Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was founded in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366), and his address was in the suburb of Manchuria outside the Qing Dynasty. At first it was called "the new palace of the prince of Wu", and later it was called "the imperial city". As Zhu Yuanzhang was not proclaimed emperor at that time, the scale of the new palace was limited, and only the outer court and inner court buildings in the middle road were built, but no palaces were built in the open spaces on the east and west sides. The new palace is 790 meters wide from east to west, 75 meters east, 75 meters west and 75 meters north. The entrance to the meridian gate is Fengtianmen, and the main hall is Fengtiandian. There are Wen Lou and Wu Lou in front of the temple. After that, there are the Gaihua Temple and the Temple of God. In the palace, there are Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace and Six Palaces of East and West. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne as emperor, seeking wealth. The following year, the capital was built in Fengyang. Because manpower and material resources were all concentrated on the construction of Zhongdu City and Palace, the expansion of Nanjing Palace was terminated again. In the following years, only the necessary maintenance was carried out on the existing palace. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned the plan to build Zhongdu City and concentrated on building Nanjing. This time, the left and right doors of the noon gate were added. East and west corner gates have been added around Fengtianmen, and buildings such as Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall have been added. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), it was built again, and a palace wall was built outside the imperial city, with the new wall as the imperial city, and the original imperial city was renamed Miyagi. There are end gates, Chengtianmen and Jinshui Bridge in front of Miyagi, forming a T-shaped square. South to Hongwumen, 1373 completed. There are five departments on the east side of the square (punishments are outside the Taiping Gate in the north of the imperial city), and the governor's office of the Fifth Army is on the west side. During the construction of the Forbidden City in Nanjing, Fu Guishan, the Zijinshan Mountain, was taken as the support, and geomantic problems were paid attention to. However, due to the limitation of site selection, the inner courtyard was built on the filled Swallow Lake. Although wooden stakes and boulders are used to hit the foundation, lime and concrete are used to tamp the foundation, but after a long time, the foundation still sinks, and the palace is prone to water accumulation and drainage is not easy. At the same time, Miyagi is too close to the outer city to defend in wartime. In the fourth year of Wen Jian (1402), Judy, the prince of Yan, fled the capital and set herself on fire in the palace. At the same time, Judy ordered Beiping to take this trip. Prepare to move the capital. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Beijing Palace was completed, and Judy moved to Beijing the following year. Since then, Nanjing Palace has ceased to be used, but it is still used as a palace in Beijing, managed by the royal family and internal ministers. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Zhu Yousong, the axe king, ascended the throne here and once established the Nanming regime. At this time, most of the palaces in the Ming Palace Museum have collapsed. The ancestral temple in Nanjing has already been burned down. Zhu Yousong carried out some restoration work and built buildings such as Fengtianmen and Cixi Hall. After the destruction of Nanming in the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing was changed to Jiangning, the imperial city of Ming Dynasty was changed to the Eight Banners Garrison City, and the Imperial Palace of Ming Dynasty was equipped with generals and two yamen. During the Kangxi period, the stone carvings of the Ming Palace Museum were used to build Putuo Mountain Temple. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing, the Ming Palace Museum was no longer used as a palace base. Instead, a new place was chosen in the city to build a new palace, where a large number of stones and bricks were moved out of the palaces of the Ming Dynasty. By the time the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished, the palaces and walls of the Ming Palace Museum had basically disappeared. During the Republic of China, it was planned to use the Forbidden City as the central administrative region, but due to financial resources and war reasons, the plan could not be fully realized. In the former site of the Palace Museum in Ming Dynasty, there are only the Central Supervision Committee of the Kuomintang in China and the Party History Information Exhibition Hall of the Kuomintang Central Committee in China. Zhongshan East Road built by 1929 passes through the former site of the Ming Palace Museum and is divided into two parts. By the end of the Republic of China, the Ming Palace Museum had become a small airport.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum:
1. funeral preparation (1April 4, 925 ——1June 30, 929)1March 2, 925, Dr. Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing, and the whole country was saddened. 1April 4, 925, the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang in Beijing made preparations for the burial, and selected Wang Jingwei, Lin Sen, Yu Youren, Dai Chuanxian, Yang Shukan,,,, Lin Huanting and Chen Qubing to be responsible for the burial of Mr., and chose the tomb site in Zijinshan. 2. Feng 'an Committee 1929 65438+ 10/4 Feng 'an Committee was established. On June 1929 1 day, the National Government held a Feng 'an ceremony, and the body of Dr. Sun Yat-sen was moved from Beijing to Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Third, the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee 1 July, 9291day, the National Government organized the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee. The funeral preparatory committee was cancelled that day, and all matters handled were handed over to the management committee of the Prime Minister's Mausoleum. Fourth, the pseudo-Zhongshan Cemetery Management Committee 1938, pseudo-supervised the Landscape Management Office of Nanjing Industrial Bureau, and established the pseudo-Zhongshan Cemetery Office to temporarily maintain the status quo of the cemetery. 1On April 6, 942, Wang Jingwei appointed Chu Minyi and other organizations to set up the management committee of the pseudo-Sun Yat-sen cemetery, which was responsible for the nominal daily work. 5. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Management Committee1945 On August 17, the management committee of Chongqing Prime Minister Mausoleum sent the first batch of personnel back to Nanjing to take over the pseudo-Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and resume its normal work. 1On July 2, 946, the National Government explicitly promulgated the organizational regulations of the Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Management Committee, and the organizational regulations of the former Prime Minister Cemetery Management Committee were abolished, and the Prime Minister Cemetery Management Committee was changed to the Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Management Committee. In the turbulent situation, the management committee of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum only made some minor repairs. Intransitive verb Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Management Office1On April 28th, 949, Nanjing Arms Control Committee was established, and on May 30th, 10, Nanjing Municipal People's Government was established. 1Before August, 949, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was under martial law. 1949 changed its name to "Zhongshan cemetery management office" in August, and it was subordinate to the Landscape Management Office of Nanjing Municipal Government. Seven. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Management Committee 195 1 Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Management Committee was established in July. In September of the same year, the rectification Committee set up a branch with Gao Yilin as its chairman. 1April, 958, the Garden Management Office was merged into Nanjing Urban Construction Bureau. The Management Committee is also affiliated to the Urban Construction Bureau. 8. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Revolutionary Committee 1966 The Cultural Revolution began in May, and the Urban Construction Bureau was abolished in June of the same year. 1968 April, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Revolutionary Committee was established. 1970 65438+1On October 22nd, the Revolutionary Committee of Jiangsu Province decided to add Zhongshan District as the scope of Zhongshan Cemetery and implement unified leadership by the party and government. 9. Zhongshan Cemetery Management Office1975 In April, the Municipal Revolutionary Committee decided to cancel Zhongshan District, and the cemetery management office was placed under the leadership of Nanjing Urban Construction Bureau. 1In August, 1982, the municipal party committee and the municipal government designated Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum from the Urban Construction Bureau as a first-class unit of the Municipal Bureau, and the nature of the cause of the whole people remained unchanged. X. Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Administration 65438+1June, 1996, Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Administration was renamed as "Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Administration" in document 19961February 15. Nanjing Municipal Committee and Nanjing Municipal People's Government Ning Weifa (1996) 19 are institutions directly under the municipal government. At this time, on the basis of protecting and restoring the existing human landscape and natural landscape, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum makes full use of superior natural conditions and constantly opens up new scenic spots and scenic spots, integrating landscape, cultural relics, historical sites and artificial garden art, presenting a multi-functional tourist scenic spot. On May 8, 2007, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, a scenic spot in Nanjing, was officially approved as a national 5A-level tourist attraction by the National Tourism Administration.
Ming tombs;
The construction of the Ming Tombs began in the 14th year of Hongwu (138 1). In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, major projects such as the Mausoleum Award were completed, and 65,438+million military industries were mobilized. It was completed in the third year of Yongle (1405), which lasted for 25 years. Its overall layout is divided into two parts: one is the Shinto that guides the building, and the other is the main building of the mausoleum. The Ming Tombs suffered heavy losses many times in the Qing Dynasty, especially during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, the surface buildings in the Ming Tombs were almost destroyed, and the imperial tablet inscribed by Kangxi even fell to the ground. It was not until September of the third year of Tongzhi (1864) that Zeng Guofan wrote to the mausoleum to restore the Ming tombs. At that time, Zeng Guofan sent personnel to investigate and estimate that the Ming tombs actually needed 202,000 silver for maintenance, but the Qing Dynasty was short of money. As a result, only 740 taels of silver was spent on minor repairs and repairs, and the imperial plaque of "Governing the Song Dynasty" was uncovered, and a repaired crack could be seen on the plaque. Originally, people could bypass the left and right sides of the stone tablet, but after 1980, the whole stone tablet was fixed to the roof by cement; So now you have to come out of the Imperial Monument Hall to see the turtle's back. Behind Fangcheng is the underground palace where Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma Shi were buried together, commonly known as "Baocheng", which is a big dome with a diameter of about 400 meters. Baocheng is thick and ups and downs with the mountain. The bottom is paved with stones and the top with bricks, with a thickness of about 1 m. On the stone wall in the south, there are seven characters "Ming Taizu's Tomb is in this mountain". During the Ming Dynasty, the whole cemetery planted 100000 pine trees and stocked1000 immortal deer that won the silver medal. By the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the losses were all gone. So far, Xiaoling has never been stolen. According to historical records, in the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of a mausoleum. In August of the following year, Ma Huanghou died of illness and was buried in this mausoleum in September, named "Xiaoling". The name of Xiao Ling takes its meaning from the word "filial piety" and means "ruling the world with filial piety". It is named after Ma Huanghou's "filial piety". Ming tomb Yongle was built in the third year (1405), which lasted for 25 years. The Ming royal family mobilized 6,543,800 yuan of military industry, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. The Ming Mausoleum is large in scale and magnificent in architecture, and its shape has been improved with reference to the tombs of Tang and Song Dynasties. When it was completed, the temples were magnificent and the pavilions were magnificent. Half of the 70 monasteries in the Southern Dynasties were enclosed in forbidden gardens. There are 100000 pine trees and1000 deer in the mausoleum. Due to repeated fires, except for the mausoleum and the underground palace, only Shinto, dismounted archway, Dajinmen and Sifang City are left in the Ming tomb. The buildings in the tomb area are roughly divided into two groups: the first group is Shinto, from Xiamafang to the main entrance of Xiaoling; The second group is the main part, from the main entrance to Baocheng, Minglou and Chongqiu. Existing buildings include Martyrs Mountain Monument, Forbidden Monument, Xiamafang, Dajinmen, Sifang City, Shengde Monument, Xiaoling Hall and Dashiqiao. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (AD 1398), Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of 3 1 died and was buried in Xiaoling. The underground palace where Zhu Yuanzhang and the Empress were buried together, commonly known as "Baocheng", is a big dome with a diameter of about 400 meters. Surrounded by a stone wall, the South Stone Wall is engraved with seven characters "This Mountain is Ming Taizu's Tomb". Baocheng is thick. It is one of the largest tombs in China, with a height of 1 m, with boulders below and bricks above. After more than 600 years of wind and rain, in recent years, the wall of Baocheng City partially collapsed and the wall peeled off. In some places, huge cracks have been formed due to the reverse tearing of foundation settlement. Nanjing Cultural Relics Department has invested more than 3 million yuan to adopt the protection scheme of ancient buildings experts of Southeast University. According to the requirements of repairing the old, the wall was repaired, such as "sewing up" cracks, leveling the wall, repairing the deformed wall, and doing "surgery" to prevent water and leakage. In order to facilitate tourists to see the true meaning of "Long Mai", a bluestone trail was also built, allowing visitors to climb to the top of Baoding and get a panoramic view of the Ming Tombs.