The ultimate goal of landscape design is to use social, economic, artistic, scientific and political comprehensive means to meet the needs of people's s
The ultimate goal of landscape design is to use social, economic, artistic, scientific and political comprehensive means to meet the needs of people's survival and development in the urban environment. So how much do you know about landscape design? The following is what I arranged, I hope you like it!
First, landscape design: people-oriented embodiment of fraternity
The ultimate goal of environmental design is to use social, economic, artistic, scientific and political comprehensive means to meet the needs of people's survival and development in the urban environment. It makes the urban environment fully accommodate people's activities, and more importantly, it makes people in this environment feel the lofty temperament of human beings and encourages people to be kind and enterprising in a beautiful and happy life. People are the main body of urban space, and any space environment design should take people's needs as the starting point, show concern for people, and create spaces that meet their needs according to the behavioral and psychological characteristics of infants, teenagers, adults, the elderly and the disabled, such as sports venues, communication spaces, barrier-free passages, etc. With the progress of the times, people's lifestyles and behaviors are also changing, and urban landscape design should also adapt to the changing needs.
Symonds claimed that he was trying to refine the wonderful landscape design works he saw into the basic rule theory. Such as the Temple of Heaven and Yuanmingyuan in China; Longan Temple in Japan: Champs Elysé es in France, etc. The author described people's experiences in it in a concise and poetic style. The conclusion is that "people are not planning places, spaces or objects;" What people plan is experience-first, a clear purpose or experience, and then a conscious design with form and quality to achieve the desired effect. Places, spaces or objects are designed according to the ultimate goal, with the best expression of services and functions and the best planning experience. "The people mentioned here refer to the main clients of landscape design. Planning is the experience they want in the landscape, not the experience of outsiders such as tourists, designers and developers. But this point is easily overlooked. Designers and developers will impose their "good" landscape experience on the real users of the landscape. For example, the authenticity of life emphasized in the protection of historical and cultural cities refers to the local people.
In the design of landscape rules, it is necessary for designers to fully understand the main service object-users. Symonds believes that in landscape planning and design, people are animals first, and usually retain their natural instincts and are driven by them. In order to plan rationally, we must understand and adapt to these instincts. At the same time, people have characteristics that animals do not have. They long for beauty and order, which is unique among animals. While relying on nature, people can also understand the laws of nature and transform nature. Therefore, understanding the multiple needs and experience requirements of human beings and specific landscape services is the basis of landscape planning and design.
Can people be planned? The answer is obviouslyno. But people can be known, so different people's experiences in different landscapes can be predicted, and what kind of experiences are popular can also be known. Human experience can be planned. If the landscape designed by the designer makes people experience what they want, then it can be said that it is a successful design.
Second, landscape design: respect nature and reveal nature.
The natural environment is the foundation of human survival and development, and its topography, rivers and lakes, green vegetation and other elements constitute valuable urban landscape resources. Respecting and strengthening the natural landscape features of the city will make the artificial environment and the natural environment live in harmony and help to create urban features. The ancients used the theory of geomantic omen to provide us with excellent reference models in urban site selection and housing construction, so that man and nature can reach the realm of "harmony between man and nature". Today, in many cities with reinforced concrete buildings, actively organizing and introducing natural landscape elements can not only achieve urban ecological balance and maintain the sustainable development of the city, but also "soften" the hard space of the city with its natural flexibility and inject vitality into the urban landscape, which is of great significance.
Modern urban residents are getting farther and farther away from nature, and natural elements and processes are becoming more and more invisible. The skyline of the distant mountains, the horizon at the foot and the horizontal line are almost abstract nouns. Children only know that water flows out of the iron pipe and disappears from the sink or toilet. They don't know where the water comes from and where it flows. For people who work in fully air-conditioned offices, it is a rare thing to breathe the air with natural temperature and humidity, not to mention knowing the soil type, vegetation type and plant species of the land under their feet.
Just as the natural process disappears from the public's sight in traditional design, the support system of urban life is often hidden. Sewage treatment plants, landfills, power plants and substations are consciously hidden as ugly objects. The disappearance of natural landscape and process and the structure and process of urban life support system makes people unable to care about the present situation and future of the environment, let alone care about the environment and ecology and control their daily behavior. Therefore, in order to let people participate in the design and care for the environment, we must re-expose the natural process, so that urban residents can feel the surge of streams and the confluence of pond surface runoff after rain; Feel the existence of natural wind through the shaking of branches and leaves; From flowering to falling, we can see the changes of the four seasons; From the natural withered leaves, we can see the natural decay and degradation process.
Revealing nature, as an important principle of ecological design and ecological aesthetic principle, has been paid more and more attention in modern landscape design. Landscape designers can not only design the form and function of landscape, but also emphasize natural phenomena, highlight their characteristics, guide people's horizons and movements, and design people's experiences. Here, the process of rainwater diversion, collection and reuse can become a unique landscape of the city through urban rainwater ecological design. It is designed to dig three feet into the ground, with the changes of soil layer and bedrock under the feet as the object of landscape design, to arouse the residents' cognition of nature under skyscrapers and cement pavements. Water and fire in natural landscape are no longer regarded as disasters, but as ecological processes necessary to maintain landscape and biodiversity.
The natural ecosystem is endless and tireless, providing various conditions and processes to maintain human survival and meet their needs. This is called ecosystem service. The services provided by nature to human beings are all-round. The design principle of letting nature do work emphasizes the * * * relationship between man and natural process. By cooperating with the process and mode that life follows, we can significantly reduce the ecological impact of design.
Third, landscape design: protecting and saving resources
In the design, materials made of recycled raw materials should be used as much as possible, and the materials on the site should be recycled as much as possible, so as to maximize the potential of materials, reduce energy consumption in the process of material production, processing and transportation, reduce waste in construction, and retain local cultural characteristics. The brick and tile factory park in Heilbronn, Germany makes full use of the waste of the original brick and tile factory. Gravel is used as the base or retaining wall of roads, or as a new reagent to increase soil water permeability. Stones can be used as retaining walls, and the tracks of old railways can be used as kerbs. All these wastes have gained new performance in utilization, thus retaining the ecological and visual characteristics of brick factories for hundreds of years.
Make full use of the original buildings and facilities of the site and give them new functions. Many original industrial facilities in Emscher Park, an international architectural exhibition in Germany, have been transformed into exhibition halls, concert halls, galleries, museums, offices, sports, fitness and entertainment buildings, which have been well utilized. A complete 230km bicycle tour system has been established in the park, in which the cultural and industrial landscape of the area can be fully understood and appreciated. Using this system for sightseeing can effectively reduce the use of motor vehicles and thus reduce environmental pollution.
Efficient use of water and reduction of water consumption are important manifestations of ecological principles. Some landscape design projects can solve most of the landscape water use through rainwater utilization, and some can even be completely self-sufficient, thus achieving zero consumption of urban clean water resources. In these designs, the recycled rainwater is not only used for waterscape construction and green space irrigation, but also for internal cleaning of surrounding buildings. The landscape park in northern Duisburg, Germany designed by Ratz retains the historical information of the original steel plant to the maximum extent. The old drainage channel of the original factory was transformed into a waterscape park, and the new wind facilities were used to drive the water purification system. Specially collected rainwater is transported to various gardens for irrigation. The waterscape of Potsdam Square in Berlin has brought rich natural flavor to the city, forming a vibrant urban open space suitable for all kinds of people. All this water comes from the collection of rainwater. The buildings in the plot have set up a special system to collect about 50,000 square meters of rainwater received by the roof and the site, which can be used to clean sanitary ware inside the building, water outdoor plants and replenish outdoor water surface. The flow of water and the growth of aquatic plants are related to the purification of water quality, and the landscape is also reasonably integrated with ecological principles.
Although most landscapes are more or less green in appearance, green ones are not necessarily ecological, and it takes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to form and maintain effective landscapes, which is not "green" in the ecological sense. More local plants should be used in the design, and the natural regenerated vegetation on the site should be respected. Nature has its laws of evolution and renewal. From an ecological point of view, natural communities are healthier and more energetic than artificial communities. Some designers are aware of this. They either make full use of the original natural vegetation on the site or establish a framework to provide conditions for the natural regeneration process, which is also a manifestation of the initiative of the natural system. "People also: