure 1 1 tri-colored pottery cave (Xi 'an Tang Tomb) 2 cots (Dunhuang) 3 four-headed official hat chairs (Dunhuang) 4 round-backed chairs (Yang Yao restored according to the middle picture of Tang Palace) 5 tri-colored cashboxes (Xi 'an Tang Tomb) 6 chairs (Xi 'an Tang Tomb Mural) 7 round-backed chairs (picture of ten thousand ladies in Tang Dynasty). 1 screen, desk, armchair (mapping of the five dynasties) 12 square table (mural of Cave 85 in Tomb Hill) 13 bed (mural of Cave 2 17 in Tomb Hill) 14 table, armchair and concave bed.
Something to sit on
The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties were very rich in seating, and many new varieties appeared. Sui and Tang Dynasties were the times when people sat on the floor and hung their feet. The continuous development of furniture and new furniture mainly adapt to vertical feet, such as stools, hooves, Hu beds, sofas and chairs.
Seats similar to benches can be found in Dunhuang murals, such as four-legged and eight-legged stools. Square stools can be found in murals of Prince Zhang Huai's tomb and Records of Gao Xian in the Five Dynasties Wei Dynasty. The wedding photos of Dunhuang murals in the Tang Dynasty also drew a wide bar stool for many people to sit together. There is also a round stool with a round sitting surface and stool legs below, where painted pottery figurines unearthed from the Tang tomb in the western suburb of An are seated. At this time, a new kind of straight-legged chair named "Moon Shuttlecock" appeared, with a semicircular plane, which was found in Tang paintings, such as "Ten Thousand Ladies", "Tune the piano and sip tea", "Palace" and "Ramming" (Figure 2).
Hooves are made of bamboo and rattan, and they are round. It appeared in Buddhist activities in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was popular in upper-class families in Sui and Tang Dynasties. A three-color mirror-holding figurine unearthed from the Tang tomb in Anwangjiafen, Xi, sits on such a shoe, which is drum-shaped, with rope-like patterns at the upper and lower ends and waist. The hoof evolved into various embroidered piers from the Five Dynasties (Figure 3).
Hu Chuang, or Mazha, continued to be popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Many unearthed models and murals show that the single camp beds in Sui and Tang Dynasties were mostly portal-shaped. There is also a long couch for many people, which was called "long couch" in the Tang Dynasty, such as the two monks sitting on the couch in Cave No.1 196 of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang.
Chairs, which revealed some news in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, became popular in the middle and late Tang Dynasty at the latest. At that time, it was often called "rope bed", which was especially needed by monks and nuns to practice and lecture. Bai Juyi said in a poem: "Sit on the rope bed and think about yourself. You should have been a poet in your last life." Li Baishi also said: "My teacher leaned on the rope bed after being drunk and swept thousands of sheets in a while." This recliner is actually a chair. Later, the five dynasties Han xizai had an armchair in the evening banquet. "Old Tang Book Mu Zong" said: "In December of the second year of Changqing, Xin Mao met the ministers in Chenzi Hall and set up a rope bed." This large rope bed dedicated to the emperor may be the throne.
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, an armchair with a round back appeared in the form of Gu Zhuo, which can be found in Portrait of a Lady with a Fan and Portrait of a Palace.
bedclothes
Bed and kang were still the main bedding in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Four-legged bed is a general bed type. A piece unearthed from the tomb of Astana Tang in Turpan, Xinjiang, is 2900 mm long, 0/000 mm wide and 500 mm high. It is made of local red willow and covered with wicker. Dunhuang Tang Dynasty Scriptures described the scene of the soul of the deceased ascending to heaven on the basis of the Biography of Colored Buddha (hidden in the British Museum), with a four-legged bed painted on it, just like a wooden bed unearthed in Xinjiang.
Door bed is a kind of advanced bed, which is a representative type of furniture in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The mural of the Sui tomb at Yingshan No.1 in Jiaxiang, Shandong Province depicts assistant minister Xu and his wife sitting on the bed. A screen was erected behind the bed, with maids standing on both sides, and straight bars and feet in front of the bed. The two of them leaned back in their hidden pockets and watched acrobatic dancing. Its door is empty, and the curve on it is a small arc, which connects the steep arcs on both sides and makes a strong turn. The bedstead is thick and the mud at the lower part is light, so the shape is charming. By the Tang Dynasty, the door bed was more mature, the door curve was concise and powerful, and the overall shape was more symmetrical and stretched. The medical map of Cave 2 17 in the Tang Dynasty in Mogao Grottoes shows a lady sitting on a bed near the door, and a maid is holding a baby and waiting for a doctor to see her. In the biography of colorful Buddhism in Dunhuang, there is a picture of Mrs. Mo Ye dreaming of the Buddha at night and entering the fetus in the elephant. The lady is lying on the bed at the door. The portal bed has a large area, occupying a lot of indoor space, and all life activities are carried out on the bed. "The Biography of Princess Tongchang in the Book of Tang Dynasty" states: "Princess Tongchang of Xian Tong became a monk for nine years and settled in Li Guanghua, making beds such as crystal, wax, glass and hats. And learned to support scarabs and silver chisels. " "The Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties": "When Taizong heard about it in the middle of the night, he rebelled, got up and walked around the bed, and called for it urgently to shock him." All beds should be used.
North of the Yellow River, it is cold in winter, especially in the northeast, so kang is used instead of bed. "The Biography of Korea in the Old Tang Dynasty" said: "The winter moon is long and the fire is warm to keep warm." Although the record is short, it has universal significance. Kang burns coal or straw for heating and cooking.
bearing
Sui and Tang dynasties were in a period of alternating high and low types. Low-type bearings inherited mature cases in Han Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties. High-type, such as high desk and high case, are all in the process of production improvement, and the number is small.
The low-type bearing is used for sitting on the floor, which is relatively low, about 350 ~ 500mm high. It was still widely used in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as lower case letters and lower case letters. (Figure 4).
When sitting or standing, use high-type bearings, which are about 650 ~ 880 mm high. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, new varieties such as tables and chairs were created and developed, which had a great influence on the future.
Cold Ga Jing, a mural in Cave 85 of the Mogao Grottoes in the late Tang Dynasty, has two square tables with the same structure, both of which have one leg at each corner, and fall directly to the ground without legs in the middle. Simple shape, without any decoration, focusing on function. Judging from the ratio of butcher to dog in the picture, the table is about 800 mm high, which is the earliest square table image so far.
At the wedding scene of the Tang Dynasty mural Maitreya Buddha in Dunhuang, banquets are often painted: a long table is placed in the curtain, hanging on all sides, and cups, plates, spoons and chopsticks are placed on the table, and men and women sit left and right. Judging from the drawn scale, the length of the table is about 2500 ~ 3200 mm. This table is used with a bench. It is a long table with vertical feet, but it can't be seen because of the leg structure of the table. However, the structure of long tables painted on some murals is very clear. There are four straight legs under the table, and there is no gap between them. It is as simple as the square table painted on the mural. There was no word "table" in the Tang Dynasty, but it might be called "table plate" at that time. In the 13th year of Tang Zhenyuan's "Monument to the North Sea Altar of Du Ji Temple", it said: "There are two oil painting platforms. Five feet on one side and eight feet on the other. Xiao Sutai Pan Yi. " When the length of a Tang foot is about 300 mm, the first table is 1500 mm, and the second table is 2400 mm, which seems to mean the length, so it should be a long table.
Vimalakīrti, Cave 103 of the Mogao Grottoes in the Tang Dynasty, painted Vimalakīrti, sitting on an elevated couch, with a bucket curtain screen, holding the eagle's head and tail, leaning against the arc. The front of the sofa is very high. In order to distinguish it from the low-type situation, we call it high. This height is carefully drawn, and several sides are made of four wooden boards with clear brown wood grain on them, and the two ends are inclined. Several curved lattice feet on both sides, bent up and straight down, are densely arranged, and there are horizontal oranges sticking to the ground below. This picture shows that as the seat rises, several boxes also rise. There are no real objects in China's Tang Dynasty Gao Ji, but the Japanese Nara Masakura Institute has a collection of Gao Ji equivalent to the Tang Dynasty, which is different from Dunhuang Mogao GrottoesNo. 103. Don't rule out that Tang Priest brought it back from China.
Palace, a masterpiece handed down from ancient times, depicts the banquet scene of the imperial palace in the Tang Dynasty, in which there is a big door case with two women sitting on the moon-shaped badminton on each side and two empty moon-shaped badminton on each side. The surface of the case is rectangular, painted in a grid shape, with large plastering heads at the edges and corners, decorated with copper horn flowers. There are three holes in the front of the box, and there should be six holes in the side, which is close to the mud. The door curve is made on the stressed member, which shows that the stressed member and the toothed plate are not separated. Because it is used in the palace, the shape and lacquer decoration are quite rich and luxurious. In the Tang Dynasty, Yan's "Northern Qi School Book Map" is similar to this major case in structure and shape.
The border gate case evolved from the couch and bed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and matured in the Tang Dynasty. As can be seen from paintings and murals, door furniture was widely used in the Tang Dynasty, not only in large boxes, small boxes, double-decker boxes and other load-bearing boxes, but also in seats and leather goods. The Five Dynasties continued to this day, and it was replaced by a new and simpler beam-column structure in the Song Dynasty.
Pingju
Sui and Tang dynasties followed the Han, Southern and Northern Dynasties, with straight, arc and hidden capsules.
Several straight models unearthed from Sui Zhangsheng's tomb in Anyang, Henan Province, are trapezoidal in cross section, with legs connected with the bottom village in a "mountain" shape and two strings in the middle. In the Tang Dynasty in Masakura, Japan, there were several similar shapes. A wooden tablet unearthed from the tomb of Astana Tang in Turpan, Xinjiang (the archaeological report mistakenly thought it was a Qin tablet) was painted with lacquer, which is the only physical tablet of Sui and Tang Dynasties in China so far. Several faces are in a straight line, the two ends are painted in an arc shape, the wooden tire is painted with colored paint and embedded with screws, the upper boundary of the face is divided into seven pieces, the lacquer ornaments at both ends have fallen off, and the five pieces in the middle are still clearly identifiable, with flowers in groups, flowers with broken branches and birds painted flying. The middle part of the leg is thin, the upper and lower ends are enlarged into squares, and there is a bottom village under the leg. Both ends of the bottom village are round, which is almost the same as that of the Tang Dynasty of Masakura Research Institute in Japan.
Curved pedestal was produced in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and was popular in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It was still used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but it was coming to an end. An arc-shaped ceramic model was unearthed from Zhang Sheng's tomb in Sui Dynasty, Henan Province. The cross section of the arc handrail is trapezoidal, and the three legs are animal legs. There is a Buddha statue in the Shanxi Provincial Museum in the seventh year of the Tang Dynasty (7 19), with a fan in the right hand, a curved shape in the left hand and an arc-shaped leg, which shows its usage. Vimalakīrti, a mural of the early Tang Dynasty in Cave 203 of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, depicts Vimalakīrti sitting on a small bed covered with a bucket, with an eagle's tail in his right hand and several legs in the shape of animal legs.
The hidden capsule is a giant pillow, which inherited the "hidden capsule" of the Sui, Tang and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and has not changed much. The mural of Sui No.1 Tomb in Yingshan, Jiaxiang, Shandong Province shows that the owner Xu and his wife are sitting on the gabled bed, and their wife is leaning against the hidden bag behind them. Their size and shape are the same as those in "Gao Yi Tu" written by Sun Tzu of the Tang Dynasty. Gao portrays Ruan Ji,, and. Both Shan and Ruan are leaning on the crypt. Wang Wei's poem also mentioned the hidden bag: "Don't wander around the city, play chess with a hidden bag and gauze cap." The hidden sac used by ordinary people is relatively simple, called "cloth sac". The fourth volume of "Continued Mystery Record" says: "The moon is still bright, and an old man is sitting on the steps leaning against a cloth bag and looking up books from the moon."
(Silver Case of Tang Dynasty Unearthed from Famen Temple in Fufeng)
Jiju
Bamboo is widely used in southern furniture, such as barnyard grass, cabinets, boxes and cages; Wood is widely used in the north, such as boxes, cabinets, boxes and rafters. Because of different materials, different processing techniques and different shapes.
There are three kinds of boxes in the Tang Dynasty: wood, bamboo and leather, and there are also differences between rectangular and square roofs. A 20% discount treasure letter (silver box) unearthed from Famen Temple in Fufeng, Shaanxi, has a top external weight (Figure 5).
If it is made of bamboo or reeds, it is a rectangular container for clothes, paintings and meals. "New Tales of the Tang Dynasty" Volume 4 says: "Then in heaven, all monks in Luquan Temple in Hengzhou have lofty deeds, and all monks admire them. This is a secret painting of a woman's tall building, full of bows and arrows, hidden in a prayer drum so that her disciples can tell her. " Yu Shinan said in Jia Hua of Sui and Tang Dynasties: "In the past, being good at talking about classics was called five management."
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, cabinets were mostly made of wood, with wooden boards as cabinets, which were placed horizontally and supported by cabinets outside. There are different names, such as wardrobe, bookcase and till. The difference between cabinets and boxes is that they are larger in size. "Talking about the River" says: "In the great cause, the branch canal opens. Talking about protecting Ma Shu from eating children. ..... People in cities and villages with children should put wooden cabinets, wrap them with iron sheets and lock them in the cabinets every night. The whole family is surrounded by candles. " There are similar stories of Tibetans entering the cabinet in the Book of Chao Tang and Miscellanies of Youyang.
Bookcases are also called "collection cabinets". Bai Juyi said in the poem "Collection of Topics": "A broken cypress can be used as a bookcase, and the cabinet can be restored. Who collects and stores it? This topic puzzled Bai Letian. ..... self-opening and self-locking, placed in front of the book curtain. " Some bookcases are filled with jewels and jade. Du Yang's miscellaneous book said: "The agate cabinet in Bohai Sea in the first year of Wuzong Huichang was three feet square, as dark as money, and its workmanship was extremely exquisite. Use the fairy book and put it by the account. " Tang ruler can be divided into big ruler and small ruler. According to the records in the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, the daily ruler is a big ruler, one foot is about 296 mm, and the length and width of a three-foot square cabinet are about 890 mm
There are also records about the till in the literature. "Tang Shu" notes: "Wang Yi has no ambition and only plays with gold and treasure. For the big cabinet, open a hole to make it big enough to hold things. Husband and wife sleep on it. " It can accommodate two people to sleep on it, which is very big. "Opening a hole in the top" means opening a small hole in the top of the cabinet to put coins. Xi. A tri-colored pottery pot unearthed from the Tang Tomb in Anwangjiafen consists of six boards. The two side plates are slightly higher than the counter surface, and the two ends are decorated with triangles that are tilted upward. There is a small door in the middle of the front edge of the upper plate, and a hole enough to throw coins is opened at the inner end. The small door can be pulled open, and a buckle pot is nailed to the side of the door panel. The front riser is also nailed with a button head, which can be locked. The cabinet frame is installed on rectangular ruler-shaped cabinet brackets at the four corners, which can be hung up to prevent moisture and prevent coins from rusting. The cabinets and brackets are decorated with common nail-like protrusions. There are two round animal faces on the front of the cabinet, one on each side of the cabinet. In addition to decoration, it seems to indicate evil spirits (Figure 6).
Cabinets are also used to store cultural relics, which are generally vertical and have a permanent drawer. "Return to the Heart and Miscellaneous Knowledge" said: "In the past, Li Renfu made ten wooden cabinets, each cabinet made twenty replacement boxes, and each replacement was based on Jiazi. Everything that happened this year should be put back in this box, followed by the year, month and day. " "Miscellaneous Notes of Yunxian": "Xu Zhi has wonderful ink and eight cabinets, and the chaos of the nest is only good. Put it flat, the ink is gone, but Shi Lian's box is still there ",which is a cabinet for storing ink. Guang Yu Ji: "Yu Yi, ... Chang Zhong Lu Yuan Mu Qifeng, presented antlers, bookshelves, clam plates and toothbrushes, and reported several bamboo bookshelves." This cloud "bookcase" is the bookcase.
tool
There are two kinds of screens in Sui and Tang Dynasties: seat screen and folding screen, which can not only block the wind, but also separate the space and set off the main body. Painting inscriptions on the screen can set off the atmosphere.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a large number of papers were used, and screen fans changed the past practice of painting on solid wooden boards. Instead, Tian Zi's framework was composed of vertical and horizontal wooden stilts, and paper was pasted on both sides, and then inscribed on the paper, just as Bai Juyi said in "Folk Songs in the Plain": "Today's wood is the bone, and paper is the surface." The rapidly developing landscape and flower-and-bird paintings in Sui and Tang Dynasties will naturally be used for screens, so the turquoise in Zhang Zao and the flowers and birds in Bianluan have become popular screen paintings, which are different from the character stories and pure decorative screens in the screen paintings in Han, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The folding screen has no lower seat and consists of many fans, which stand on the ground at an angle to each other. There are even screen fans, and after the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there were mostly six fans, which is called "six-song screen". Li Heshi said, "Six songs in the Zhou Dynasty embrace the silver orchid". The fans are connected by wire rope or metal parts, which are called "prevention", "knee bending" and "crossing" (now called "folding iron", "hinge" or "hook"). The murals in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty and the objects such as the feather screen, the feather document screen, the feather girl screen and the Tang grass-cutting screen preserved by the Masakura Institute in Japan are all six screens of the Tang Dynasty. The folding screen is generally short, about 1200~ 1650 mm high. First, four frames are made of wide wooden strips, and the frames are made of wooden lattices, such as sun, mesh or Tian Zige, and then paper, silk, yarn or fabric are pasted on them, which can be single-sided or double-sided.
There is a base under the seat screen, which is not folded, which is different from the folding screen. Because the empty surface needs to be centered, the number of fans is mostly odd. "Biography of Wei Zhi in Tang Dynasty" says: "There are words and achievements in the collection. The emperor said,' I have heard of Lian, so I will see it sooner or later, taking what I have learned as an obstacle. "Tongdian": "Emperor Taizong, in the name of protecting the screen, looks at it in elevation, and its good and evil must be remembered, and all counties and counties are reasonable. "Old Records of the Tang Dynasty": "In the autumn of Yuanhe four years ..., there were fourteen deeds of the former monarch and minister, and the book was on the screen. "These are mostly screens. Whether it is the medical map of the mural in Cave 2 17 or the pure land change of the mural in Cave 72/Kloc-0 in Mogao Grottoes in Tang Dynasty, there are screens. The former has a single screen core and the latter has three screens.
luggage carrier
There are hangers and bookshelves on the shelves in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The basic image of clothes hangers in Sui and Tang Dynasties is that the legs are planted high and there are rewards, and there are long clothes on them, or wood or bamboo. In the thirteenth year of Tang Zhenyuan, the monument of Beihai altar in Jidu Temple said, "There are four bamboo hangers and three wooden hangers." Shen Quan's poem said: "The morning glow shames the clothes rack, and the mirror at night is not as good as the stage." There are also clothes hangers in Han Xizai's Night Banquet in the Five Dynasties.
Bookshelves are roughly four legs, with several shelves in the middle, on which books and scrolls are stored. Bai Juyi's poem "Shuxiang Mountain Temple" says: "The house is full of books, and half of it belongs to Xiangshan." Tang Yang's "Fu on the Sleeping Reading Shelf" says: "Two feet stand on the mountain and two hooks are born on the moon. From the rope to carry gold, righteousness is square. Measure and chisel, and adopt vertical and horizontal techniques. Merit depends on learning, and industry is better than Ming. No effort, no cost. When you open the book, there will be a fragrance, and when you hang it, it will be more colorful. " The image of bookshelves in the Tang Dynasty can be seen in the murals of Haihua Temple in Gaoping, Shanxi. There is a bookcase for spiritual practice in the thatched cottage, with four legs on the ground, a horizontal shelf with books and daily necessities for monks on it, and a pot door riser below it, similar to the later antique shelf.
Furniture decoration
Generally speaking, there are wood, lacquer and inlay, and there are two different orientations: elegance and wealth.
Wood is decorated with tung oil, or simply stubble, which is unpretentious and mostly used by civilians. Scholar-bureaucrats often use it in pursuit of returning to simplicity, which is called "Su Zhangji". Bai Juyi once described it in Su Ping Ballad. "Su" also includes monochrome paint.
Furniture lacquer decoration in the Tang Dynasty inherited the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, absorbed various nationalities and foreign cultures, and formed a cheerful, heroic and rich style. In the early days, gold and silver patterns, bougainvillea patterns and bird patterns were the main patterns, as well as beads and animal patterns. It changes in the later stage, but it is relatively rare and popular in the pattern of honeysuckle. In the Tang Dynasty, lacquer decoration techniques included painting, snail inlay, leveling and painting by a monk. , created a new Qi Diao craft.
Jinyinping was developed from sticking gold and silver pieces in the Han Dynasty. The method is to cut extremely thin gold and silver pieces into patterns, stick them on utensils, then coat them with two or three layers of pigments, and grind them to expose the gold and silver pieces and make them become shiny patterns. Gold and silver leveling is the creation of craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty, which has been popular for a period of time and has become a senior vessel enjoyed by emperors. "Youyang Miscellaneous Notes" once wrote: "Moby, whom An Lushan prized, gave countless gifts. The items he presented were: Jin Ping took off the spoon tendon of the rhinoceros head, and Jin Yingping took off the wonton plates, dumplings, shady edges and dirty vegetables. The imperial concubine also sent Jinping camel colt, Yu He and Jinping's Tituo noodle bowl from Lushan Mountain. "
The application of screw-in style in lacquerware made great progress in the Tang Dynasty, and some of them added shallow engraving to the screw-in style, which increased the level of expression. A wooden double soil bureau inlaid with snails was unearthed from the tomb of Astana Tang in Turpan, Xinjiang. It is 28 cm long and 7.8 cm high, with square legs, a shallow hole in the leg, a pot door under the hole and mud under it. There is a crescent-shaped city between the two long sides of the plate, with six screw holes on the left and right. There are two vertical and horizontal grid lines in the middle of the plate, which form a picture, and clouds, branches and birds are embedded in it, which is roughly similar to the double land bureau hidden in Zhengcangyuan, Japan.
Qi Diao is a newly created decorative technology in the Tang Dynasty. It is to coat dozens of thin layers of paint on the wooden tire first, and then carve the paint layer for molding. There was a similar practice in the Warring States period, but it was carved on the wooden tire first, and then painted, which was different from that in the Tang Dynasty.
Painting is the main technique of lacquerware decoration, which has been widely used in past dynasties, as well as in the Tang Dynasty. The colorful paintings on the furniture in the Tang Dynasty can be seen from the furniture handed down from the Tang Dynasty, such as palace pictures, palace music pictures, ladies and girls in Wanfan, Tao Ren pictures, moon shuttlecock, round-backed chairs and so on.
In the Song Dynasty, the society dominated by Han people was basically the same as the lifestyle of the ancients we saw in TV dramas, with high-rise buildings, vertical furniture, tables, chairs and benches.
The General History of China Customs in Song Dynasty P 157-P200 specifically introduces the architecture and interior furnishings in Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, firstly, the beam-column frame structure replaced the box-type pot door structure in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Furniture in the Song Dynasty includes: bedding and bedding (equivalent to modern quilts erected around the bed), pillows (pillows), mats, lamps and candles, fans, mirrors, spittoons, drowning devices, thermos bottles, foot warmers, all kinds of incense (incense), brooms, lichens and so on.
There are books devoted to the study of furniture in the Song Dynasty and later dynasties, such as Shao Xiaofeng's Furniture of Song Dynasty in China, Southeast University Press, 20 10.