South-to-North Water Diversion
Overall layout: Since the idea of ??"South-to-North Water Diversion" was proposed in the 1950s, after decades of research, the overall layout of the South-to-North Water Diversion has been determined as follows: from the upper, middle and lower parts of the Yangtze River respectively. Downstream water diversion to meet the development needs of northwest and north China, namely the west route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is divided into three water diversion lines: east, middle and west. After completion, it will be connected to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, and Haihe River, and will form the overall pattern of my country's water resources of "four horizontal and three vertical, allocation from north to south, and mutual assistance from east to west". The middle line project of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project: divert water from the head gate of the Taocha Canal of the Danjiangkou Reservoir after the dam expansion, and excavate channels along the planned route to transport water. It passes along the west side of the Tangbai River Basin and passes through Fangcheng Pass, the watershed between the Yangtze River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin. The western edge of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain crosses the Yellow River at Gubaizui west of Zhengzhou, and continues northward along the west side of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, and can basically flow to Beijing and Tianjin. The plan is implemented in two phases. Recently, water was diverted from the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, and canals were opened along the piedmont plains of the Funiu Mountains and Taihang Mountains, ending in Beijing. The long-term plan is to consider diverting water from the Three Gorges Reservoir or the Yangtze River mainstream to increase the amount of water transferred northward. The middle line project has the advantages of good water quality, large coverage, and artesian water transmission. It is a major infrastructure to solve the water resource crisis in North China. The preliminary research work on the central route project began in the early 1950s. Over the past 40 years, the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission and relevant provinces, cities and departments have conducted a large number of survey, planning, design and scientific research work. In January 1994, the Ministry of Water Resources reviewed and approved the "Feasibility Study Report on the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project" compiled by the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, and submitted it to the State Planning Commission for recommendations on the construction of this project. West Line Project: Build dams and reservoirs on the upper reaches of the Tongtian River, tributaries of the Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, dig water conveyance tunnels through the Bayan Hara Mountains, the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and divert Yangtze River water into the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The water supply target of the Western Line Project is mainly to solve the water shortage problem involving the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong Plain of the Wei River in 6 provinces (autonomous regions) including Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Shanxi. Combined with the construction of backbone water conservancy projects on the main stream of the Yellow River, water can also be supplied to the Hexi Corridor area in Gansu adjacent to the Yellow River basin, and water can also be replenished to the lower reaches of the Yellow River when necessary. Adjustable water volume and water supply range The adjustable water volume of the middle line project of the Danjiangkou Reservoir will be completed according to the later scale of the Danjiangkou Reservoir. Under the normal water storage level of 170m, appropriate compensation projects will be carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River taking into account the development level in 2020 to ensure the industrial and agricultural development of the transferred area. After using water for shipping and environment, the average water output for many years is 14.14 billion m3. In a normal dry year (guaranteed rate of 75%), the adjustable water output is about 11 billion m3. The water supply scope is mainly the western and central parts of the Tangbai River Plain and the Huanghuaihai Plain. The total water supply area is about 155,000 km2. Due to the limited amount of water diverted from Han Dynasty, it cannot meet the water demand requirements in the planned water supply area. It can only supply urban domestic and industrial water in the five provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan and Hubei, and also take into account agricultural and other water use in some areas. Project Layout The main project of the middle line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project consists of two parts: the water source area project and the water transmission project. The water source area projects include the later construction of the Danjiangkou Conservancy Project and the compensation project for the middle and lower reaches of the Han River; the water transmission projects include the Han Diversion Main Canal and the Tianjin Main Canal. (1) Water source area project 1. Danjiangkou Water Reservoir Renewal Project The Danjiangkou Reservoir controls 60% of the Han River’s drainage area, with a multi-year average natural runoff of 40.85 billion m3. Taking into account upstream development, it is predicted that the water entering the reservoir in 2020 will be 38.54 billion m3. On the basis of the initial scale of the Danjiangkou Water Conservancy Project, the construction has been completed according to the original plan. The dam crest elevation has been increased from the current 162m to 176.6m. The designed water storage level has been increased from 157m to 170m. The total storage capacity has reached 29.05 billion m3. Compared with the initial stage, the storage capacity is increased by 11.6 billion m3, the effective adjustment storage capacity is increased by 8.8 billion m3, and the flood control storage capacity is increased by 3.3 billion m3. When the normal water storage level of Danjiangkou Reservoir in the later period is 170m, the inundation treatment area will be increased by 370km2. According to a 1992 survey, the main physical indicators of inundation are: Population: 224,000 Houses: 4.794 million m2 Cultivated land: 235,000 acres Industrial and mining enterprises: 120 ( Combined with township and village enterprises), the original value of fixed assets was submerged by 120 million yuan.
2. The compensation project for the middle and lower reaches of the Han River needs to be constructed in order to avoid the possible adverse effects of recent water diversion on industrial, agricultural and shipping water use in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River: the main stream channelization project Xinglong or Nianpanshan hub, the Dongjing River diversion water replenishment project, reconstruction or Expansion of some gate stations and addition of some waterway improvement projects. (2) Water conveyance project 1. The main canal line south of the Yellow River is restricted by the location of the established canal head, the Fangcheng Pass in the Yangtze-Huaihe River watershed, and the scope of crossing the Yellow River, and its direction is clear. To the north of the Yellow River, two options were compared: existing river water delivery and newly opened channels. The high-line option of newly opened channels was considered from the aspects of ensuring water quality and self-flow along the entire line. The main canal diverts water from the head of Taocha Canal in Xichuan County, Nanyang City, and extends along the 8km channel that has been built. It runs northeast in the area between the mountain front hills and plains at the southern foot of Funiu Mountain, passes through Nanyang, crosses the Baihe River, and then crosses the Fangcheng Pass of the Jianghuai watershed. Entering the Huaihe River Basin. It passes through Baofeng, Yuzhou, Xinzhengxi, and crosses the Yellow River at Gubaizui in the northwest of Zhengzhou. Then it goes north along the piedmont plain at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, on the west side of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, to Tang County and enters the low mountain and hilly area. It crosses the Juma River in the north and enters Beijing. After crossing the Yongding River, it enters Beijing District and ends at Yuyuantan. The total length of the main canal is 1241.2km. The Tianjin Main Canal diverts water from the north main canal of Xiheishan Village, Xushui County, Hebei Province to the east of Tianjin Xihe Gate, with a total length of 142km. The design water level at the head of the main canal is 147.2m, and the end point is 49.5m. The entire line is self-flowing. The water level and flow rate at the main control points are: Control point or channel section design flow (m3/s) Design water level (Yellow Sea elevation) (m) Canal head ~ Fangcheng 630 (increase 800) 147.2～137.8 Crossing the Yellow River 500 119.5～106.0 Entering Hebei 415 91.3 Entering Beijing 70 61.1 Entering Yuyuantan 40 49.5 Tianjin Main Canal 70 64.9～2.7 The longitudinal slope of the channel south of the Yellow River is 1/25000; north of the Yellow River 1/30000～ 1/15000. The entire channel is lined with concrete, cement soil, shotcrete plastering and other methods according to different soil types to prevent seepage and reduce roughness. The design water depth of the channel decreases from south to north with the design flow rate, from 9.5m at the head of the channel to 3.5m in Beijing, and the bottom width ranges from 56m to 7m. The engineering geological conditions and main geological issues of the main canal have been basically understood. Issues such as channel slope stability in the expansive soil and loess canal sections, vibration liquefaction issues in the saturated sand section, and seismic resistance issues in the high seismic cracking section, as well as coal pressure and goaf collapse issues in the coal mining area are being addressed in the design. Take corresponding engineering measures to solve the problem. The main canal connects the four major river basins of the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River. It needs to pass through the main stream of the Yellow River and 219 other rivers with a catchment area of ??more than 10km2, cross 44 railways, and 571 highway bridges need to be built across the main canal. In addition, there are control There are 936 buildings of various types on the main canal, including sluices, diversion gates, water withdrawal buildings, tunnels, culverts, etc., the largest of which is the project across the Yellow River. Tianjin's main canals cross 48 large and small rivers and have 119 buildings. 2. Crossing the Yellow River Project The main canal crosses the Yellow River in the Taohuayu Reservoir area planned in the Yellow River Basin. The project of crossing the Yellow River is large in scale, has complex problems and requires a lot of investment. It is the most critical structure on the main canal. After a comprehensive study and comparison of multiple options, it is believed that both aqueduct and tunnel inverted rainbow types are technically feasible. Since the tunnel plan can avoid conflicts with the Yellow River's river conditions and Yellow River planning, and there are successful experiences in shield tunneling construction technology at home and abroad that can be used for reference, the Gubaizui tunnel plan is recommended based on the layout of the canal lines on both sides. The total length of the tunnel project across the Yellow River is about 7.2km, with a designed water delivery capacity of 500m3/s. It uses two circular cross-section tunnels with an inner diameter of 8.5m. (3) Main project volume and investment: 600 million m3 of earth excavation; 060 million m3 of stone excavation; 230 million m3 of earth and stone filling; 15.83 million m3 of concrete; 7.18 million m3 of lining cement and soil; 700,000 m3 of reinforced steel materials t; 422,000 acres of permanent land (including 235,000 acres of submerged reservoir area). The main factors controlling the progress of the midline project of 110,000 acres of temporary land are the resettlement of the Danjiangkou reservoir area and the Yellow River crossing project in the main canal project. The Yellow River crossing project uses a shield machine to excavate, and the construction period will be about six years, and the project preparation period needs to be taken into account. Estimated based on the price level at the end of 1993, the total static investment in the project was approximately 40 billion yuan.
Project benefits: The middle line project can alleviate the water resources crisis in Beijing, Tianjin, and North China, increase water supply for urban life and industry in Beijing, Tianjin, Henan, and Hebei by 6.4 billion m3, and increase agricultural supply by 3 billion m3. Greatly improve the ecological environment and investment environment of the water supply area, and promote the economic development of central my country. The heightening of the Danjiangkou Reservoir dam will improve flood control standards in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River and ensure the safety of the Hanbei Plain and Wuhan City. Water is diverted from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and basically transported northward step by step along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, supplying water to the eastern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and ending in Tianjin. The eastern route project has been conceived since the early 1950s. After the severe drought in North China in 1972, the Ministry of Water and Power organized a study. For more than two decades, led by the South-to-North Water Diversion Planning Office, the Huaihe River Water Conservancy Commission, the Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission, the Tianjin Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Water Resources, and relevant provinces, cities, and departments have done a lot of survey, design, and scientific research work. In 1976, the "South-to-North Water Diversion Project Planning Report for the Recent Project" was proposed and submitted to the State Council for preliminary review. In March 1983, the State Council approved the "Feasibility Study Report on the First Phase of the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project" submitted by the Ministry of Water and Power. In September 1993, the Ministry of Water Resources, together with relevant provincial and municipal governments, reviewed and approved the "Revised Planning Report for the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project" and the "Revised Feasibility Study Report for the First Phase of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project". Project scale and water diversion volume The lower reaches of the Yangtze River are rich in water. The average annual inflow into seawater is about 960 billion m3. Even in particularly dry years, the amount is more than 600 billion m3. The east-line project draws water from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and has abundant water sources. The amount of water diversion depends on the scale of the water diversion project. The plan takes into account the reasonable final scale of the eastern route project, the planning scale targeting the 2020 development level and the scale of the first phase of the project to transfer water to North China within this century. East Line Project Water supply scope of the East Line Project: involving five provinces and cities: Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin. Specifically: the lower reaches of the Huaihe River plain in northern Jiangsu except the hinterland of the Lixia River and the highlands to the east and north; both sides of the Huaihe River below Bengbu in Anwei Province, both sides of the Xinbian River east of Huaibei City and parts of Tianchang County; the southern part of Shandong Province Surrounding the Four Lakes, the side of Hanzhuang Canal and Liangji Canal, some cities in Jiaodong area and the Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area in North Shandong; Yundong area of ??Heilonggang, Hebei; Tianjin City and its suburbs. Project Layout The east route project of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is based on the existing Jiangsu Province River-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal Channel Project and the Huaihe River Control Project, and is planned and arranged in conjunction with the Huaihe River Control Plan. The main project of the east line consists of three parts: water transmission project, water storage project and power supply project. (1) Water conveyance projects include water conveyance channel projects, pumping station hub projects, and Yellow River crossing projects. 1． Water conveyance channels There are two water diversions: Sanjiangying, where the Huaihe River enters the Yangtze River, and Liuwei, where the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal enters the Yangtze River. The total length of the water conveyance river project from the Yangtze River to the main water conveyance line in Tianjin is 1,150km, including 651km south of the Yellow River, 9km across the Yellow River, and 490km north of the Yellow River. The total length of the branch lines is 740km, of which 665km is south of the Yellow River. 90% of the water conveyance channels utilize existing river channels. 2. Pump Station Hub The terrain of the east line slopes north to south with the Yellow River as the backbone, and the water diversion entrance is more than 40 meters lower than the ground at the Yellow River. It is necessary to set up 13 cascade pumping stations to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the south bank of the Yellow River, with a total lift of 65m. It can flow automatically to Tianjin through the Yellow River. To the south of the Yellow River, except for one cascade between the upper and lower lakes in the South Four Lakes, there are three cascades on each other river section. There are 30 pumping stations on the main water transmission line south of the Yellow River; 13 on the main line and 17 on the branch lines. The total designed pumping capacity is 10200m3/s and the installed capacity is 1.0177 million kW, of which 7 existing pumping stations can be used. location, with a design pumping capacity of 1100m3/s and an installed capacity of 110,500kW. The first phase of the project still has 13 steps, 23 pumping stations, and an installed capacity of 453,700 kW. There are 5 water pumping stations at the entrance and exit of each water storage depression north of the Yellow River, with a designed pumping capacity of 326m3/s and an installed capacity of 14,600 kW. The characteristics of the pumping station on the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project are low head (mostly 2 to 6m), large flow (single machine flow is generally 15 to 40m3/s), and long operating time (the pumping station south of the Yellow River is about 5,000 hours/year). The pumping station also has the task of drainage, which requires the pumping station to operate flexibly and with high efficiency. 3． Crossing the Yellow River Project A tunnel project was selected under the Yellow River between Dongping County and Dong'a County in Shandong Province. Through years of geological exploration and the excavation of test tunnels for cross-yellow exploration, the bedrock structure and karst development of the river bottom were identified, and the construction problem of leakage plugging and excavation of the river bottom tunnel was successfully solved.
The Yellow River crossing project has a total length of 8.67km from the lake gate of Dongping Lake to the entrance of the canal. The inverted rainbow tunnel section of the Yellow River crossing project is 634m long. The flat tunnel section is 70m deep under the Yellow River and consists of two tunnels with a diameter of 9.3m. Tunnel. In the first phase of the project, one road will be excavated. (2) There are Hongze Lake, Luoma Lake, Nansi Lake, Dongping Lake and other lakes along the east line of the water storage project to the south of the Yellow River. With slight renovation and reinforcement, the total regulated storage capacity reaches 7.57 billion m3, and no new water storage is needed. project. The existing Beidagang Reservoir in Tianjin to the north of the Yellow River can continue to be used. Tuanbowa in Tianjin and Qianqingwa in Hebei need to be expanded, and Dalangdian and Langwa in Hebei will be newly built. The total regulated storage capacity of the five plain reservoirs north of the Yellow River is 1.49 billion m3. . (3) Power supply project There are 30 pumping stations south of the Yellow River, with a newly installed capacity of 887,700 kW, an average annual electricity consumption of 3.82 billion kW·h, and a maximum annual electricity consumption of 5.75 billion kW·h. The first phase of the project includes 23 pumping stations, with an additional installed capacity of 343,200 kW and an average annual electricity consumption of 1.9 billion kW·h. (4) Main project quantities and investment master plan Phase I earthwork (stone) works (100 million m3) 7.76 3.04 Among them, south of the Yellow River (100 million m3) 5.33 1.76 Concrete (10,000 m3) 529 143 Newly installed pump station capacity (10,000 kW ) 92.18 34.41 New transmission lines (km) 1326 1282 Permanent and temporary land area (10,000 acres) 33.91 30.2l House demolition (10,000 units) 7.6 7.6 Estimated based on 1993 prices, the investment in the east line project is approximately 20 billion yuan. The first phase of the project is about 9.4 billion yuan. Project benefits: The eastern route project can provide a net increase of 14.33 billion m3 of water supply to the five provinces and cities of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin, including 6.656 billion m3 of domestic, industrial and shipping water. Agriculture: 7.676 billion m3. After implementation, the east line project can basically solve the water shortage problem in some cities in Tianjin, Hebei Heilonggang Yundong area, Shandong Lubei, southwestern Shandong and Jiaodong, and will have the conditions to supply water to Beijing. Promote economic development in the Bohai Rim area and the eastern part of the Yellow-Huaihai Plain, and improve the environment deteriorated by water shortage. It ensures the water source for year-round navigation of the Jining-Xuzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. The two commercial grain bases in western Shandong and northern Jiangsu have been consolidated and developed. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a strategic measure to optimize the allocation of water resources in my country. Restricted by geographical location, amount of water resources in the transfer area, etc., the three water transfer lines in the west, middle and east each have their own reasonable water supply ranges and are not substitutes for each other. They can be adjusted according to the economic development needs of each region; preliminary work status and national financial status Implemented step by step under other conditions.