The ancients used to sit on the floor. The narrow sense of "mat" is generally made of cattail grass, which is rectangular and placed on the banquet (bamboo mat). It is placed under the body to prevent moisture, so it can be spread several times. Book of rites? The Book of Rites says, "The position of the son of heaven is 50% off, the princes are 30% off, and the doctors are 20% off." Poor people can pave the road without seats, but for nobles, there must be seats at home, otherwise it is against etiquette.
On the evolution of ancient furniture from sitting on the floor to the popularization of tables and chairs-Chinese classical furniture network
Eastern Han pottery figurines
In addition, the ancients paid great attention to the cleanliness and beauty of the room, so people should take off their shoes before entering the room to avoid bringing dirt and dust into the room and stepping on the mat. "Lu Chunqiu? According to Zhi Zhong Pian, during the Spring and Autumn Period, once the King of Qi was ill, a famous doctor Wen Zhi treated him by provoking him, and it was also important not to take off his shoes when he entered the house. As a result, the King of Qi was "puzzled" when he entered the house, and "went to bed to wear royal clothes". He flew into a rage and ordered Wen Zhi to be cooked alive. This shows the importance of taking off shoes ceremony.
Since the Jin Dynasty, the etiquette concept of kneeling has gradually faded, and the sitting posture is free. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, high-standard seats appeared. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the habit of living on the floor gradually changed. Not only chairs and stools are common, but also high-standard console tables have begun to appear, but kneeling posture still exists. The Tang Dynasty was in an alternate period. In the Song Dynasty, tables and chairs began to really enter people's lives. However, the popularity of tables and chairs still has considerable resistance in the upper class. Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Hall (Volume 4) records that "Xu Dunli said: In the past, women in the literati sat in chairs and hugged their sons, and everyone laughed." It can be seen that women in the scholar-bureaucrat family in the Northern Song Dynasty were not allowed to sit in chairs, otherwise they would be regarded as not knowing the rules.
On the evolution of ancient furniture from sitting on the floor to the popularization of tables and chairs-Chinese classical furniture network
Night map of Han Xizai in Tang Dynasty
With the progress of society, chairs are widely used as a convenient seat. After the Song Dynasty, it was not considered impolite for women to sit in chairs. The Song Dynasty entered a period of complete growth, and the Southern Song Dynasty was also quite complete, but it reached its peak from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, people's thoughts were also bound by ideas such as ethics and religion. Feudal ideas have also been reflected in furniture design, and those triangles and trapeziums that are considered incorrect have been completely denied.
The chairs of the Ming Dynasty were designed to show prestige and dignity at that time, so they were uncomfortable to sit on. For example, in the dragon chair of Emperor China, nine dragons were carved on the backrest and armrest, and the head of one dragon was carved in the center of the backrest and stood out, so that people leaning on it would support their backs. There is also a throne, which is a large chair. Most of them are displayed in the main hall of each palace, sometimes in the annex hall or living room, and generally still in the central or prominent position indoors. This kind of big chairs are rarely paired, and they are all placed separately. Add a sense of majesty to users. The imperial throne in Qing Dynasty is characterized by large size, complex structure, standard materials, fine workmanship and gorgeous decoration, which shows the dignity and luxury of the royal family and symbolizes social rank or honor.
On the evolution of ancient furniture from sitting on the floor to the popularization of tables and chairs-Chinese classical furniture network
Rosewood Yunlong tattoo throne
In the past 100 years, a series of fundamental changes have taken place in chairs. First of all, it breaks away from the single function of showing prestige and dignity, and pays more and more attention to functionality and safety, comfort and health care. For example, some classic antique furniture still uses the best materials of classical furniture, and the links of furniture parts rely entirely on the traditional tenon-mortise structure without a nail. However, in terms of modeling, many classical furniture still insist on innovation in inheritance, innovatively introduce ergonomics, and change the characteristics of traditional Chinese chairs, so as to improve the comfort of chairs and create modern mahogany furniture with the significance of the times.
Take you to your original seat
Rubbings of stone carvings of "Queen Mother of the West" in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Rubbings of stone carvings of "Queen Mother of the West" in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Rubbings of Eastern Han Dynasty portrait bricks unearthed in Sichuan
Rubbings of Eastern Han Dynasty portrait bricks unearthed in Sichuan
20 10 there is an article entitled "chairs change China culture" in the reading of modern Chinese for the senior high school entrance examination in Wuhan. The writer is Wang Wei, a young man born in 1980s. The content is as follows: "... at the earliest time, there were no chairs, and when people received visitors, they all knelt on mats." It's called squat. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a folding bench named Hu Chuang was introduced into the Central Plains, which changed people's sitting posture for the first time, and people gradually began to give up this uncomfortable kneeling posture. In the middle Tang Dynasty, the Hu bed gradually evolved into a chair with a backrest and armrests, which made our legs hang down naturally. In the Song Dynasty, this kind of chair became popular. The popularity of chairs not only changed people's sitting posture, but also influenced the ancient culture of China ... "He wrote four specific influences: 1. The chair raised the position of the window. 2. The number of furniture has increased, and tall furniture such as tables has appeared. 3. The way of eating has changed from separate meal system to combined meal system, and people sit around a table to eat. 4. Before the chair appeared, everyone was kneeling, and the relationship was like a partner; After the chair appeared, the emperor sat high in the chair, and his subjects knelt down to the ground, consolidating the concept of the supremacy of imperial power.
This young man's statement is very imaginative and creative, obviously accepting a popular view in the field of furniture research in China: we are a nation that sits on the floor, and chairs and stools began in the Han Dynasty when they were introduced into the Central Plains, with high-legged furniture and feet sitting down.
According to the inquired information, this view was first put forward by the famous ethnologist and historian Mr. Huang Xianfan (1899- 1982). In the late 1930s and early 1940s, he published articles such as The Changes of Sitting Habits from Ancient China to Modern (I, II, III, IV and V) and A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books, and proposed: "Looking at the sitting habits from ancient China to modern, it can be roughly divided into two periods, namely, the period of kneeling from ancient times to Sui Dynasty, and the period of sitting after Tang and Song Dynasties. Homo erectus (stool) could have hung its feet. This sitting began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Chairs and rope beds in the Tang Dynasty were hung down to sit, just like those in the Song Dynasty. This is not only evidenced by documents, that is, the stone carvings in Xiaotangshan, Shandong Province in the Han Dynasty and the portrait stones in the Infinite Temple, as well as ancient famous paintings. Today's unearthed cultural relics can also be seen. "
The above assumptions and conclusions are beyond reproach as an academic point of view, but in recent years, this point of view has been promoted by the media as a culture and has a tendency to become social recognition and academic conclusions. Did our ancestors sit on the floor or were they sat on the floor? I have some different views on this.
First of all, this view reverses the causal relationship. It was not because of chairs and stools that our ancestors learned to sit with their feet down. In other words, it is not furniture that determines the standing posture, sitting posture and lying posture of human beings, but the life structure, activity law and life demand of human beings that determine our behavior, and then determine the birth of houses and various furniture suitable for human habitation.
We know that the main difference between human beings and other animals is "standing". Archaeological findings show that human beings have evolved from semi-upright to completely upright for millions of years. The body structure of modern people has unique characteristics through evolution, which is different from any other mammal, so it has its own unique standing posture, sitting posture and lying posture. For example, the shape of human thorax is different from that of most animals, such as chicken, dog, pig, sheep, lion, tiger, monkey and horse. However, the transverse diameter of the straight chest is obviously smaller than the vertical diameter. The body structure determines that horses can't lie on their backs while humans are suitable for lying on their backs, so we have flat beds. As we all know, bird's nest is bowl-shaped, because birds are prone and their chests are curved, and birds build nests suitable for their own body structure. I believe no one will say, because of the flat bed, we learned to lie flat.
The shape and structure of human lower limb skeleton are suitable for its supporting and walking functions, and it has a complete and firm pelvis. This arched pelvis bears the weight from the sacrum. When a person sits down, the body weight shifts to the left and right ischial tubercles, and the pubic bone bears tension, so that the pressure on the lower limbs is released and the human is rested. The upright posture can not only make people rest, but also enable people to do physical labor, eating and other activities in an upright posture. For ancient humans living in the wild, sitting on high feet is extremely important and necessary. This is convenient for observing the environment while resting, finding natural enemies or prey in time, and also convenient for starting in an emergency and responding at the first time. Imagine simply that our ancestors were tired in hunting activities and naturally lay down or sit on the floor to rest. Some of them will find a stone or a tree to sit on high and stay alert for themselves and the team when they rest. In order to keep the balance of the body when walking, reduce the vibration transmitted to the spine from below when walking, running and jumping, and reduce the impact on the head, the human spine has evolved into an "S" shape. This makes it impossible for human beings to relax completely when sitting with their feet down, and it is easy to lose their balance. Choosing a place with a big stone behind it becomes the most natural choice, which is also the reason why armchairs appear. Later, this human subconscious developed into a conscious design and manufacture of Ming-style curved back round-backed armchairs, which is now called "ergonomics." In the field of architecture, there is a set of reference books called "Standard Specification for Architectural Design", which contains millions of data, such as how wide the corridor of a house should be, how high the kitchen console should be, and how big the playground of a school with 500 people should be. The original basis of all data is the structural size and activity law of human body.
Archaeological findings show that our ancestors began to build wooden houses in the Neolithic Age, and the Hemudu site 7,000 years ago still retained a large number of dry-column architectural remains. Dry-column architecture has adapted to the humid and rainy geographical environment in the south, and it can still be seen in southwest China today. The wooden components cleared from the site mainly include stakes, floors, columns, beams, fang, etc. Some have tenons and mortises, and there are hundreds of them, which shows that tenons and mortises were mostly used in vertical joints when building houses, and dovetail joints, tenons and tongue-and-groove plates with pin holes were used, which marked the outstanding achievements of wood manufacturing technology at that time. Furniture and architecture have the same roots and develop together. The function of furniture is the extension of architectural function, and it is through furniture that human beings digest and enjoy the indoor space of architecture. If the original function of architecture is to prevent cold and heat, wind and rain, and prevent wild animals from invading, then the original function of furniture is to sit, lie and store. Excellent mortise and tenon technology is the characteristic of traditional furniture in China. It is difficult to judge whether this technology originated from houses or furniture. Now it can be assumed that when our ancestors built houses, they first moved stones or wooden blocks suitable for sitting with their feet down to the living environment, and then transformed or built wooden furniture needed for life ... This is the initial cause of stools, chairs and all the furniture that gradually developed later.
Secondly, Mr. Huang Xianfan put forward the ancient seating custom in China on the basis of literature records, Han stone reliefs, ancient paintings and unearthed cultural relics. Among them, the most vivid and reliable are undoubtedly bricks, stone reliefs, stone carvings, pottery figurines and other unearthed objects before the Han Dynasty. In recent decades, with the development of civil engineering construction, a large number of cultural relics reflecting pre-Qin culture and portrait bricks and stones of Han Dynasty have been unearthed. Among them, there are a lot of cultural relics reflecting the scenes of high-legged furniture and sitting with feet down. For example, the rubbings of the stone relief "Queen Mother of the West" in the Eastern Han Dynasty show the figure sitting on a bench with his legs drooping. The rubbings of Eastern Han Dynasty portrait bricks unearthed in Sichuan show the different sitting postures of women at that time. The woman on the left has one foot suspended and the other foot lifted, which is a natural state in daily life activities. Figure 006-08 Han Dynasty stone reliefs and brick reliefs clearly show that single stools and double stools have been widely used, and the main characters sit on their knees or cross-legged. Figure 009 should be a happy scene of a family of three on a high-legged bed, which proves that high-legged furniture has appeared and been widely used at that time.
Thirdly, there is a view that our ancestors sat on the floor 2000 years ago. At that time, Europeans were sitting in chairs, because the climate in Europe was cold and humid, while Asians were sitting on the ground, and China was no exception, because the climate in Asia was warm and dry. Is that really the case?
Before 2000, etiquette, philosophy, geomantic yin and yang, medical health preservation and food culture in Chinese civilization were basically formed. Philosophers in China have always believed that "everything is right". The Book of Changes explains the world with the change of yin and yang, and puts forward that "one yin and one yang is the way". Everything is divided into two, yin and yang, fire, water, cold, hot, dry and wet exist in opposition. Influenced and restricted by this culture, China people have formed their own living habits through life practice. One of the most important things is that people who are negative and positive should keep a certain distance from them.
Generally speaking, the ancient buildings in China are wood structures, but they are not pure wood structures, supplemented by bricks, tiles and stones. It has long been said in history that brick walls and tiles are the characteristics of wooden buildings in China, such as the Forbidden City in Beijing, Suzhou Gardens and Shanxi Siheyuan. In China, it is traditionally believed that brick floors are also cold, and sitting and lying on brick floors will do harm to people's health, so we should keep a certain space with brick floors. The concept of sitting without sitting on the floor has evolved from the etiquette system of living habits to a culture, and its development tends to be extreme, so that the feet are included in the category of staying as far away from the ground as possible. The scene of sitting cross-legged on a stool often appears on Han stone reliefs, which should be due to the constraints of this culture. Later, the furniture specially used for resting feet appeared-"foot couch", which was placed in front of chairs and beds to protect feet from getting wet and cold. The pin installed between the front legs of Chinese classical furniture chairs is specially cut with an inclined plane to rest the feet, which is rare in other furniture cultures in the world. In the settled environment, our ancestors made all kinds of wooden furniture from simple to complex to keep the distance from the ground, which is one of the original foundations of furniture development in China.
Fourthly, it is undeniable that there are a large number of images of kneeling on the ground in brick reliefs, stone reliefs and various buried figurines in the Han Dynasty. Mr. Li Ji (1896- 1979), who is known as the "father of archaeology in China", pointed out in the article "Kneeling, Squatting and Sitting on a Jiju" by 1953 that the most natural resting state of primitive people was squatting (with both lower limbs bent, knees up and hips down). He also said that squatting and squatting are not only the habits of Dongyi people, but also the habits of Xia people, and kneeling is the sitting posture of the ruling class of businessmen who are still ghosts, and has become a ritual of offering sacrifices to ancestors, worshipping gods and entertaining guests. It can be seen that kneeling is just a kind of "ceremony". Kneeling shows the respect, obedience and servility of the minister to the monarch, the guest to the Lord and the lower to the upper, so there is a saying of "groveling". Unearthed funerary objects also reflect this "ritual" culture. For example, the famous golden bronze palace lantern unearthed from the Han tomb in Mancheng West is a young maid-in-waiting kneeling and holding a lantern. Although she is covered in gold, she is a slave and can only serve on her knees. There are many "figurines" in various kneeling positions unearthed, all of which belong to the slave class, because this culture must kneel.
This kneeling method did not disappear in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and actually continued until nearly a hundred years ago. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the people still had to kneel down when they saw the official, and the British envoy did not kneel down to the Qing emperor, which led to a diplomatic crisis. It can be seen that kneeling is detrimental to the dignity of all mankind. Kneeling is far more than a matter of "face". On the mat, knees kneel forward, hips sit on calves, hands on knees, and keep them for a period of time. The blood circulation of lower limbs is not smooth, and numbness and pain are unbearable. Unless you insist on kneeling from an early age, you can get used to it after practicing for ten years. Thus, although kneeling on stone reliefs and brick reliefs in the Han Dynasty appeared in large numbers, it does not mean that it was the normal state in people's life at that time, nor can it be concluded that it was the only sitting posture known to China people. Just like walking in front of the rostrum, it is the most formal gait with the highest etiquette, but there is only one minute before the parade passes, and most of the time people follow.
Fifth, kneeling is not the norm. How to explain the "building" on the Han Dynasty portrait brick? After careful analysis, we can find that the guest's knee is not our "seat" in today's sense, but a layer of bedding with a certain thickness. In the Book of Rites, it is said that "the emperor's seat is five-fold, the vassal's seat is three-fold, and the doctor's seat is heavier", which means that no matter what kind of seat, the emperor's seat must be five-fold, the vassal's seat is three-fold, and the doctor's seat is double, and this does not include the banquet of the lower class, which is listed as a ritual system. These five seats are ten thousand, ten thousand, ten thousand, ten thousand, ten thousand, ten thousand and ten thousand respectively. Wancao mat, woven from Wancao, is made of rough material and is used for directly laying on the ground to prevent moisture and insects. Xiaoya's Four Dry Poems: "Down to Wan and up to the mountain is the bed of Anse." Algae mats refer to mats with exquisite patterns and bright colors. The second mat, also called "peach branch mat", is a kind of bamboo mat. Bear pad refers to a pad made of bear, tiger, leopard and wolf skin, which belongs to the category of warm pad used in winter. "Miscellanies of Xijing" contains: "The green bear mat is more than two feet long, so people can sleep with their hair covered, and visitors can't see it. Sitting in it. " (Kimber
The use of ancient mats
The use of ancient mats-Chinese classical furniture network
Seats, one of the ancient furniture in China, are recorded in the Book of Rites. Liu Yun: "In the past, there were no palaces. In winter, they lived in camps and caves, and in summer, they lived in nests." It is conceivable that when ancestors lived in caves, they sat day and night. In order to prevent insects and moisture, something must be laid, or bark, hides, or mats. This is the predecessor of mats. The recommended seats are based on the legend of Shennong. Although there is no evidence, there is no doubt that this seat is the oldest.
From the ancient daily life form created by our ancestors-kneeling on the floor, we can also see how important the seat plays in our ancestors' life. At that time, from the pilgrimage, shooting, sealing the marquis, offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestor worship and other major political activities, weddings, funerals, lectures and the daily life of scholars were all held at banquets. Thus, the mat can be said to be the most widely used seat in ancient times.
In the etiquette and music system of the Zhou Dynasty, there were strict regulations on the use of seats. The material, shape, floral decoration, edge decoration and use of mats vary according to their status, that is, they must act according to the strict rules of etiquette and must not be violated at all. Let's look at the hierarchy reflected by the use of seats from three aspects.
(a) the secretary has a full-time job, and there are provisions for arranging seats.
There is a saying in Zhou Li Chun Guan that "the company has occupied five or five seats in several banquets, arguing about its position and position". This "several seats division" is the official responsible for setting up several seats. He is responsible for setting up several seats according to different occasions, different identities and status. The so-called five seats are "Wan, Kun, Ji, Pu and Xiong".
Universal straw mat-a kind of straw mat, is made of a kind of universal grass commonly known as water onion. There is a saying in The Poems of Xiaoya that "Down to Wan, up to Gui, it is the sleep of Ansi". In the Book of Rites, there are also "small and medium-sized episodes in the room, large and medium-sized episodes in the shovel, the monarch takes the seats, the doctor takes the seats, and the scholar takes the seats." Its note says, "There are ten thousand under three buildings". It shows that the mat is a rough straw mat laid at the bottom.
Mat-also a kind of straw mat. Zheng Xuan said, "If you cut the mat and take it out, you can make it with five picks. If you don't care now, you don't care. " Mats should be dyed with cattail and woven into patterns, or woven with colorful silk threads sandwiched in cattail. Similar to the acacia mat in Han Dynasty.
The second seat is a bamboo mat. Zheng Xuan said: "The second seat, the peach branch seat, has been written." Kong Ying Da said in the book Shangshu Gu Ming that contempt seats and second seats are one kind of seats, both of which are peach and bamboo seats, that is, bamboo seats made of peach branches and bamboo.
Puxi-woven from an aquatic plant growing in Ikezawa. Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Pu, aquatic plants can also be used as seats."
Bear pad-the emperor dedicated to hunting or going out in four seasons. So it can be understood as taking bears as seats or taking skins as seats.
In addition to the above five kinds of seats, there are other seats, such as land seats, Wei seats, contemptuous seats, full-bodied seats, bottom seats, swimming seats, bathing seats and suburban seats. Therefore, Jia said that "taking five seats directly is relative to five seats".
There are strict regulations on seating arrangement, boarding and use. Jia Shu said in "Li Zhou Guan Chun": "Any method of setting seats is called a seat when it is just placed on the ground, and more importantly, it is called a seat."
Attendance must be from bottom to top, and the latecomers are not allowed to step on the shoes of the latecomers, nor are they allowed to step on the seats. This is what the Book of Rites Quli said: "Don't be humble, don't sit on the mat." Otherwise, it's against etiquette. In the use of seats, there are also single seats and even seats, and there are also differences between opposite seats and special seats.
Single seat-single seat is for distinguished people. "Erie. There are "all the guests are absent" in the rural drinking ceremony. If you don't belong, you have no contact. Everyone is single.
Even seats-Even seats are a way to live in groups. In ancient times, a horizontal seat could accommodate four people. At this time, the old man will be pushed to the end of the mat. If there are five people, we should push the old man to sit on another mat. In the book "Public Grain Medical Rites", there is a saying that "there are several things in the palace, simple words, pure cloth and pure seats". "Long" and "Xun" are both ancient units of measurement. Eight feet is Xun, and what you seek is Chang, that is, one foot and six feet. There is a six-foot pu mat on the lower berth and an eight-foot mat on the upper berth, which may be a group seat.
Seating-The Book of Rites. "If you are not a guest of food and drink, you will arrange seats and write letters at dinner." Those who don't drink are guests who come to ask questions. At this time, the cloth seats should be arranged relatively so as to ask questions, and the distance between the two seats should be a stick, "so as to refer to painting." There is also a method of "sitting in the palace" in Yili. Feeding ceremony in juvenile prison.
In addition, there is also a saying in the Book of Rites Quli: "Those who are worried sit at the table". The so-called alarmist, is sick, this time to use a special mat. "There are mourners sitting in special seats", which means that relatives have to sit on separate mats. Secondly, there are "extra seats" and "heavy seats" etiquette, which are courtesy to distinguished people, depending on their status and status.
(2) The number of seats depends on the grade, and the types of cloth seats show seniority.
Hierarchy, inborn, hierarchy, order, no disorder and violation are the core ideas of the slavery era. So this is obvious in the use of seats. "Zhou Li" said: "The position of the son of heaven is triple, and the vassal is double." "Li Zhou Guan Chun" has "big pilgrimage, big shooting, sealing the country and making princes, the throne must stand in front of the south township, the banquet must be pure, the painting must be pure, the second seat must be pure, and the jade is around." Pure is the edge of the banquet, pure is the white embroidery of the banquet; Painting is pure, that is, painting five-color clouds as the edge; The second mat is solid color, that is, there are black and white patterns on the edge of the bamboo mat. When two emperors meet or offer sacrifices to the son of heaven, it's all this triple association, which is the highest level and the seat of the son of heaven.
The ministers have two seats, "Pu Yan is pure, but Guan is pure". The same painting, that is, "the other party painted it on silk for the second time and stuck it on the seat."
The emperor treats the princes with "pure banquet and pure painting."
When the Emperor of Heaven treats princes and doctors, he will gather in groups, saying, "The beauty is always there, and it is clean, and the search for more seats is mysterious and clean."
If the son of heaven fetes the best among ministers, orphans and nobles, he will set up a single seat instead of a group seat.
In Zhou Li. In the Spring Palace, Zheng Xuan said: "The emperor offered five sacrifices, four sacrifices and three sacrifices", while "the princes offered three sacrifices, two sacrifices and two sacrifices". "Dr. Qing only saw the following thing." Sacrifice and sacrifice are the sacrifices of ancient emperors and generals, and they are the combination of ancestor worship gods in ancestral temples. Generally speaking, the use of seats is based on multiple values. When applying a seat, the thick seat is on the bottom and the thin seat is on the top, which means "going down to Dongguan and going up to the bamboo pole is a peaceful sleep". Of course, there are also special circumstances, that is, when the emperor worships heaven, he uses "Pu Yuexiang", a straw mat, which is a thick mat. This is the ancient emperor's sacrifice to heaven to show his intention of opposing the original and repairing the ancient times. There is a saying in the Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Huan Gong, which has the same meaning. The road is the car that the son of heaven took when he sacrificed to heaven. The more he sat, the more he sat. When worshipping in the suburbs, use thick seats, which is said in the Book of Rites. Don't forget the beginning. ..................................................................................................................................................................................
At funerals, the use of seats is also different. "Book of Rites. "The Record of Mourning" says: "Small things gather indoors, big things gather on rafts, seats for the monarch, seats for medical use and seats for scholars." That is to say, after the death of the monarch, books of all sizes used bamboo mats, doctors used pu mats, and scholars used thick reed mats.
It is precisely because the seat is insurmountable that the book of rites. Tan Gong described the story that Ceng Zi insisted on changing seats before he died: "Ceng Zi is ill in bed. Le Zhengzi Chun is sitting under the bed, while Zeng Yuan and Zeng Shen are sitting at the feet. The boy sat in the corner with a candle in his hand.
The boy said,' What kind of doctor is flashy?' Zichun said,' Stop!' When Ceng Zi heard this, he suddenly said, "Hoo!" Say,' Hua Er, what's the difference between a doctor and a doctor? Ceng Zi said,' Of course. Thanks to Ji Sun, I can't change it. Yuan Qi is easy to change! Zeng Yuan said,' Master's illness has changed and cannot be changed. Fortunately, as for Dan, please respect him. "Ceng Zi said,' Your love for me is not as good as mine. A gentleman's love is also virtuous, and a fine lover is also tolerant. What can I ask? I'm right and I'm dead! I'm dead! "
Easy to help. The reverse seat is not safe. "
Here, the story of Ceng Zi's strict observance of etiquette is described. He knows that he is not a doctor and should not use colorful bamboo mats. Therefore, he criticized his son and disciples for being short-sighted and "skinny" by not changing their seats, and insisted on changing mats that did not meet their status and status, so that they "failed to find peace."
Shangshu Zhou Shu Gu Ming also recorded the story of a cloth mat: after Zhou Chengwang's death, he still sat four cloth mats for him, just as he did before his death, to show the power and status of his son of heaven.
"Facing south, heavy and light, pure";
"West steps to the east, heavy bottom cushion, pure decoration";
"East order west, heavy and rich, pure painting";
"It's mysterious and pure to sandwich the south in the west and apply heavy seats."
The power and status represented by the seats can be seen from the above.
(3) the pecking order in Yan Ju's Buxi.
There is a cloud in the Book of Rites: "Seventy sticks are in the court, and if you ask, you will sit down." That is, in ancient times, 70-year-old people were allowed to go to court with crutches. If the emperor has a problem, cooperate with him.
The Book of Rites Quli specifies in detail the ways for the younger generation to serve the older generation. For example, "if you are a son, you can't live in the Olympics and sit in the middle seat." In ancient times, if there were four seats, the top of the seat was the top, and if there was one seat, it was an honor in the seat. Children can't sit in this seat.
Another example is: "provide a seat like a bridge scale, and rest where you sit." In other words, when applying for a seat, it is like a bridge scale, with the left side high and the right side low. According to the wishes of the old man, you should ask which direction to sit and which direction to lie.
The Book of Rites says: "Parents and uncles sit down, please go to the township and invite the elders to sit down." Those less. ................................................................................................................................................. ............................ (Tibetan master) "Parents' and aunts' clothes, quilts, poles, mats and pillows are rarely handed down." (if you don't pass it on, you won't dare to move elsewhere. Another cloud said, "When my husband is away, I will put away my pillow mat and hide it." This is a rule that people who are children dare not touch the old man's mat; For a woman, if her husband is away, the wife will also take away his mat.