Small stone tablets (or small stone figures) stand on the bridge road or build by laying bricks or stones on the walls of houses, engraved with (or engraved with) "Shi Gandang" or "Mount Tai Shi Gandang" and so on. To suppress ominous customs, which is very popular among the people.
The written record of "Shi Gandang" was first found in the "Jizhang" of the Western Han Dynasty.
":"Tiger, Shi Gandang, don't invade, the dragon misses ". Yan Shigu's note: "Wei has paraffin, stone and stone evil, and Zheng has stone, all of which are stones;" "Zhou has a stone speed, and there are stones in the same place, and then live in the family. Dare to be the first,
Invincible. "Yanshi believes that stone is surname and dare to be invincible. Tao "South Village Dropouts Record" Volume 17 "Shi Gandang
The article quoted You's "urgent chapter" and Yan's comments, and completely agreed with Yan's statement. Yan Shigu's explanation of Shi Gandang is not satisfactory. As we know, The Urgent Chapter was a children's enlightenment literacy book at that time. According to Yan's note, Shi Gan was immediately Shi's.
Man is invincible. Unless the man named Shi was famous at that time, it would be difficult for children to accept his statement and for teachers to explain it clearly. Deng Erya, a modern scholar, pointed out: We searched ancient books, but we didn't find the famous invincible hero Shi Moumou before the Han Dynasty. Shi Gandang's words
. There is no such thing as an "urgent chapter". Later generations thought it was a metaphor of Shi Gandang. "(Folklore 4 1-42.
) Li zong. Comrade Liu Quner also thinks: "There is a saying in the Urgent Chapter of the Western Han History Tour: Learn from the tiger as a teacher, Shi Gandang, if you don't invade, you will miss the dragon. Yan Shigu thought that the teacher was a surname and dared to be invincible.
The speaker said that the Shi Gandang Monument is an invincible writing. In town, it's a bit unsatisfactory, but it's still not finished. There are many such sayings in the old saying, so why choose it here (China folk god).
Another way of saying it is: Shi Gandang was considered a warrior in the Han Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. Chen Duanru, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the Book of Broken Groups: "In the Five Dynasties of Liu Zhiyuan, there was a warrior named Shi Gandang who admired the name of the ancients." ? Is Yang a human being? "The surname Yuan Zhuji" also said that "in the Five Dynasties, Liu Zhiyuan was the official of Jinzu, the king of Lu opposed Ke, the emperor went out and met Weizhou. Zhiyuan sent Lux Shi Gandang to serve with an iron mallet.
After consulting with Yu, Zhiyuan pursued the victory and Shi Gandang died. Zhiyuan killed the emperor and burned the national seal.
Throughout his life, Shi Gandang turned adversity into prosperity and saved the day. Therefore, the descendants of Chongqiao Road must stone their ambitions and write their surnames to defend the residents. "
We believe that the Shi Gandang stone tablet has nothing to do with Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties, for two reasons:
(a) through the old and new "History of the Five Dynasties", it is found that those who are famous for Shi Gandang but unknown to Shi Gandang did not take the brave Shi Gandang as Shi Gandang's written record. According to the Record of the Old Five Dynasties History of Gaozu, "I should obey it, and the town of Gaozu in Jin Dynasty is Changshan. Tang Zhao went to Que, and Emperor Min went out.
I met Jin Gaozu on the road.
Enter Weizhou one by one and stop at the post office. Ming Chengzu murdered Jin Gaozu, and Ming Chengzu sent an imperial scholar Shi Gan to stand behind Jin Gaozu. But change, dare to hold high-impedance into the room, with giant wooden doors, dare to die. The emperor led many people to kill around Mindi, saving Jin Gaozu from danger. "
According to "Ten Essentials of the New Five Dynasties History and the Chinese Version", "
King Lu rebelled against Ke, and Emperor Yu came out. Gaozu went to the capital from Zhou Zhen. When he met the emperor in Weizhou, he stopped giving up. Shi Gan, a soldier of Zhiyuan School, served Gaozu with an iron mallet to avoid misfortune. Gaozu and Emperor Chen are undecided, and they want to fight left and right. Zhiyuan is holding his ancestors in the room, dare to fight around and dare to die. Zhiyuan led the troops to kill Abatti Giresse Concorde and left him behind. "Although the old and new records of the History of the Five Dynasties are slightly different in terms of words, it is consistent that the samurai is Shi Gan rather than Shi Gandang.
(2) Shi Gandang once saw in the "Urgent Chapter" of A Journey to the History of the Western Han Dynasty that the inscription "Shi Gandang" was unearthed in Putian County in the Tang Dynasty for five years. Accordingly, Shi Gandang was earlier than the history of the Five Dynasties samurai. Zhai Hao, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, also clearly pointed out in his popular compilation that Shi Gandang had nothing to do with Shi Gandang in the Five Dynasties: "According to the History of the Five Dynasties, Liu Zhiyuan was a great official in the Jin Dynasty, and Gao Zu met Tang Gaozong and spread it.
Zhiyuan made Bushishi dare to serve Gaozu with a sleeve hammer to avoid change, saying that the stone was planted and engraved, that is, it was engraved in the calendar, and I knew this was wrong. "
The third argument is that "Mount Shi Gandang" is a "doctor" (that is, a doctor). Volume 10 of Notes of Tea Fragrant Room records: "Wang Shizhen was from Wang Yuyang in the Dynasty", while Miscellaneous Notes of Fu Yuting said that Qilu customs were more than villages and lanes, and the words "Mount Tai and Shi Gandang" were engraved, which made the clouds treat people at night. People in the north call doctors doctors, so they are also called Dr. Shi. There are five words in the south, but there is no distinction between doctors and doctors. "From this passage alone, we can know that the statement that Mount Tai Shi Gandang is a doctor is not widely circulated, only in the north, but not in the south and central China. Why did Mount Tai Shi Gandang spread as a doctor in the north? Investigating its origin is a long-term interpretation of Shi Gandang's ability to subdue evil spirits. When Shi Gandang on Mount Tai was said to be able to cure diseases, I'm afraid no one was picky about whether he was a man or a god or something. Otherwise, why can he talk about "treating diseases at night" instead of practicing medicine during the day?
According to literature review and investigation in Tai 'an, "Shi Gan Dang" (or "Taishan Dang") is often carved (written) with stone.
Other materials are rarely used. 1988, the inscription 12 was found in Feicheng County.
) "Taishan Shi Gandang" or "Taishan Town House", except for two new houses written on the wall, the rest 10 are all carved in stone. What is the basic function of "Shi Gandang" and other languages in stone carving? For example, Shi Mingyun, a five-year Tang Dali unearthed in Putian County, said, "Shi Gandang is a town full of ghosts and gods and hates disasters". Other functions are extensions or romances of this basic function. "
I dare to use stones.
There is the word "stone" in the three words, and Shi Gandang carved it on the stone to suppress evil spirits. It is not unrelated to examine its deep connotation. Mr. Wang Zongyan's article "Shi Gandang" said: "Huainan Wanbi Book" said,' Marbles are in the four corners of the house, so there is no plan.
Geng Xin's Poems on Small Gardens and Burying Stones in Town Houses. Wu notes "The Chronicle of Jingchu":' Dig the corner of the house at dusk in December and bury big stones for the town house. "(86-89" Folk Custom ").
Mr. Wang Chengzhu thinks that this may be the origin of Shi Gandang. At the same time, Mr. Wang pointed out:
"In terms of the meaning of Shi Gandang's three words, stones can bear the brunt. Therefore, the town is located in Rushe, which is also in front of the entrance of Wall Street. " ("China Folk Immortals") Li Zong and Liu Quner thought that Wang Chengzhu's point of view was "quite reasonable" and further pointed out that
"Song Faxian's Tang Dynasty stele (referring to Putian stele) is not like a small stone tablet of later generations, but buried under the foundation of the house.
It is very similar to the stone leading to the town house. In fact, this is the legacy of ancient spiritual worship. Stones are regarded as spiritual objects, and the magical power to ward off evil spirits is buried under the house. Later, I borrowed the word "Shi Gandang" to strengthen my prestige. Even if it is simplified into a modern small stone tablet, it can be regarded as an ear to ward off evil spirits. "(《
China folk gods) Li Zong and Liu Qun think that Shi Gandang is "the relic of ancient spiritual worship", which is insightful, but not enough.
Lingshi worship is a very primitive and popular religious custom, which was formed in prehistoric society, and class society has its own customs. The worship of lingshi is related to the worship of heaven, earth, mountains and rivers, ancestors and descendants, as well as the aversion to evil spirits and disasters. Here we only discuss the worship of Lingshi, which has a certain relationship with "Shi Gandang" and has the function of avoiding evil spirits and hating disasters. Animism is the initial stage of the development of primitive religious thought. Some rocks have peculiar shapes, colors or special geographical environment, which may have been endowed with spirituality by the ancients. Locals in Taiwan Province Province call the sacred stone "Shi Gong" and regard it as a thing to protect the good fortune and ward off evil spirits. In the Qiang area of our country, the worship of white stone is prevalent. About the origin of white stone worship, the legend of Qiang people
The ancient Qiang people fought against the Geji people, but they couldn't win. At that time, in a dream, the Qiang people were instructed to use Baishi as a weapon to defeat the Geji people. Qiang people really succeeded.
But I don't know what image this person is, so I replaced it with a white stone to worship. In rural areas of Africa and Nigeria, people use food to offer sacred stones to treat diseases. There is a sacred stone in New Guinea. The natives think that there are elves in the stone, which affects the circulation of other things. If you put it in the garden, you can increase the harvest. The above materials are all folklore materials. As far as archaeological materials are concerned, there are also many examples. In the Qin cultural cemetery in Yongjing, Gansu, there are many stones buried with them. Stones are large and small, mostly white. These stones were placed on the sides of the dead person's head or body, while others surrounded the dead person. Regardless of men, women and children, regardless of burial style, most of them are buried with stones, ranging from five or six pieces to 105. Among prehistoric tombs in Nanning, Guangxi, such as many tombs in the Western Jin Dynasty and Changtang, one is popular.
Two unprocessed flaky stones were buried with the deceased, most of which were placed on the head of the deceased.
Some graves are surrounded by stones around human bones. 1945 In the spring, Mr. Xia Nai excavated two tombs in Siwa, Lintao, Gansu Province, both of which were buried with large gravel. In addition, some prehistoric tombs at Dadunzi site in Yuanmou, Yunnan, and some tombs at Daxi cultural site in Wushan, Sichuan were also buried with stones. It is worth pointing out that in prehistoric tombs or in the same tomb area, there are always a few people who bury stones, indicating that the owner of the tomb is likely to die abnormally, and the stones buried in the tomb are probably lingshi, which aims to drive away evil spirits in the tomb with lingshi.
To prevent the dead from becoming ghosts. Let's go back to the discussion in Shi Gandang. The "urgent chapter" of the Western Han Dynasty's history tour includes "doing history properly"
The language of Tang Yan Stone Drum has a note. It has been pointed out by predecessors that it is inappropriate to strictly note "teacher" as surname. The real meaning of Shi Gandang should be interpreted as "the cover is a stone that can be washed away."
"。 In other words, stones can ward off evil spirits and hate disasters. Shi Gandang's custom of avoiding evil spirits and hating disasters can also be found in the Customs written by Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "There is a stone man standing on the head of Peng's tomb in Ruyang, Henan Province, behind the stone beast. Tian Jia's mother went to the market to buy some bait, and she was exhausted from the heat.
The stone thrower stepped down from the coffin and left a piece of bait, but suddenly he didn't realize it. "This incident was widely rumored by passers-by, saying that" the more a stone man can cure a disease, the more he will be grateful ". He also said: "people with headaches rub their heads, and people with abdominal pain rub their stomachs." "
"Those who heal themselves are blessed by their words, so the stone man in front of the tomb is regarded as a wise man. Obviously, this is an example that people regard the stone man as a symbol of avoiding evil spirits and treating diseases. Incidentally, there are two monuments in the courtyard of Bi Xia Temple on the top of Mount Tai, commonly known as the Imperial Monument, which have always used coins to prevent diseases.
Those who touched the trump card read aloud
It's not disgusting to rub the imperial tablet, touch the imperial tablet and rub the imperial tablet. This custom is similar to the above-mentioned records. During the Qing Dynasty in Song Renzong, Shi Mingyun, who was unearthed in Putian County in the fifth year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 770), said, "Shi Gandang is a town full of ghosts and sufferings, and the officials are blessed.
People are healthy, the wind is strong, and the ceremony is strong. "This Shi Mingyuan buried under the house, the meaning of the town house is self-evident. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of "Shi Gandang" (or "Taishan Shi Gandang") as a town house or town lane was quite prosperous. 《
The popular compilation quoted the words of Zhui Gu Cong Bian: "
Lusheng in Wu Min, when it comes to the street, must set up a stone man or plant a stone to carve Shi Gandang into a town. "Yuan Mei's" Essays with the Garden "also contains:" Carving today's customs is a tired victory, planting stones in Lu, saying' Shi Gandang'. "In the 1920s, Mr. Deng Erya investigated and said," Guangdong is full of stone carvings of Mount Tai and Shi Gandang. Generally speaking, there are ghosts on the land or residents in the Buddha think that the situation is good and use this as a threat. Most of the information quoted above belongs to the south.
In fact, the same is true in the north. In the previous article, Wang Yuyang Ren Shan (Wang Shizhen) in the Qing Dynasty said that "the custom of Qilu is to set a stone in the corner of the village and carve Mount Tai and Shi Gandang", which can be proved. A strange red rock was found in Dige, Zaozhuang City.
Height 1. 1 m, width 0.65 m, thickness 0.35 m, engraved with the words "The town house is full of ghosts, and Qin Long will stand for two years". Qin Long is the official name of the Ming Muzong after Zhu Zaiyu, while Qin Long was 1568 in the second year. A small stone tablet named "Stone House in Taishan Town" was also found in Zhang Miao Village, Feicheng County. At this point, we can draw the following conclusions: Shi Gandang's custom is the relic of ancient sacrificial stone, and its function, no matter where it is, is mainly to ward off evil spirits and hate disasters.
Perhaps readers have noticed that the materials cited above include Shi Gandang and Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, while the earlier materials only talked about Shi Gandang without talking about Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, as well as Shi Gandang and Shi Gandang on Mount Tai, while the earlier materials only talked about Shi Gandang without talking about it. So when did "Taishan Shi Gandang" appear and become popular? "
Taishan Shi Gandang
"And" Shi Gandang "? A folk story collected by Mr. Deng Erya tells: It is said that during the reign of Kangxi, the Middle East Gallery of the general's residence faced the floating map, which was unfavorable to the residents. Out of Jiangxi, I was tired of going to Longhu Mountain and asking Zhang Zhenren to win the battle, so I sat down with a monk in ochre clothes and sat in Yingxi. The real person pointed out that the general said, "Pray for this teacher. "Because of worship. "This house is very detailed," said the Taoist. "It's the luck of the big town. "These five words' Taishan Shi Gandang' are on the big book. With a pure Yoko book. The general was surprised and lost his position as a Taoist priest. The real person said, "Teacher Chunyang is on duty in the temple today, so it's fortunate for the public to meet him. "So, I was sent to the south. Xerox Donglang,
The word diameter exceeds the rule. See salty, refers to the discrepancy between chu.
Guangdong xuwen county folklore provided by Li Zong and Comrade Liu Qun said:
During the Kangxi period, several county magistrates arrived in the county for a few days and died in the office. Huang knew about it and took a Mr. Feng Shui with him. Mr. Zhang found that the shadow of a pagoda in this county was falling on the seat of the county grandfather, and all the officials died because they could not bear the pressure of the pagoda. So, a stone tablet was erected in front of the county government, engraved with the words "Mount Tai Shi Gandang", saying that the power of Mount Tai can rival the pagoda. Nothing happened after that. Although these two folk stories are different, they have similarities.
：
First, the stories all happened in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and second, they all took Mount Tai Shi Gandang as the evil town. Wang Shizhen (1634-1711) also talked about "Mount Tai and Shi Gandang". Accordingly, "Taishan Shi Gandang" was popular in the early Qing Dynasty, and its appearance time may be earlier than that of the Ming Dynasty. Shi Gandang added Mount Tai to the front, with the intention of increasing his prestige through the power of Mount Tai. The word "Tai" on Mount Tai was called "Tai" in ancient times, that is, "Da". In a broad sense, Mount Tai is a big mountain, which can suppress evil spirits. Common in ancient myths and legends. For example, the Monkey King (the Monkey King) in The Journey to the West was once pressed by the Tathagata under the Five Elements Mountain for 500 years. In a narrow sense, Mount Tai (a big mountain) refers to Mount Tai in Tai 'an today. Mount Tai is towering and straight, and it is a sacred mountain for emperors to close their shrines. Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, praised Mount Tai as "very high, very big,
Special, strong, hehe, scary, confused. "
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, called Taishan "the root plate of Qilu Xi, and I don't know its thousands of miles; Soaring into the sky, I don't know thousands of miles. "The power of Mount Tai is endless. It goes without saying that it is not difficult to understand that Mount Tai should be added before Shi Gandang, who avoids evil spirits and hates disasters, to increase its power.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, until today, there are many folk stories and legends about Shi Gandang (or Shi Gandang on Mount Tai).
In addition to one collected by Mr. Deng Erya and one provided by Li Zong and Comrade Liu Qun, there are more than a dozen such folk stories and legends in our hands, all of which have been published in the Tales of Mount Tai in recent years.
"(referred to as" Legend "),
Taishan folk stories), Taishan folk stories (folk stories), Taishan stories (legends), Tai 'an scenery (scenery) and other books.
The above-mentioned two folk stories and legends about Mount Tai Shi Gandang collected by Mr. Deng Erya and provided by Li Zong and Comrade Liu Qun are based on the fact that Shi Gandang is a "stone". Although its popularity was not early (early Qing Dynasty) and its popular area was not extensive, as far as the deep connotations of these two folk stories and legends are concerned,
Its source is the legacy of ancient worship of lingshi-the development of Shi Gan Dangzhen's evil and bitter righteousness. Stone carvings unearthed in Putian County, especially the Stone Carvings.
The words "Shi Gandang is full of ghosts and hates disasters" have an important influence on the formation of such folk stories, which can also be said to be authentic. The other kind is folk stories and legends about the types of exorcism and treatment, with the basic starting point of "human" as the release of dry. 《
spectacle
Two articles about "exorcism", one about exorcism (a variant of treating evil spirits) and the legend of Shi Gandang contained in the legend can all be classified into this category. This kind of folk stories and legends are mostly about Shi Gandang, who is brave and treats people who are haunted by ghosts and demons. Obviously, it is related to the northerners who called Shi Gandang "Dr. Shi" by Wang Shizhen in Qing Dynasty. Although this kind of folk story treats Shi Gandang as a human being, the deep connotation of the story has something to do with Shi Gandang's worship as a spiritual stone, which has the function of restraining evil and driving away disasters.
The third category is the folktales and legends of Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties, who became attached to Shi Gandang. Such as Shi Gandang (including scenery) edited by Gu Yue and Shi Gandang (including legend) edited by Lu Yue. Shi Gandang on Mount Tai (containing folk stories) edited by Bao Jun and Qiu Shui said that Shi Gandang was originally named "Shigang" and posthumous title "Shi Gandang".
Obviously, Shi Gang is a transliteration of Shi Gan in the Five Dynasties. Such folktales and legends all say that Shi Gandang is heroic and invincible, and he is good at eliminating violence.
Many people think that Shi Gandan is related to Shi Gan, a warrior of the Five Dynasties. The Records of Mount Tai edited by Jin Mao in Qing Dynasty also said: "Shi Gandang was a warrior of the Five Dynasties ... He served Gaozu with an iron mallet on his sleeve. When things changed, he died fighting from left to right. I want to avoid the evil spirits in the collection of house classics, so I named Shi Gan as the second. " Although Shi Dare to be and Shi Gan are two different things, there is a certain connection between Shi Dare to be equal to everything and Shi Dare to be invincible.
The fourth kind of folk story about Mount Tai Shi Gandang, one is that Mount Tai and Shi Gandang are close friends, and the other is that Emperor Taizong was sealed by Mount Tai (see Grand View).
According to the theory of girlfriends, Taishan and Shi Gandang used to be friends of classmates. Taishan has a rich family, studied hard and was admitted. And Shi Gandang not only failed to pass the exam, but was reduced to "living a wandering life alone".
On one occasion, Shi Gandang went to Taishan Mansion to beg, and was detained by Taishan Mansion, and he always treated him with courtesy. A few years later, Taishan went on a business trip and didn't return for half a year. Shi Gandang has a high self-esteem and thinks he has lived a long time. Taishan deliberately hid and disappeared, so he "said goodbye". When Taishan returned from official business, he heard that Shi Gandang had passed away. He was deeply saddened and committed suicide. Because Mount Tai and Shi Gandang fell in love and died, later generations remembered them and combined the names of Mount Tai and Shi Gandang into one, namely "Mount Tai Shi Gandang". The chivalrous man mentioned in this folktale is Mount Tai, and Shi Gandang seems to be a random and suspicious villain. "Blocking Style" said: Emperor Taizong rode Mount Tai and returned to Maling, but he couldn't get on the horseshoe board, so he was curious.
I can't do it unless I go up. As a result, I walked around the road. When he left, he said, "I came from Chang 'an and opened a road on the mountain. When I met the water, I built a bridge. Didn't stop me, was stopped by Taishan stone. " With this sound, it is called "Shi Gandang". Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, has never been to Mount Tai, not to mention being stopped by Mount Tai when he rode up the mountain. The so-called Shi Gandang (Taishan Shi Gandang) described in these two folk stories is very different from Shi Gandang's real origin, connotation and function, and also from a series of widely circulated folk stories in Shi Gandang. The author visited many elders in Taishan area, and no one knew when and where these folk stories were circulated. Is this suspected of fabrication?
To sum up, Shi Gandang is a relic of ancient worship of Lingshi, which has nothing to do with "people". The language of "Shi Gan Dang" in the historical tour of Jizhang in the Western Han Dynasty should be interpreted as a stone that can be used to fight against everything. Later, whether it was the inscription unearthed in Putian in the Tang Dynasty or the stone of "Shi Gandang" planted (or buried) at the bridgehead or in front of the house, its meaning was the same. As for the addition of Mount Tai (namely Mount Tai Shi Gandang) before Shi Gandang, it started in the Ming Dynasty and prevailed in the Qing Dynasty. Today, it means to use the sacred Mount Tai to increase Shi Gandang's strength. Shi Gandang's folktales and legends, in their deep connotations,
Some have the same positive meaning as Shi Gandang, some are partly related, and some are completely different. There are some reasons why folk stories and legends are far from the historical truth. Recently, however, some comrades rely on imagination in the name of sorting out folk stories and legends.
It is not necessarily desirable to fabricate it to make it farther away from the historical truth.