Why are the roofs of houses in the north generally flat?

The houses and houses in the Yellow River Cave in North China are mostly located in the upper reaches of loess areas such as Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and Shanxi. Natural earth walls cut holes through local residents, and several caves are often connected with bricks and stones to build caves. Fire prevention, sound insulation, warm in winter and cool in summer, land saving, economy, labor and natural life are combined to form a perfect building full of love and love according to local conditions. Beijing is a traditional courtyard house in the north of Beijing and China. Its basic function is to sit on the symmetrical north-south axis facing south according to the houses and courtyards. In the southeast corner of the door, there is usually a built-in screen to open the door, and outsiders can't see the activities of the hospital. People's rooms located around the central axis of the main house and the attics on both sides. The living room belongs to the elders of the main family. With this solemn layout, the house type can be used for the life of the younger generation, but it also embodies the rigorous traditional characteristics of orthodox people in northern China. Beijing has a warm and humid continental monsoon climate, with cold and little snow in winter and dry and windy sand. So the whole yard is surrounded by houses and fences, and the hard top wall and roof are thick. It is the most typical quadrangle in China and Beijing. The courtyard faces south, and it is called "Kanxun Gate" in the southeast corner of the door, which is considered auspicious. In fact, the change of privacy is conducive to maintaining and improving the space. The west has become the gate outside the courtyard, with rooms, servants' rooms, kitchens and bathrooms. From the north to the outer court, there is a magnificent hanging flower gate and the founder of the inner court. The north is called the main church, which worships the memorial tablet of "the spirit of heaven and earth" and holds family etiquette to receive distinguished guests. It is about the elderly in life and is used as the attic of the study. Both sides of the younger generation settle down in the permanent bedroom. Each room is connected by a "handwriting gallery", and you can visit the courtyard in the gallery without going through the open air. Beijing quadrangles are famous for being residential buildings. Although it contains profound cultural connotations, it is the carrier of China traditional culture. Courtyard architecture pays great attention to geomantic omen. From the site selection, it is necessary to find out the specific scale of each building and carry out geomantic theory according to law. Geomantic omen, the ancient architecture in China, is actually a learning environment and an important part of China's traditional human settlement architecture theory. This geomantic theory has guided thousands of people in ancient China to carry out creative activities for many years. In addition to geomantic omen, courtyard decoration, sculpture and painting also reflect folk customs and traditional culture everywhere, and pursue performance under certain historical conditions according to people's happiness, beauty, wealth and auspiciousness. If there is a bat pattern, which means "happiness and longevity", there is a vase with a rose pattern inside, which means "peace in the four seasons" and is embedded in the portal website. President Kyrgyzstan resigned in Hunan dialect, posted column couplets on eaves columns and hung them in his room with peerless paintings. This is an old saying, famous in ancient and modern times, or beautiful saints in singing mountains, or learning arts or chanting. The friendly and quiet courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is an ideal outdoor living space with a moderate scale and a more intimate land. The courtyard is square, and Dona is good for winter sunshine. The weather in the northeast is cold and the yard is relatively loose. The south courtyard of Beijing, which was badly sunburned in summer, stretches from north to south. There is much aeolian sand in the northwest, so the fence should be raised. The residential area is located in the northwest of Ningxia, far away from the ocean, with little precipitation, obvious temperature, climate and continental characteristics, dry and windy in winter and spring, and prevailing northerly winds, so the housing boom generally does not open the north window. Because of heat preservation and cold protection, the wing and compact shell, the slope of the roof and the slopes on both sides of the cardiovascular hospital coexist. Cave dwelling in northern Shaanxi is a common house in northern Shaanxi and even the whole loess plateau. Divided into cliff kiln and brick kiln prevention. A vertical loess kiln unearthed from a cliff kiln, or a continuous cave dwelling connecting the upper and lower floors; Earth pits and kilns emerge from the soil, resulting in artificial cliffs, and then caves are dug. On the ground of arch bricks, stones or adobe, one or two houses in brick kilns are being built. The climate is dry, and the loess plateau and loess have the characteristics of uniform texture, good cementation and straightness, and the soil is loose and easy to dig. Therefore, local people creatively dig doors according to local conditions, which not only saves building materials, but also has excellent coolness. In recent years, because it is difficult to prevent floods and with the improvement of economic conditions, some places have abandoned pit buildings and gradually built brick houses on the underground doors. Whether a hole is "addition" instead of "subtraction" or "subtraction" is a special "building" with the nature and form of available space. Popular in the Loess Plateau in northwest China. The development of a 200-meter-deep cave, which is not easy to seep and has strong verticality, provides a good prerequisite. At the same time, the natural conditions such as arid climate, cold winter and few trees in northwest China are also cool, very economical and woodless caves, creating opportunities for development and continuation. Kiln with cliff hole and kiln with three circles: Cliff kiln: Earth cliff excavated horizontally along vertical earth hole, about 34m, 59m and 2m deep. The height of the straight wall and the width of each hole exceed 3m, and the roof of the cave is dug into a semicircular or long cylindrical arch. Each tunnel kiln is bound by the same connection. Kilns are also increasing, and tunnels between upper and lower frequency bands can be internally connected. Kiln: This is to dig a square or rectangular pit on the ground to form a courtyard, and then dig various kilns on the side wall of the pit without using a lot of natural cliffs. There are only treetops on the ground to go to the hospital, and there is no house. Ring kiln: a house without a real cave, based on flat imitation bricks or adobe cave-like puzzles. Ring kiln can also be used for ground construction. If a ring kiln is installed, it is also called "kiln kiln"; . "Building on Kiln" If the house is similar to two houses in Taihang Mountain area of Shanxi Province, which one in Jiaodong Hilly Area of Shandong Province is called Jin Lu Folk House with Wood Structure? Form, single-door single house, gatehouse, double-slope roof. Because rocks usually follow the principle of using local materials for traditional building materials. As a result, many houses were built. Shanxi is also a brick-wood house, and other decorations are also common. However, there are also two precipitation differences with similar latitudes, so the roof slope is due to the higher terrain, which is slightly different in the southeast and northeast. The former-Taihang Mountain blocks the southwest of Qihai, with a wide valley and less precipitation (700mm/ year), which is convenient for steep top drainage. Many residents in southern Shaanxi have built traditional houses such as stone houses, wooden houses, stilts, quadrangles and quadrangles according to the terrain and raw materials. Shilou: mostly built on the mountain, Zhenba. Well, it's common all over Shanxi. By definition, stone houses are made of stones. Usually, the cliff back wall, three stone walls and wooden roof are paved with oil shale slate. Stone houses are wind-resistant and rain-proof, with low cost. Bamboo house: a wall made of logs with doors and windows. With the wooden beam bamboo roof resting, it then splits into cover leaves. Some people put a thick layer of bamboo and gypsum on the wooden beam, which becomes the top floor of the fireplace at home and is used to bake and store food. Bamboo houses are built on the edge of the horse and in mountainous areas, and are common in mountainous areas such as Nanzheng, Ningqiang and Chenggu. Diaojiaolou: Most buildings are built along the town. A wooden stake or stone house stands on a pillar, a shelf that supports the floor and walls, or wood, bamboo or plaster. Roof tiles or thatched roofs. Diaojiaolou has many windows and rivers, also called Wangjianglou. Nested development of overhead ancient dwellings. Sanheyuan and Siheyuan: They are more common in super towns. There are three main buildings, quadrangles, in the middle of the hall, between wings 2-3. There are cornices in front of the main house for eating and resting. Compared with the main wing bay, it is connected with walls at both ends, and the opening of the south wall in the middle is smaller. A day consisting of the courtyard, rooms and concierge of the main house is more elegant than the traditional quadrangle. The bedrooms of Sanhe and Siheyuan are adobe bricks and wood, and the doors and doors are mostly in the south. Avoid the west. With the financial aspect of economic development, there are more and more brick houses in rural and urban areas. The most representative houses are Pingyao and Qixian, which represent Shanxi folk houses in the north of China and the north. The Ming and Qing styles of Pingyao Ancient City are well preserved, and it is known as "the masterpiece of ancient residential buildings in China". There are many preserved cultural relics and historical sites with high grade. In fact, it is rare in China. 1997 is listed in the World Heritage List. There are more than 400 well-preserved ancient cities in modern houses, which usually reflect the modern style and characteristics of residential buildings in northern China. The number of the most famous Qiao Family Courtyard in Qixian County. Qiao Family Courtyard is located in Baocun, Donghuanbao Village, Jinzhong County, Shanxi Province. It is the concentrated place of folk museum in Jinzhong area and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. It has a courtyard 19 to a shell 3 13, which is an exquisite China quadrangle structure with a "double happiness" layout. The rich collection of cultural relics reflects the rich local manpower in Jinzhong, and the customs are still being studied. It's really quiet outside the Qiao's compound, which is one of the characteristics of the high wall of a surrounding residential building. The self-contained isolation space inside has formed a quiet charm inside and outside. The bricks outside the jstars' compound are thick and steady, blocking the crowd outside. It is very lively and noisy here, so a quiet living environment is formed in the house. Another feature of Qiao's compound building is a single slope roof and an inclined roof. Outside is a single-slope roof, followed by walls and tall buildings, aiming at the defensive walls of the hospital. Shanxi's climate is dry, and it is usually windy and dusty in spring. The tall external walls have been closed to prevent sand. Pour it into the roof, and the rain will flow inward, which means that "fat water will not flow outside the field", which reflects the fine style of Shanxi people's frugality. The geographical environment of houses in southern Jiangsu and Suzhou is represented by houses in Jiangsu Province. Suzhou, known as "Venice of the East", has a flat water network. There are many water, doors, stairs and slopes in the house, and the water gallery is located next to it. Houses naturally melt into water, and roads and bridges are mainly in multi-storey buildings and brick-concrete structures. Blue tiles, with exquisite architectural style, have formed a tiny, delicate and gentle water living culture in the southern region. Because of the hot and humid climate, ventilated rooms are convenient for hot water shower, which exceeds courtyard manhole covers, thin walls and roofs, and some towers with wide porches or spacious halls. The house in Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River estuary of Shanghai, which is one of the birthplaces of modern national industry. With the development of economy and the improvement of housing quality, most buildings are brick-concrete structures. The new style is elegant, the architectural style fully shows the influence of human factors, while the culture of "Shanghai" is eclipsed. Tulou in southwest Fujian is a special rural residence. The earth building has a good shape, and it looks like a huge bunker upside down. It is compacted with soil, lime, sand, rice, etc. Thickness 1 m, up to five external walls. From the outside to the inside, the east window has three floors, and the owner's residence is under construction. There are more than 300 rooms in total, and there are more than a dozen or even dozens of households living on the first floor. Fujian is a "mountain country" along the southeast coast, with more than 80% hills and complex terrain. Banditry has a serious history. In order to prevent the royal bandits from fighting, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved here and built earth buildings and hundreds of families. Therefore, the fortress with the same shape as the tulou has outstanding defense. In addition, Fujian is located in the southeast coastal seismic zone, with a warm and rainy climate. The durable earthquake-resistant earth building can be used for floor heating and insulation, which can kill two birds with one stone. Fujian Tulou, a public building in most provinces in China, especially in Zhangzhou and Longyan in southwest Fujian, is located in Yongding County in the west and south of Nanjing, where Heping and hua county are the most concentrated. This is a family gathering neighbors to defend the housing performance. It originated from the ancient version of adobe building technology in the Central Plains, appeared in the Song Dynasty, and often reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has continued to this day. General single buildings are large in scale, different in shape, surrounded by mountains and rivers, with unique architectural style, exquisite engineering technology and rich cultural connotation. The rammed earth wall with thick load-bearing structure, and the internal wooden frame foundation is a bucket structure. The common types are round house, square house, Wufenglou (big house type) and palace, among which the construction of production, living and national defense facilities is a unique type of traditional folk houses in China. The research of architecture, anthropology and other disciplines provides valuable physical data. There are Hua Er Lou, Yongding Chengqi Lou, Zhencheng Lou, Kuiju House, Fuyu Lou, Nanjing Lou and Tian Luokeng Tulou, which have been listed as national key cultural relics protection units. They are typical representatives of Fujian Tulou. Siwusheng Pagoda, Chengqi Building on the second floor and Zhencheng Building in Hetian Luokeng Earth Building are all famous round earth buildings, which reflect the similarities and differences between Minnan dialect and Hakka earth buildings in western Fujian from different angles, and also reflect the characteristics of earth buildings in different periods. From the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty (1628- 1644) to the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (1709), the Yongding earth building, a Chengqi building located in a high ancient village in the north, was completed. The whole floor consists of four concentric buildings, with stone brick walls and corridor style as the main style. Except for the stone corridor connection around the patio. Is the perimeter of the ground and wall1915.6m? The total area is 5376.17m2. Among them, the outer layer is 4 stories high 12.4 meters, the upper and lower stairs, and there are 72 adobe in wood structure and masonry structure respectively; The ground floor is a kitchen, a barn, bedrooms on the third and fourth floors, and external windows; Double-ring high for two and a half years, every 44 bays; Tricyclic monolayer, as a study, 36; The Fourth Ring Road consists of a single-story hall, a "four-frame-three" corridor and two hall-style courtyards, which is conducive to family buildings, weddings and other activities. In addition to reducing public facilities, there are two drinking wells, one door, three doors, eight side doors, eight balcony arches, an 800-meter defensive alley door, going down stairs and crossing a corridor of more than 1,000 meters. The ingenious arrangement is impressive. In its heyday, there were more than 80 pro-Chiang clan families with more than 600 people, and now there are still more than 50 families with more than 300 people. In this round of soil corridor construction, Hakka soil in Fujian is the most unique. Most notably, in the first round, outstanding representatives of the History of Ancient Architecture in China, the Dictionary of Scenic Spots in China and the Theory of Housing Needs in China were put on tulou, made into models to participate in international exhibitions, and printed domestic and foreign stamps with the issuer's face value of 1. Japan is the world philatelic organization's best stamp of the year. Hua' an Eryi Building, which was built in the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770) and completed in 12, is located in Xiandu Land Town, Hua' an County, and is a house where 36,200 Chiang family members live. This floor is mortgaged to Beishishan, facing the intersection in front of the stream, and the water body should adopt the name of Yishan Road, which is suitable for IKEA. Wooden structure, flat round floor, stone foundation wall, inner and outer corridors with rings, unit type, and small side doors outside the door. In addition, the height is18m, and every 52, except for the three doors and four bays of the pilgrimage hall, the other 48 slots are divided into 12 units, and the stairs of each unit are ready to go up and down, which is relatively independent. The bottom floor is the living room or bedroom, the second and third floors are the living room, and the top floor is the ancestral hall. Inner Mongolia is single-storey, four meters high, 12 sets, kitchens, restaurants, barns, etc. , and connected with the outer layer, forming a gallery and four units in the small courtyard of Zhou Hecheng. The central building is a public courtyard with two wells drilled. Related granite blocks are used to build external walls. Adobe rammer 1-3 floors above two floors, without windows, only four floors of corridor are designed. The cabins are connected into a whole, and 56 windows in Zaoqiang County are open to the public, which is a large-scale loophole for bandits to prepare for defense. The architectural decoration is complicated to a certain extent, and the key points are prominent: the gate of the ancestral hall, the units on the ancestral hall and the top floor at the bottom of a small patio balcony are all painted and carved, exquisite and gorgeous, and the murals of every household are vividly created by famous local artists. This modular earth building is unique in the overall spatial layout, with a creative defense system and gorgeous and exquisite architectural features. It is a rare treasure in the earth buildings in southern Fujian, which is significantly different from the Hakka earth buildings in western Fujian. Luosikeng Earth Building consists of a building (Buyun Building) and four circular buildings (Hechang Building, Wenchang Building, Zhenchang Building and Zui 'en Building), which is located on the edge of Shunanjing County, Bancun Village, Yangzhen Town. It is a square building, surrounded by four circular floors, and has a room with a patchwork density. Between buildings, winding pebbles are connected in turn. Century wall is a wooden structure, with three floors in each building, corridor, kitchen on the ground floor, bedroom above the barn, enjoying * * *, and a clear well. In addition to setting up four square floors to go up and down stairs, four circular buildings are located on two stairs and can be entered as soon as they enter the door. From the first building in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty (1796- 1820) to the last building in 1966, it took nearly 200 years for Huang's descendants to create such a wonderful world. Looking down from above, the plane looks like an object, similar to the Olympic rings, and the mountains are like plum blossoms in full bloom. Foreigners say it's like "walking out of a flying saucer", while China people say it's more like "mushrooms growing on the ground", which is very appreciated; Seen from the foot, the earth building is built on the mountain, just like a gorgeous Potala Palace in the south of the Yangtze River, which is fascinating. It fully demonstrates the characteristics of the integration of earth buildings and nature. Andre Stevens, a consultant of UNESCO, praised: "This is a unique mythical village construction model in the world." Researcher Gulo Shirley met the leader of the expedition, praised and wrote poems about National Cultural Heritage Administration. He said, "The Tulou River home in Tianluokeng overlooks the fog and flowers, and the clouds are blooming, next to the Potala Palace, or it looks like clouds. -The Frisbee, also known as Luban Mo Dou Flower, looks like a rare world in this building, and a beautiful garden is built around the world. " In addition, sincere building, western food and exquisite materials are superior in the quality of modern architecture. Wusheng Iron Tower is a modular corridor of earth buildings with exquisite structure and exquisite carving. And your buildings, earth buildings and civil works reduce the basic bet on the ground, up to five. Wufeng Fuyu, also known as mansion-style earth building, is an organic combination of Hakka earth building and traditional residential building in southwest Fujian. The Tulou Palace in Kuiju House shows the status and financial resources of the master. Is different. On June 25th, 20001year, the State Council announced the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units, namely, Chengqi Building and Zhencheng Building, and the snail of Guilou, Kuiju Building, Fuyulou and Wushengta Earth Building announced by165438+1October 20th 1996. The name of Tulou is the national key cultural relics protection. Scope of protection: Hua on the second floor, Yongding Sincere Building of Chengqi Building, Fuyu Building of Kuiju House, Nanjing Hegui Building, and quiet tower, with surrounding walls extending 50 meters each; Nanjing snail pit tulou, the former goes to other places, the left road is on the mountain, and the right outfielder. The courtyard of Huizhou folk houses is actually a quadrangle, but it is smaller. The south is hot, rainy and humid, and the densely populated mountain road is narrow. Attention should be paid to sun protection and ventilation, and the layout of multiple buildings is dense. A house with a horizontal rectangular courtyard patio is bare. After being surrounded by buildings on four or three sides, the incident sunlight is less. This is the courtyard in front of the main hall of the main house, which is fully open and narrow, and the high wind plays the role of a courtyard. Every house has a patio drainage system, and the arched gable outside may be a potential fire spread. The top of the wall is pasted with reinforced brick walls, tiles and white walls and black tiles. Under the bright and elegant eaves, a great Jiangnan style is being built. Siheyuan is the most typical in Huizhou, Anhui Province, southeast of China, and northwest of Jiangxi Province. Huizhou folk houses have the following characteristics: 1, the importance of village geographical location. With the weather and terrain, we are ready to reach the realm of "harmony between man and nature". The sunshine, gardens or water built by the mountains and rivers enter the village and blend with the scenic spots. Most houses face the street. The whole village gives people a sense of tranquility, elegance and simplicity. 2. Layout and space handling. The layout and structure of compact houses are free, and the connection planes of houses are symmetrically arranged. China is a multi-building, which is owned by the family activity center. At least 23 patios, and then 10 more patios, with a maximum of 36 patios. There are five large residential rooms, or three bedrooms in vernacular Chinese. With the passage of time and the growth of population, cells can be supplemented, and Huizhou people can live together from generation to generation. The outstanding features of the architectural image are: white walls, tiles, gable walls, brick-carved gatehouses, door covers, wooden frames, wooden doors and windows. The high wall is closed, and it is composed of stepped gables on both sides of the horse surrounded by horizontal multi-front-wall wooden frames. It is undulating, patchwork and black and white, which improves the level of space and rhythm. Square houses, such as "India", have a unique style. Next to the front and back of the house, there is a garden, which is placed on a stone table, digging wells and fish ponds, planting flowers and fruits, and sending mountain springs. People will naturally blend in or lie on their side. Doors or doors cover almost all gatehouses, and exquisite brick carving has become an important feature of residential buildings. On behalf of China Jiangnan dwellings and China South Anhui dwellings. Hongcun, the most representative folk house in Xidi, southern Anhui, was listed in the World Heritage List in 2000. Hongcun has 140 well-preserved Ming and Qing buildings. The stacked houses are in harmony with the charming lakes and mountains, and the movement is appropriate. Kings are everywhere, painting step by step. Hongcun has a beautiful rural "village in Chinese painting". Xidi Ancient House of Ming and Qing Dynasties 124, Ancestral Hall 3. Huizhou represents the architectural style of "three wonders" (house, ancestral temple and memorial arch) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) of residential buildings, and it is well preserved here. Ceramic tiles, white walls and Huizhou architecture are a prominent impression. Horsehead wall is not only beautiful in appearance, but also has the practical function of fire prevention and prevention of fire spread. Huizhou folk houses are one of the deep courtyards with distinctive walls. One is to prevent thieves, and the other is the painful demand of displaced families for psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the introverted courtyard. The central courtyard surrounded by high walls forms almost invisible tiles, and only the narrow patio is surrounded by lighting, ventilation and external communication. This courtyard is the center, and the basic shape surrounded by high walls is the focus of attention. Rain falls from the roof in all directions and flows into the patio, commonly known as "four waters enter together". It also reflects the mentality of the businessman's image, which echoes the houses in Shanxi.