A series of questions about almonds

It's best not to drink all the time. It is a part of medicinal materials. . It's a three-point poison

Efficacy classification

Antitussive and antiasthmatic drugs; Phlegmatic

job operation

1. Almond: Clean the impurities, blanch in boiling water for a while, take out when the skin is slightly wrinkled, soak in cold water, remove the seed coat, dry in the sun, and winnow.

2. Stir-fry almonds: put the washed almonds in a pot and stir-fry them with slow fire until they are slightly yellow, then take them out and let them cool.

Identification of raw medicinal materials

Microscopic identification of the cross section in the middle of the seed: (1) almond seed coat cells 1 row, scattered in oblong and oval shape, occasionally with yellow stone cells at the top of shell and trapezoid, 38-95μm high and 30-57μm wide. Part of the wall buried in parenchyma is thin, with many pits and grooves; Some walls are thick, and there are few or no pits. Below the seed coat is a vegetative layer with shriveled cells and thin vascular bundles. Endothelial cells are 1 row and contain yellow substances. Endosperm is a series of discarded parenchyma cells. The endosperm is composed of 1 row of rectangular cells, with powder and fatty oil in the interior.

(2) Single or 2-5 (or more) stone cells on the surface of wild almond seed coat are scattered in the seed coat parenchyma cells, which are similar, polygonal, polygonal or spindle-shaped, with large and dense pits; Viewed from the side, it is shell-shaped, quasi-circular, oval, quasi-square, quasi-polygonal or spindle-shaped, with a radial direction of 27-76μm and a bottom width of18-60 μ m. The part protruding from the epidermis is half moon-shaped, bow-shaped or circular-arched, accounting for about half of the height, with a light color and a wall thickness of 5-8 (-kloc-0).

(3) The surface of almond cells is wide and flat, round, oval, polygonal and square, with large and dense pits; Viewed from the side, they are mostly in the shape of broad shells, quasi-circles or oblate shuttles, but rarely in the shape of oblong or oval, with a height of 46-84μm and a width of 34-68 μ m.

(4) Most almond cells in Northeast China are tall and long shells, with small tops and gradually widening towards the base, with a height of 46-95μm, a width of 465,438+0-965,438+0 μ m, and fine pits and grooves.

Physical and chemical identification (1) Take 0.5g of this product, put it in a test tube with a plug, add 3ml of 5% sulfuric acid solution and shake it evenly, put a piece of filter paper moistened with sodium nitrophenolate solution at the mouth of the test tube, plug it, heat the test tube in a water bath at 40-50℃ for 10min, and the filter paper strip turns from yellow to brick red.

(2) Take 0.5g of this product by TLC, add the same amount of calcium carbonate * * * for grinding, put it in a triangular bottle with a stopper, add 4 ml of petroleum ether (60-90℃), cold soak overnight, and filter. Evaporate petroleum ether from the residue, add 4ml ethanol for cold soaking overnight, and then filter. Concentrate the filtrate as a test sample. Amygdalin was used as reference substance. Spot samples on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and develop with chloroform-ethanol-ethanol (2: 1: 2) and iodine vapor. In the sample chromatogram, spots with the same color appear in the corresponding positions of the reference chromatogram and the reference chromatogram.

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apricot kernel

A comprehensive almond display catalogue

pharmacokinetics

pharmacological action

Chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine

efficacy

Do textual research

Classification of families and genera

Pharmacology (toxicology)

ecological environment

Various exhibitions

Harvest and storage

Party selection

Animal and plant morphology

Efficacy classification

Medicinal plant cultivation

job operation

Drug application identification

Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine

Nutritional components and functions

The right crowd

Grams of food stage

food therapy

Various exhibitions

Harvest and storage

Party selection

Animal and plant morphology

Efficacy classification

Medicinal plant cultivation

job operation

Drug application identification

Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine

Nutritional components and functions

The right crowd

Grams of food stage

food therapy

Drug name: bitter almond

Alias: almond, apricot, chestnut, bitter almond, almond, apricot and sweet plum.

Chinese pinyin: xing ré n

English name: bitter almond

Latin names of plants, animals and minerals

1. apricot. [Prunus armeniaca]

2. big flat apricot. ) yüet Lu[ apricot]

3. Siberian apricot. [Prunus armeniaca]

4. Prunus armeniaca Maxim. )Skv。 [Prunus mume (Maxim. )Koehne]

Meridian tropism

Lung; Spleen; Pharmacokinetics of large intestine meridian [edit this paragraph]

The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin in human body accords with the open two-compartment model. The distribution half-life of intravenous administration is 6.2 minutes; The average half-life of the elimination phase is 120.3 minutes; The average clearance rate was 99.3 ml/min. Some people think that glomerular filtration is the main excretion mode of amygdalin. The biological half-life TL/2a of amygdalin was 3.4 minutes after rapid intravenous injection of amygdalin 500 mg/kg in rabbits. Tl/2b is 4.95 minutes; Within 48 hours, the urine excretion of rabbits was 0.4% of the injection dose of 765438. In human body, oxymatrine is mainly excreted from urine in its original form. After 6g intramuscular injection, the plasma concentration was 65438 0.80 μ g/ml. [Edit this paragraph] Pharmacological action

1. Anti-inflammatory: intravenous injection of almond globulin components KR-A40mg/kg, KR-B5mg/kg, albumin components KR-A0.5mg/kg and AR-B0.5mg/kg can inhibit the paw swelling induced by carrageenan in rats.

2. Analgesia: intravenous injection of amygdalin components KR-A5mg/kg, KR-B5mg/kg, albumin components AR-A5mg/kg and AR-B0.5mg/kg shows that it has analgesic effect on benzoquinone in mice.

3. Effect on gastric acid: Amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by gastric acid or emulsion to produce hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. Ordinary 1g almond can produce about 2.5mg hydrocyanic acid. Hydrocyanic acid is a highly toxic substance, and the lethal dose of human is about 0.05g·g g. Benzaldehyde can inhibit the digestive function of pepsin. Taking a small amount of almond slowly hydrolyzes in the body and gradually produces a small amount of hydrocyanic acid, which will not cause poisoning, but has the effect of calming the respiratory center, so it can make the respiratory movement tend to be quiet and show the effect of relieving cough and asthma.

Intravenous injection of 4.20% decoction 1ml/kg can cause obvious and lasting blood pressure drop in cats.

5. Almond contains amygdalin and emulsifying agent. After oral administration, amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by enzyme to produce hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. Ordinary 1g almond can produce about 2.5mg hydrocyanic acid. Hydrocyanic acid is a highly toxic substance, and the lethal dose of human is about 0.05g (potassium cyanide is about 0.2-0.3g). Benzaldehyde can inhibit the digestive function of pepsin, and about 50-60 bitter almonds in adults and about 7- 10 in children can kill them. The main causes of death were tissue asphyxia, long-term storage of bitter almonds, decreased amygdalin content and decreased toxicity. There are many reports about almond poisoning. The main symptoms are dyspnea, convulsion, coma, dilated pupils, weak heartbeat and cold limbs. We must buy time in first aid. Active carbon or potassium permanganate (1: 1000) or sodium thiosulfate (5%) should be taken orally immediately, gastric lavage should be done as soon as possible, isoamyl nitrite should be inhaled and sodium nitrite (3%) should be injected intravenously. Then inject sodium thiosulfate (25% 50 ml) and other symptomatic treatments such as artificial respiration and blood transfusion. Some people think that taking a small amount of almonds will slowly decompose in the body and gradually produce a small amount of hydrocyanic acid, which will not cause poisoning, but will calm the respiratory center, so it can make the respiratory movement tend to be quiet and play a role in relieving cough and asthma. Intravenous injection of hydrocyanic acid with the minimum lethal dose of 1/20 can excite the respiratory center briefly and strongly. Direct application to normal skin can produce local anesthesia (such as relieving itching, etc.) ).

6. Anti-cancer effect: Amygdalus bitter almond extract has obvious inhibitory effect on transplanted liver cancer in mice by gavage 100mg and 200 mg/kg body weight 10 day. At the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, the content of P-450 in the liver of normal mice increased on the 5th, 65th, 438+00th, 65th and 438+05th days respectively, and returned to normal level on the 65th and 438+05th days. Changes of P-450 content in liver. Bitter almond extract can temporarily increase P-450 in the liver of normal mice. The inhibitory rate of bitter almond extract was 72% (P < 0.00 1) after intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg into mice with transplanted liver cancer for 4 days, while it was 60.8% (P < 0.00) after intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg into mice with transplanted liver cancer for 0 days. The content of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes of mice with transplanted liver cancer was significantly lower than that of normal mice (P < 0.00 1), but the content of cytochrome P-450 in mice reached the normal level after the bitter almond extract (400 mg/kg) was given 10. The GST activity in the liver cytoplasm of transplanted liver cancer mice with 1, 2- dichloro -4 nitrobenzene (DCNB) as the substrate was significantly increased (P < 0.00 1), and the GST activity in the bitter almond extract group with DCNB as the substrate (400 mg/kg) was higher than that in the tumor group (P < 0.05). The GST activity with 1- chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as the substrate has no significant change in the tumor group and the administration group compared with the normal control group. As far as the change of GST activity in liver microsomes is concerned, the GST activity of microsomes with CDNB as substrate in transplanted liver cancer mice is higher than that in normal mice (P < 0.05), but the activity of GST in bitter almond extract group has no obvious change. There was no significant change in GST activity of liver microsomes with DC NB as substrate in liver cancer group and bitter almond extract group.

7. Promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant: Bitter almond can promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in normal animals, not only the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in oleic acid RDS experimental animals, but also improve the pathological changes.

8. Other effects: Amygdalin has antimutagenic effect, and has preventive and therapeutic effects on diabetes caused by anti-tumor drug urea. In addition, bitter almond oil (that is, bitter almond oil) has insect repellent and bactericidal effects. In vitro tests can kill human roundworms and earthworms. And can kill typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli. Clinical application is effective for ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and pinworm, and has no side effects. [Edit this paragraph] Chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine

1. Almonds contain bitter cyanosides: amygdalin accounts for about 4%, Prunasin fatty oil accounts for about 50%, and there are 8 fatty acids in the oil, mainly linoleic acid (27%), oleic acid (67%) and palmitic acid (5.2%). It also contains chlorogenic acid (5'- caffeoyl quinic acid), neochlorogenic acid (3'- caffeoyl quinic acid), 3'- quinic acid ferulic acid, 5'- quinic acid ferulic acid, 3'- quinic acid p-coumaroyl acid, inositol, stigmasterol, β -sitosterol (△-oat sterol), cholesterol (△-cholesterol), estrone, and/or stigmasterol. In addition, there are two protein components with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: KR-A and KR-B, the contents of which are 4.44% and 0.4 1% respectively. It also contains volatile components related to almond fragrance: benzaldehyde, linalool, 4- terpineol and α-terpineol.

2. Almond contains about 4.84% amygdalin and volatile oil, among which the main components are n-hexanal (4.8 1%) and trans -2- hexenal (2- hexenal) (1 1.57%). Trans -2- hexene-1- alcohol (2- hexene-1- alcohol) accounts for 8.28%, linalool accounts for 12.6 1%, and α-terpineol accounts for 5.69%. Geraniol accounts for 2.78% and tetradecanoic acid accounts for 3.6%.

3. Almond contains about 4.84% amygdalin.

4. The apricot kernel in Northeast China contains 3.2% amygdalin.

Classification [edit this paragraph] effect

Eliminating phlegm and relieving cough; Relieve asthma; Moisten the intestines; Textual research on reducing qi and removing arthralgia [edit this paragraph]

From Notes on Materia Medica.

1. Records of famous doctors: almonds, harvested in May. Two benevolent people can kill and poison dogs. Born in Shanxi ravine.

2. Sun Simiao: Almonds are used to make soup. If you don't understand bubbles, food will make you feel hot; If the soup stays overnight, remove the air conditioner.

3. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Apricot cheese is fried like a paste, and it is served to moisten the five internal organs and remove phlegm.

4. "Nourishing wealth": cure almond poisoning and use plum juice to get rid of it. In addition, it is also equipped with blue juice.

5. Materia Medica: Almonds can be seen everywhere today. In fact, there are several kinds. The yellow one is called Venus. According to legend, Yun planted a distributary mountain in Jinan County, which is called Han Emperor apricot. There are many kinds now, and they are the earliest mature ones. Its flat yellow name is Muxing, which is not as delicious as Venus. Apricots are used as medicine, but today, people who come from home still use home-grown people. Prunus armeniaca is unbearable as medicine. Can pick, broken core to Shuang Ren. [Edit this paragraph] Classification of families and genera

Rosaceae

Latin name

1. Almond

2. Almond

Step 3: Almond

IV. Pharmacology (toxicology) of Semen Strychni from Armenia [edit this paragraph]

Excessive use of bitter almond can lead to poisoning, which is manifested as dizziness, sudden fainting, palpitation, headache, nausea and vomiting, convulsion, coma, cyanosis, dilated pupils, disappearance of light reaction, weak and slow pulse, shortness of breath or slow and irregular. If not rescued in time, he may die of respiratory failure. Poisoned people can take apricot bark or apricot root soup orally to rescue them. See "apricot bark" and "apricot root". LD50 of amygdalin: intravenous injection in rats and mice is 25g/kg；; The intraperitoneal injection dose of rats was 8 g/kg. The op of rats was 0.6g/kg. MTD: intravenous injection and intramuscular injection of 3 g/kg in mice, rabbits and dogs; The oral dose is 0.075g/kg; /kg； Human intravenous injection of 5g (about 0.07g/kg). Oral administration of 55 bitter almonds (about 60g) contains about 1.8g (about 0.024g/kg), which can cause death. Bitter almond is easy to be poisoned by oral administration in large quantities. It first acts on the centers of vomiting, respiration, vagus nerve and vascular movement in the medulla oblongata, causing excitement, then enters coma and convulsion, and then the whole central nervous system is paralyzed and dies due to respiratory center paralysis. The poisoning mechanism is mainly due to the fact that hydrocyanic acid contained in almond easily reacts with trivalent iron of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria to form cytochrome oxidase-cyanide complex, thus inhibiting cell respiration, forming tissue asphyxia and leading to death. Because the intestinal flora contains β-glucosidase, normal rats will die within 2-5 hours after taking 600 mg/kg amygdalin orally. Check that the blood CN- reaches 2.6-4.5 μ g/ml; However, sterile mice were injected with the same dose of oxymatrine, and the mice did not die. CN- in blood is less than 0.4 μ g/ml. It shows that intestinal flora is the fundamental cause of oral poisoning of amygdalin, and its toxicity is about 40 times greater than that of intravenous injection. According to Ames method, TA 100 strain, S-9, MIX (+) and amygdalin were all lethal. [Edit this paragraph] Ecological environment

3. Prunus armeniaca grows on dry, sunny, hilly and grassland at an altitude of 700-2000m.

4. Apricots in the northeast of China are born under open sunny hillside shrubs or miscellaneous forests at an altitude of 400- 1000m. [Edit this paragraph] Various expositions

1. Shennong's Herbal Classic: Mainly Cough against Upper Qi, Thunder, Laryngitis, Lower Qi, Postpartum Acne, Chilly Dolphin.

2. Notes on Materia Medica: Jiexi and Hu Fen Poison.

3. "Records of Famous Doctors": The main shock is convulsion, the heart is irritable and hot, and the atmosphere is gone, which will cause headaches, relieve muscles, relieve anxiety and kill dog poison.

4. Theory of medicinal properties: treating abdominal arthralgia, sweating and fever. Treat acute pain under the heart, relieve anxiety in the heart, treat cough due to lung qi, and promote upper body asthma. Stir-fried asparagus moistens the heart and lungs. It can be made into soup with cheese, which is beneficial to moisten the sound. The air conditioner moves at night.

5. Cui Yuxi's "Food Classic": I can't say it.

6. "Medical Source": In addition to lung dryness, the treatment of wind dryness lies in the chest diaphragm. The secret recipe of indications says, moisten lung qi, promote digestion and eliminate accumulation, and raise depressed qi.

7. "southern Yunnan materia medica": relieving cough, resolving phlegm, moistening lung, moistening stomach, eliminating stagnation and reducing qi. Treat scabies.

8. Compendium of Materia Medica: Insecticides, scabies, detumescence and all kinds of blisters on the head and face.

9. Gaoli: Almond cures asthma and qi. Peach kernel cures crazy blood. Peaches and almonds are used to treat constipation, and qi and blood should be divided. Difficulty in defecation during the day is also yang; It is difficult to defecate at night, which is also yin blood. Therefore, if the stool is dry and secret, and the pulse floats in the air, almond and dried tangerine peel are used; Pulse sinking in blood, use peach kernel and dried tangerine peel; Therefore, those who use dried tangerine peel take hand Yangming and hand Taiyin as exterior and interior. At the door, the main communication, under the door, the main closing. So Wang said that the lungs and large intestine are also meridians.

10. Compendium of Materia Medica: Almonds can disperse and descend, so they are used for relaxing muscles and tendons, expelling wind, lowering qi, moistening dryness, promoting digestion and treating injuries. Treat sores and kill insects, and use its poison. In the treatment of wind-cold lung disease, there are also drugs that use the tip of the skin, and there are also different opinions.

1 1. Changsha Medical Solution: The lung governs the storage of qi, descending to the thoracic diaphragm, traveling in the meridians, and the qi is blocked by the thoracic diaphragm, causing asthma and cough, and the cause of blood stasis cannot be lowered, so it is swollen and painful. Almond is good at relieving arthralgia and asthma, reducing swelling and moistening dryness, regulating qi and relieving depression. Its main indications, such as treating cough, adjusting aphonia, stopping hemoptysis, stopping bleeding and ulceration, killing insects, removing pricking, opening deafness, removing eyes, smoothing pterygium, stopping eating, moistening large intestine and diuresis, all have the functions of reducing turbidity and eliminating depression.

12. Seeking Truth in Materia Medica: Almonds have the functions of dispelling cold and relieving asthma, and also have the functions of pungent border, dispelling pathogenic factors, relieving qi in bitterness, moistening and conveying the spirit, warming and stagnating phlegm. Almond smell is complete, so whenever the lung meridian feels cold, it can treat asthma, cough, constipation, upset, headache, husband poison, ulcer, dog poison, facial poison, tin poison and golden sore. Dongyuan's theory of almond asters belongs to the theory of dispersing lung qi, eliminating depression and relieving drowning, one of which is mainly in lung meridian blood and the other is in lung meridian qi; Almond and peach kernel are used to treat constipation, one is to treat asthma and constipation, and the pulse is floating, so see you during the day; One way to treat constipation caused by deep pulse is to watch it at night. Feng Chu-Zhan's theory of almond wilting is to remove phlegm, but one deviates from the principle of removing phlegm, so those who show deficiency are the most taboo; One is to remove the benefits from the stomach, and those who lose money in their hometown will not be needed. Although all the medicines are the same, they are actually different, so we should check them carefully. However, almonds are used to treat constipation and need the help of dried tangerine peel to promote qi.

13. indications: almonds are mainly used to stop water in the chest, so they are used to treat asthma and cough, while they are used to treat shortness of breath, chest pain and edema.

14. Explanation of Classic: Ephedra Decoction, Daqinglong Decoction, Ephedra Almond and Glycyrrhiza Ointment Decoction, Ephedra Jiashu Decoction, Ephedra Almond, Job's tears and Glycyrrhiza Decoction, Magnolia Mahuang Decoction and Meretrix Meretrix Decoction all use ephedra and almonds, and ephedra is mainly covered with powder, and its strength lies in Maoqiao, which can be relieved if almonds are not used to relax the qi of blood collaterals.

15. "Notes on Materia Medica": Where the kernel falls, so (almond) moves the qi to fall, and the qi drops to eliminate phlegm and stop coughing. It can moisten the large intestine, so it can be used for patients with qi stagnation in the large intestine. The nature of almonds seems to have no irritating taste, and it seems that they only have the effect of moistening dryness and lowering adverse reactions, but they have not resolved their standing power. However, the cold pathogen is bound to the outside, and the lung qi is suppressed. It is necessary to use this bitter product to make the qi smooth and the exterior and interior are comfortable, so Mahuang Decoction is used. Peach kernel and almond are similar in nature, one enters the liver meridian and the other enters the lung meridian. As for detoxification and pest control, we can do it with each other and care about the users' ears. [Edit this paragraph] Harvest and storage

Conventional varieties are picked when the fruit is ripe in June-July.

Allocation of resources

1. Apricots are distributed all over the country except tropical areas such as Guangdong and Hainan, and are cultivated in many rows. It is wild in Yili, Xinjiang.

2. Prunus armeniaca is mainly produced in northern China, cultivated or wild, especially in Hebei, Shanxi and other places, and also produced in Shandong and Jiangsu.

3. Prunus armeniaca is distributed in Northeast China, North China and Gansu.

4. Apricots in Northeast China are distributed in Jilin, Liaoning and other places. [Edit this paragraph] Select the Party

1. Mahuang Decoction (Treatise on Febrile Diseases) is used to treat exogenous cold. 2. San 'ao Decoction (Taiping Huimin Heji recipe) is used to treat wind evil, stuffy nose, inability to speak, or cold, headache, dizziness, limb contracture, cough with excessive phlegm and shortness of breath. 3. Daqinglong Decoction (Treatise on Febrile Diseases) is used to treat asthma and cough caused by wind-heat invading the lungs or wind-cold stagnation and fire. 5. Ephedra almond coix seed licorice soup (treatise on febrile diseases) is used to treat wind-cold exterior dampness syndrome with exterior rheumatism.

Contraindications to drugs

1. People with cough and loose stool due to yin deficiency should not take it.

2. "Notes on Materia Medica": Good fire. Radix Astragali, Scutellariae Radix, Radix Puerariae. Fear of tobacco.

3. The Classic of Materia Medica: Cough due to yin deficiency and lung heat and phlegm deficiency should not be used.

4. Materia Medica: Don't use it for those who are trapped by Yuan Qi's deficiency, for fear that they will settle down and vent too much.

5. "Ben Feng Jingyuan": Dead blood clan is especially forbidden.

6. "Materia Medica from the New": those who cough and constipation due to fatigue should avoid it. [Edit this paragraph] Morphology of animals and plants

1. Deciduous apricot tree, 4- 10 cm high; The bark is dark reddish brown and longitudinally split. Simple leaves alternate; Leaf blade ovoid or broadly ovoid, 5-9 cm long and 4-8 cm wide. In spring, the leaves open first, and the flowers are solitary and densely planted, slightly like the general shape; Several flowers sessile, calyx base tubular, pubescent outside, upper part 5-lobed; Petals 5, white or light pink, round to broadly obovate; Stamens are numerous and attached to the edge of calyx tube; Pistil carpels inserted at the base of calyx tube. Drupe is round, sparsely obovate, with a diameter of more than 2.5 cm. Seed 1, heart-shaped, ovoid, light red. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July.

2. The main characteristics of this variety of wild apricot are wedge-shaped or wide wedge-shaped leaves at the base; Flowers are usually 2 in clusters, reddish; The fruit is nearly spherical and red; The nucleus is oval, separated from the pulp, with a rough surface and a net shape, and the abdominal edge is usually sharp.

3. Apricot shrubs or small trees, 2-5 meters high. The leaves are ovoid or nearly round, (3-)5- 10cm long and (2.5-)4-7cm wide. Flowers solitary, diameter 65438 0.5-2 cm; Sepals oblong-elliptic, apex pointed; Petals suborbicular or obovate, white or pink. The fruit is oblate, with a diameter of 1.5-2.5cm, flat on one side, thin and dry flesh, cracking when ripe, sour and inedible. The stone is easy to separate from the pulp, and the base surface is asymmetrical and smooth. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July.

4. Northeast apricot, 5- 15m high. Young branches are hairless. The leaves are oval or oval, 6- 12cm long and 3-8cm wide. Flowers pink or white; Stamens are numerous; Ovary densely pilose. Drupe is nearly spherical, with a diameter of 1.5-2.6cm, yellow; The nucleus is nearly spherical or oval, with a length of 13- 18mm and a width of 1 1- 18mm, and the edges are rough and obtuse. The flowering period is April-May, and the fruiting period is July. [Edit this paragraph] efficacy classification

Antitussive and antiasthmatic drugs; Expectorant [edit this paragraph] Cultivation of medicinal plants

1. Biological characteristics: strong adaptability, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, barren tolerance and salt tolerance. It grows normally at 43.9℃ in summer. Overwintering at -40℃ is safe. Can be planted on flat land or sloping land. The requirements for soil are not strict.

2. Cultivation techniques are propagated by seeds or grafting. Seed propagation: picking mature fruits, grinding off pulp, 5- 10kg of large seeds, 7.5- 15kg of small seeds, 98% of seed purity, 86% of germination rate, and using 1: 3 wet sand to store sand in winter. Spring sowing is in late March, and autumn sowing is in1late October 165438 (sowing can be done after drying in the shade in a ventilated place). Long ridges are often used for sowing, each ridge is 1 row, and plants are planted 10- 15cm, each hole is 1 grain. After sowing, cover the soil 5-6cm (about 3 times the diameter of the seed) and suppress it. Grafting propagation: the rootstock is apricot seedlings or apricot seedlings, which are grafted in late March and budded from early July to late August.

3. Sparse the seedlings when managing 3-4 leaves in the field, carry out the second thinning after 2-3 weeks, and water them in time to prevent the roots from being damaged by the wind. Irrigation should be done as appropriate during drought, and drainage should be paid attention to during rainy season from July to August. The seedling height is 45cm, and the tender shoots can be picked before bud grafting 1 month. Winter pruning is carried out from June165438+1October to March of the following year, and it is divided into three tree shapes; Natural round head modeling, evacuation layered modeling, natural happy modeling. Topdressing and water topdressing from April to June, topdressing quick-acting fertilizer 1 time before germination and during the growth of young fruits, applying 0.25kg to each tree, and then watering.

Pests and diseases control diseases include apricot leaf spot. Spraying 5-degree stone sulfur mixture before germination and 0.3-degree stone sulfur mixture during leaf development. Pests include apricot weevils, marsupials and longicorn beetles. [Edit this paragraph] Processing method

1. Almond: Clean the impurities, blanch in boiling water for a while, take out when the skin is slightly wrinkled, soak in cold water, remove the seed coat, dry in the sun, and winnow.

2. Stir-fry almonds: put the washed almonds in a pot and stir-fry them with slow fire until they are slightly yellow, then take them out and let them cool.

Identification of raw medicinal materials

Both almond and ephedra enter the lung meridian, so they are often used for cough and asthma caused by wind-cold invading the lung. Ephedra tends to dispel cold, spread lung and relieve asthma, while almond tends to reduce qi, relieve asthma and relieve cough. When lung qi decreases, cough and wheezing will be self-calming. Ephedra has the functions of dispersing lung qi, promoting diuresis, dredging channels and reducing swelling, and is often used to treat geomantic omen, while almond sparse is usually used for damp-heat syndrome.

Sexual taste

Bitter; Temperature; Poisonous