Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of Yizhang County, Hunan Province. Its geographical coordinates are 112°43′19″～113°0′10″ east longitude and 24°52′0″～25 north latitude. °23′12″, it belongs to a forest ecosystem type nature reserve. The total area of ??the protected area is 19?833hm 2 , including 7?372hm 2 in the core area, 2?835hm 2 in the buffer zone and 9?626hm 2 in the experimental area. Mangshan established a provincial nature reserve in 1984, and in April 1994, the Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve was approved by the State Council.
The main protection objects of this area are the native evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem and biological diversity of the typical Nanling flora, and the natural ecological environment at the source of Beijiang, a tributary of the Pearl River. Basic introduction Chinese name: Mangshan National Nature Reserve Geographical location: Southern Yizhang County Climate type: Central subtropical humid climate Area: 19,833 hectares Attraction level: National Nature Reserve Date of establishment: 1994 Historical evolution, geographical environment , location and realm, landform, topography, climate, soil, hydrology, plant resources, animal resources, protected objects, plants, animals, management institutions, value, historical evolution In 1957, when the Hunan Provincial Forestry Department compiled the Mangshan Project Project, it was planned 533.0 hectares of Motianling area has been designated as a landscape area, making it one of the earliest protected areas established in the country. A provincial nature reserve was established in 1984. In April 1994, the State Council approved the establishment of the "Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve". Geographical environment and location: It is located in the southern part of Yizhang County, Hunan Province. It borders Ruyuan, Yangshan and Lianzhou counties (cities) of Guangdong Province to the east, south and west respectively, and to the north it borders Mangshan Township, Dongfeng Township and Tianjin County, Yizhang County. Tangxiang and Baishaxiang are adjacent to each other. The geographical coordinates are 112°43′19″～113°0′10″ east longitude and 24°52′0″～25°23′12″ north latitude. The total area is 19833 hectares. It is a forest ecosystem type nature reserve. The functional zoning is: 7,372 hectares of core area, 2,835 hectares of buffer zone, and 9,626 hectares of experimental area. Landform of Mangshan National Nature Reserve Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve is located in the local subsidence zone at the southern end of the middle section of the Nanling Mountains. It is a mid-mountain landform with more than 100 peaks above 1,000 meters above sea level. The terrain is higher in the south and lower in the north. The highest peak, Mengkengshi, is 1,902 meters above sea level, the lowest altitude is Duizichong, 400 meters, and the maximum height difference is 1,502 meters. The main geological activity is the intense Yanshan movement, which basically shaped the landform. The geological structure is northeast-southwest structure, with deep ground cuts, steep cliffs, deep canyons, and crisscrossing streams and rivers. Coupled with abundant precipitation, physical weathering is severe, and landslides and rock avalanches develop, making the mountain steeper, with a slope of generally 30-30 Precipitous slopes of 40 degrees and more than 60 degrees are common. The mountains are majestic and the magmatic rocks in the area are relatively developed. They are coarse-grained granite in the Dadongshan granite body and belong to the Yanshan period intrusion. Terrain: The terrain of Mangshan slopes from southeast to northwest. It is quite rugged and has a large relative height difference, generally 500-800 meters, with the maximum height difference reaching 1,400 meters. Climate Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve has a humid mid-subtropical climate and is one of the southernmost regions in my country with ice and snow in winter. The mountains are high and the forests are dense, with superior mountain forest climate conditions. According to statistics from the Mangshan Forest Farm Weather Station over the years, the average annual temperature is 17.2°C (elevation 630 meters, the same below), the average temperature in July is 22.7°C, and the average temperature in January is 5.2°C, which is extreme. The maximum temperature is 36.2℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -9.8℃. The temperature decreases with the increase of altitude, with a decrease rate of 0.41℃/100 meters. However, in winter, temperature inversion often occurs between 1200-1900 meters above sea level. The annual rainfall is 1710-2557 mm. The annual rainfall increases with the increase of altitude, with an increasing rate of 73.7 mm/100 meters. There are 290 frost-free days throughout the year.
The vertical zone spectrum of subtropical mountain yellow soil in the soil protection zone is relatively complete. Mountain yellow soil is at an altitude of 800-1,300 meters, dark yellow brown soil is at an altitude of 1,300-1,800 meters, and mountain meadow soil is above an altitude of 1,800 meters. The soil characteristics are diverse soil types. , PH value 4.5-5.6, acidic, with more gravel content in the soil layer, varying soil layer thickness, and more organic matter content, suitable for the growth of a variety of plants. Hydrology The water system of the reserve is the upper reaches of the Changle River, which is a tributary of the Pearl River and the source of the Beijiang River. The main river is 24 kilometers long, with a drainage area of ??88.2 square kilometers. The river valley is mainly U-shaped, with a longitudinal slope ratio of 47. The river is rapid, and the gentle river sections have clear and clear water. The Linziping Reservoir has been built in the Linziping Gorge section at an altitude of 1,260 meters, with a storage capacity of 11 million cubic meters. Plant Resources Mangshan belongs to the southern subtropical mountainous humid climate zone. It is affected by the interaction of tropical warm currents and continental cold currents all year round. In addition, the terrain is complex, the forest vegetation coverage rate is high, and the species is extremely rich. In terms of plants, it is the most beautiful place between South China and The intersection area of ??Central China, East China and Southwest China. There are 18 species of ancient and precious gymnosperms, and they are distributed in groups, indicating that this is a well-preserved place for Tertiary forest. For example: Jasminaceae, which has an ancient origin, has 9 genera distributed throughout the country, and is distributed in Mangshan Mountain in large and concentrated quantities. There are 2,649 species of higher plants, accounting for 60% of the total in the province, including more than 700 species of woody plants. Among Mangshan plants, Asteraceae is a large family with 127 species. Asteraceae is a new variant with small leaves and beautiful small white flowers blooming from July to August. There are four kinds of unique bamboos in Mangshan, namely: flat-tongued large-jointed bamboo, Mangshan bitter bamboo, yellow-stemmed bamboo, and slender tea-stem bamboo. Bamboo can grow well on platforms with high groundwater levels and in places where the soil layer is thin and trees cannot take root. A nationwide endangered species, Jasmine macrocarpa, is naturally distributed only in Mangshan Mountain in Hunan Province. On the ridge at an altitude of 1,400 meters, there are patches of pure Cantonese pine forest. Among the thousands of flowers, the fragrant white orchids, golden-leaf white orchids, mantle trees, magnolias, and red cherries are gorgeous. The top of the mountain becomes a world of azaleas and camellias, with colorful Yunjin azaleas, Fujian azaleas, red-robed azaleas, and alpine azaleas. Rhododendron and Mangshan red camellia come together to form a sea of ??flowers. The forests in the area have an obvious vertical spectrum. Depending on the altitude, they are roughly divided into evergreen broad-leaved forest belts, evergreen deciduous broad-leaf mixed forest belts, coniferous broad-leaf mixed forest belts, alpine shrubs and meadow belts. Medicinal plants in the forest There are 245 species. The protected area includes national second-level plants: Cephalotaxus truncatula, ginseng ginseng, long-stemmed double-flowered tree, silver bell tree, Fujian cypress, white cedar, sightseeing tree, Bole tree, and glabra; third-level plants include Pingnan Castanopsis, Ledong Pseudounisexual magnolia, South China five-needled pine, octagonal lotus, half wind lotus, Magnolia officinalis, southern hemlock, long-bracted hemlock, white osmanthus, lack of calyx coptis, etc. Five-needled pine - national key protected plant, Pinaceae, evergreen tree, annual branches green when young, then yellowish brown, densely covered with light yellow pubescence. The leaves have five needles in a bunch, are thin, somewhat curved, 3.5 to 5.5 cm long, with resin channels growing on both sides. The cones are ovate or ovoid-elliptic, 5 to 7 cm long, and the seeds are winged. Animal resources: There are 259 species of vertebrates and 32 species of nationally protected animals. Among the top ten venomous snakes in the country, there are 7 species in Mangshan. The Mangshan iron-headed snake is a new species. It is huge in size and has a milky white tail that is 8 to 12 centimeters long. Distributed in the primitive secondary broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 600 to 1,300 meters, they lay eggs from the end of June to the beginning of July every year, with up to 27 eggs in a clutch. The eggs are as big as chicken eggs. The incubation period is two months before the young snakes hatch out of their shells. Among the birds, the yellow-bellied pheasant, a specialty of China under first-level national protection, is concentrated in Mangshan. There are also first-level protected animals in the reserve, such as South China tiger, clouded leopard, leopard, sika deer, etc.; second-level protected animals, such as macaque, pangolin, sambar, musk deer, large and small civets, white pheasant, giant salamander, etc. The distribution density of Mangshan snakes is high. Within an area of ??less than 1 square kilometer, 22 species of snakes from 17 genera and 4 families can be collected. Among snakes, the transitional phenomenon of mixed northern and southern fauna is more obvious. It not only has the characteristics of Central China's flora, but also has the characteristics of South China's flora. At the same time, snake species from the southwest fauna are also distributed to the Mangshan Mountains through the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. For example: Hainan flash-scaled snake in South China and white-headed viper in Southwest China. The swamp of Langpan Lake is rich in eagle-billed turtles, with mouths like eagle's beaks. Their scientific name is ratite turtles, which are nationally protected animals.
Ratite turtles, also known as "big-headed turtles", belong to the family Ratite, with a large head that is slightly triangular in shape and cannot be retracted into the carapace. The jaws are hooked and the carapace is flat. The carapace is connected to the angular plate and ligament of the lower edge of the plastron. It can be up to 25 cm long and 20 cm wide. Dark olive color with small dark brown spots; ventral surface is yellow-green. The tail is very long. Feeds on snakes, fish, and worms. The flesh is edible and the carapace is used for medicinal purposes. Plants to be protected: Native plant communities such as Pinus Kwangtungensis community, Tsuga tangibracteata community, and Forkienia hodginsti community. There are three national first-level protected plants: Taxus wallichiana var.mairei, Bretschneidera sinensis, and Brasenia schreberi; Forkienia hodginsti, Pinus Kwangtungensis, white bean There are 14 species of plants under national secondary protection, including Pseudoutaxus chienii, Disanthas cercidifolium var.longipes, and Semiliquidambar cathayensis. There are currently 32 species of terrestrial wild animals under national key protection known in the reserve, among which the first-level national protected species include: python (Python molurus), yellow-bellied tragopan (Tragopan caboti), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), golden leopard (Panthera pardus), South China tiger (Panthera tigris Amoyensis), sika deer (Cervus nippon) and other 6 species; terrestrial wild animals under national secondary protection include: tiger frog (Rana ragulasa), snake eagle (Spilornis cheela), white pheasant ( Lophura nycthermera), eagle bird (Bubo bubo), sambar deer (Cervus unicalor), red-faced monkey (Macaca arcloides), pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), black bear (Selenarcyos thibetanus) and other 26 species. Animals Since the botanist Professor Gao Xipeng discovered Rhododendron hunanse and Rhododendron hukwangense in Mangshan, 50 new species or model species have been recorded in Mangshan, among which the plants include: Styraxcrpus macro , Citrus mangshanensis, Hydrangea mangshanensis, Aster mangshanensis and 22 other species; animals include: Trimeresurus mangshanensis, Opisthotropis cheni sp .nov.), Mangshan horned toad (Megophrys mangshanensis Fei et ye.) and other 3 species; large fungi include: Mangshan spiny bark (Heterocheate mangshanensis Peng et Hu), Mangshan white fungus (Tremua mangshanensis Peng) and other 9 species; insects There are 16 species including: Nasutitermes mangshanensis, Panorpa mangshanensis, Pleuronota mangshanensis, etc.
The Mangshan iron-headed snake (Trimeresurus mangshanensis) is a highly venomous snake discovered in 1989 by Chen Yuanhui, a scientist from the Mangshan Forestry Administration. It is also the second large-scale highly venomous snake found on the earth after the king cobra. . This kind of snake is stout and has a head like a soldering iron. An adult snake can be more than 2 meters long and weigh more than 3 kilograms. Its discovery has attracted great attention from the biological community. Because of its original and special anatomical characteristics, it has a special status in the evolution of snakes and has high research value. It was included in the "China Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan" in 1994. In 1998, the "Red Data Book of Endangered Animals in China" listed it as a "critically endangered" species. Its distribution range is only more than 100 square meters in the Mangshan Nature Reserve. within kilometers. With only 300 to 500 remaining, it is one of the most endangered snake species in China and even the world. Management agency The management agency of the protected area is the Mangshan National Nature Reserve Administration, which is a division-level public institution, co-located with the Mangshan State-owned Forestry Administration and the Mangshan National Forest Park Management Office, and is directly under the people of Yizhang County* ** Management, accept the guidance of superior forestry department in business. The Reserve Administration Bureau has four functional departments, including the Forestry Resource Protection Section, the Forest Protection and Fire Prevention Office, the Ecological Tourism Section, and the Science and Technology Education Section; it has four grassroots protection stations: Congshuba, Xiangsikeng, Hejiawan, and Duizichong. The government has jurisdiction over 21 forest protection points, 1 lookout post, 2 checkpoints, and has established a scenic spot patrol team. The reserve currently has 160 staff members, including 25 managers, 10 technicians, and 125 forest rangers, including 69 with a college degree or above, 1 with a senior professional title, 25 with an intermediate professional title, and 40 with an assistant-level professional title. . Value This reserve has unique and important significance in studying the evolution of paleotropical pan-Arctic fauna, the world's humid subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem, and the protection of South China tigers.