Chinese name: Taxus China.
Scientific name: Taxus mairei
Nicknames: yew, cypress
Family and Genus: Taxaceae, Taxus.
Taxus chinensis is a shallow-rooted plant with inconspicuous main roots and developed lateral roots. It is recognized as an endangered natural rare anticancer plant in the world and an ancient tree species left over from Quaternary glaciers. It has a history of 2.5 million years on earth. Due to the slow growth rate and poor regeneration ability of Taxus chinensis under natural conditions, a large-scale raw material forest base of Taxus chinensis has not been formed in the world for a long time. China listed it as a first-class rare and endangered protected plant, and the United Nations explicitly prohibited its felling.
Name source
In recent years, plants such as Taxus chinensis have become hot stars in the plant world. Because paclitaxel can be extracted, it is an internationally recognized anticancer agent and a national first-class protected tree species. The red beans of Taxus chinensis are the same as the acacia beans in the south, and they are red outside and bright inside, which can support people's acacia. Taxus chinensis is also named after the same fruit as red beans, so it is named Taxus chinensis.
morphological character
Taxus chinensis is an evergreen tree, with yellow-green or reddish-brown branchlets in autumn, strip-shaped leaves, dioecious plants and oblate seeds. Seeds are used to extract oil and medicine. Taxus is a shallow-rooted plant with inconspicuous main roots and developed lateral roots, with a height of 30m and a trunk diameter of1m.. The leaves alternate spirally, the base is twisted into two rows, the cords are slightly curved, the length is 1-2.5cm, the width is 2-2.5mm, the leaf margin is slightly curved, the tip is gradually pointed, there are two wide yellow-green or gray-green stomatal zones on the back of the leaves, the midvein is densely protuberant, and the green zone on the leaf margin is extremely narrow, which is dioecious. Male flowers are solitary in leaf axils, and female flowers are dioecious. The seed is oblate with 2 edges, the seed is ovoid, and the aril is cup-shaped and red.
The biological characteristics of Taxus chinensis require high ecological environment. It usually takes 100∽250 years to grow into a tree. According to the statistics of 1996, the wild yew in Yunnan accounts for 55% of the national total, among which Lijiang has 165438+ 10,000 plants. Taxus chinensis is a perennial evergreen tree with huge biomass and short growth time. Its taproot is not obvious, its lateral roots are developed, its branches and leaves are luxuriant, its germination ability is strong, and it can withstand the low temperature of -25℃. It can be planted in most parts of the country. Fast growth, the measured annual growth is 40-50 cm, and the highest growth is 60-70 cm, which is 300-700% of the growth of China yew (China yew, Yunnan yew, etc.). ). The biomass accumulation of 3 ~ 4 years old is 600 ~ 800 plants per year, and the fresh raw material produced in 5 years old is more than 1.5kg, which can be used to extract paclitaxel. In the second year, new branches and leaves can grow, and their biomass is greater than the harvest in the first year.
The growth conditions of wild yew are almost harsh, the growth area is narrow and the climatic conditions are harsh. Why can there be such a lush growth community in Ruyuan Mountain area? According to Mo Yibin, a local expert who has studied and protected this tree for many years, the unique geographical environment, humid climate, good ecological environment and strong protection of local people are indispensable. Da Qiao Town belongs to the alpine limestone mountainous area, with an average elevation of more than 800 meters, a temperature difference of 7℃ between day and night, and an annual average temperature of only 65438 07℃, which is quite suitable for the growth of Taxus chinensis.
Taxus cuspidata is suitable for planting in north and south. It has the characteristics of liking shade, drought tolerance and cold tolerance. The soil PH is required to be 5.5 ~ 7.0, which can be interplanted with other tree species or orchards. Management is simple. Among them, Taxus cuspidata is an ancient tree species left over from the Quaternary Glacier, which has survived on the earth for more than 2.5 million years under harsh climatic conditions. It not only has developed lateral roots, lush foliage and strong germination, but also adapts to a wide range of climate, requires wide soil quality, and is resistant to pruning, cold and insect pests. But also can grow into towering trees, and some plants can even grow for thousands of years, which can be used as medicinal varieties and green varieties. In folklore, Taxus cuspidata is known as the "sacred tree of geomantic omen".
The growth conditions are almost harsh. Birds sow, and moisture helps sow.
The growth conditions of wild yew are almost harsh, the growth area is narrow and the climatic conditions are harsh. Why can there be such a lush growth community in Ruyuan Mountain area? According to Mo Yibin, a local expert who has studied and protected this tree for many years, the unique geographical environment, humid climate, good ecological environment and strong protection of local people are indispensable. Da Qiao Town belongs to the alpine limestone mountainous area, with an average elevation of more than 800 meters, a temperature difference of 7℃ between day and night, and an annual average temperature of only 65438 07℃, which is quite suitable for the growth of Taxus chinensis. A large number of birds live here. However, the fruit shell of Taxus chinensis is hard, so it is difficult to survive artificially. Only after its fruit was pecked by birds, the shell was corroded by the gastric juice of birds, and the seeds were excreted with feces, thus taking root and sprouting in the soil. The colorful fruits of Taxus chinensis often attract a large number of birds to peck, and birds become the best sowers.
Artificial seedlings are being cultivated locally.
The protection of Taxus chinensis has been highly valued internationally, but the strong market demand still brings long-term and lasting pressure to the survival of endangered Taxus chinensis. According to reports, Taxus plants in China. Meili Forest Park will do its best to protect wild resources and cultivate artificial seedlings. At present, the local government will cooperate with Fudan University and other relevant scientific research institutions on introduction, propagation and seedling raising. At present, more than 70 mu of seedling base has been initially built, and nearly 20,000 seedlings of Taxus chinensis have been artificially cultivated, which will exceed 654.38+10,000 in three years. According to the person in charge, the base will take artificial cultivation measures to develop Taxus resources in the early stage, and then use the artificially developed Taxus resources to extract paclitaxel after expanding the planting area to occupy the international taxol market.
Tips: Don't eat yew at will. In the interview, the reporter found that some people in Da Qiao town will take some yew leaves to boil water to drink when they have a cold and fever, trying to cure the disease. Experts warn that this practice is wrong. At present, the medical use of Taxus is mainly reflected in extracting paclitaxel from bark, roots, branches and leaves to make anticancer drugs. Taking yew directly has no obvious efficacy. In 2002, the Ministry of Health banned the use of Taxus chinensis as health food and food raw materials. Once people eat yew by mistake, they may have dizziness, dilated pupils, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness and other symptoms, and even lead to death in severe cases.
geographical distribution
All yew are produced in the northern hemisphere, except Austrotaxus Spicata in Australia, which is produced in the southern hemisphere. There are 4 species of Taxus in China. China 1 is distributed in most parts of China. Taxus cuspidata is mainly distributed in Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, with a small amount in the eastern mountainous area of Liaoning Province. Taxus yunnanensis is mainly distributed in western Yunnan and Dizhou 16 county, with a total area of about 90,000 square kilometers. It is characterized by wide distribution, scattered growth and no pure forest, and most of the forests are scattered trees. Taxus chinensis var. mairei var. mairei in China is mainly distributed in pure forests in eastern Yunnan, southwestern Yunnan and eastern Yunnan, and most of them are scattered trees in the forests. A large number of yew are distributed in Wenqisi Village, Yangmingshan, Shuangpai County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province.
It is cultivated in Sichuan, Guangxi resources, Shandong and other places, and also distributed in western Jiangxi (Yichun and Tonggu areas). Taxus tibetica is mainly distributed in northwest Yunnan, south and southeast Tibet. Taxus yunnanensis mainly grows and distributes in Lijiang, Diqing, Nujiang, Dali and other mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,600-3,500 meters, with a strip distribution and a very rare number.
In Da Qiao Town, Ruyuan County, a small town with only over 300 square kilometers, there are actually 65,438+10,000 yew plants taking root here! This is the densest growing place of wild yew in China at present. Recently, the first phase project of China's first large-scale wild yew theme protection park-China Nanyew Forest Park is about to be completed.
According to the preliminary investigation of Da Qiao Town Government, there are 6,543,800+Taxus plants planted in villages in this town, including 654.38+ 027 plants with DBH above 50cm and more than 70,000 plants with DBH below 5cm. This figure is only based on the statistics of cedar trees found before and after the town. According to the estimation of forestry experts, the number of wild yew will far exceed people's imagination in the remote forests with relatively complete ecosystems. According to the preliminary investigation and statistics of the relevant departments of Ruyuan county government, there are 65438+ 10,000 Taxus plants growing around Luziqiu, Xiacha, Xiazhuang and Zhangjiacun in Da Qiao Town, a limestone alpine mountain area in this county. A little-known Taxus king grows behind Zhangjiacun, with a diameter of more than 5 meters, which is estimated to be staggering. Known by the villagers as the "sacred tree", the "Taxus King" stands between two hills, with red cloth hung by the masses around his waist. The trunk needs to be surrounded by five adults, and the straight and huge body is eight or nine stories high, echoing the dense growth of small yew behind it. Da Qiao Town is the most densely populated area of Taxus chinensis in Ruyuan County. At present, more than 90% of the discovered yew are concentrated in the alpine limestone mountain area of the county. Cars are speeding on country roads, and quaint and dignified yew trees can be seen everywhere in front of the house and behind the river at the foot of the mountain. The local government staff said that the local people affectionately called it "Sugiyama Miko". Mature yew has 1999 "identity card", and yew is listed as a national first-class protected plant. In 2004, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CLOC-0/3) listed all Taxus in China as an appendix to the Convention. In order to protect Taxus chinensis, and to protect the "panda" on the tree, the Ruyuan county government has made regulations: without the approval of the competent forestry authorities at or above the county level, no unit or individual may develop and utilize Taxus chinensis resources in any form, and may not illegally cut down, dig roots, peel and collect seeds and branches; Register, record and master the growth of Taxus chinensis; Implement the mountain patrol system and reporting system, and implement the responsibility system. The secretary of the town committee and the mayor are the first responsible persons to protect yew. The local forestry and tourism departments will also hang a "badge" for each mature yew, which will not only indicate the "age" and value of the tree, but also indicate the legal responsibility for illegally cutting and destroying this precious tree species.
Forestry experts found that the diameter of 500-year-old yew is 1.9 meters, which is the largest in China.
A acacia tree "acacia tree" is 500 years old.
Sandu was surprised to see yew, the largest acacia tree in China.
Recently, forestry experts found a yew at least 500 years old in a picturesque aquarium village in Wubao Township, Sandu County.
This yew tree is about 30 meters high and full of vitality.
It is understood that forestry experts in Sandu County have identified it as pure yew. Taxus chinensis var. mairei, an evergreen conifer, is a national first-class protected rare plant and is known as the "plant giant panda".
According to relevant data, the diameter of the largest yew found in China at present is1.7m, while the diameter of this yew in Sandu is1.9m.. Four people are needed to gather around the tree. According to its annual rings, forestry experts infer that this tree is at least 500 years old, and it should be the largest tree with the longest annual rings found in China, and it can be called the king of yew.
Protection knowledge of Taxus bonsai
1, "Maintenance of newly purchased bonsai" is best to spray 800 times 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves every three or four days, usually before 10 am or around 4 pm. After three or four consecutive sprays, it is gradually reduced to once a month.
2, "lighting requirements" Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, suitable for indoor display, but it should be noted that it should be properly shaded in summer and should not be placed in a room with western photos.
3. "Soil selection" Taxus chinensis should be planted in loose, humus-rich, fertile and slightly acidic soil (PH=5~6.5).
4. "Water requirement" The surface of the basin soil is slightly yellow and white, and the leaves are slightly curled. Pot soil doesn't need watering, just spraying leaves. When the soil in the basin turns white, it is necessary to water it. Pay attention to one-time watering to make the basin soil fully absorb water.
5. The three elements of "soil fertility" plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth of flower branches; Phosphate fertilizer can promote the formation of flowers and fruits; Potassium fertilizer can promote the growth of stems and roots. Because the newly bought Taxus bonsai has already used the prepared nutrient soil, it is not necessary to apply fertilizer within 3 months, and it can be applied every 2 to 3 months in the future. Cake fertilizer is the best fertilizer. Pay attention to the operation along the basin edge when applying fertilizer to avoid touching the root of bonsai.
"Selection of flowerpot" The flowerpot should be appropriately large, and the bottom of the flowerpot should be perforated more, mainly to enhance the water permeability and air permeability of the flowerpot.
6. "Requirements for Transplanting and Changing Pots" After purchasing bonsai for half a year, the saplings gradually grew up and the roots were developed. In order to ensure its normal growth, users are advised to transplant and change pots. When changing pots, it is best to break the old pots without destroying the original soil balls, slowly move them into new pots, and water them to take root to ensure survival.
7, "bonsai pruning" If the dry yellow leaves at the lower part of the bonsai fall off seriously, it may be that the lower branches are too dense, and it is necessary to prune a few branches that are too dense at the lower part. Pruning can be arbitrary, so it can be trimmed into umbrella, tower, circle and other shapes. The newly bought Taxus bonsai above No.3 will damage part of the root system when transplanted from the planting base to the flowerpot, resulting in the imbalance of nutrient supply between the root system and the branches and leaves. When the leaves are still curly and dry under the condition of moist soil, it is best to trim the branches and leaves of bonsai properly to reduce the excessive consumption of nutrients by branches and leaves and restore the growth of roots.
8. "Pest control" In the hot and dry season, leaf blight and bacterial blight will occur in individual young yew trees, which can be controlled by spraying 1% Bordeaux solution.
9. Because the climate in the north is dry and there is little rain, you can water the soil surface when it is dry. Pay attention to a thorough watering, especially in summer. When the air in the north is dry, the leaves are prone to water shortage and drooping, and the appearance of the leaves is not full, it is necessary to spray water on the leaves from bottom to top with a small watering can (it can be sprayed every day in summer). Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, which is suitable for indoor display, but it should not be placed at the air outlet of air conditioner or next to heating, otherwise it will increase the evaporation of water in the leaves of Taxus chinensis, which will easily dehydrate the branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis quickly, resulting in curly and dry leaves.
10, Taxus bonsai should not be watered with tea. In particular, the water quality in Beijing is hard and high in alkali, so it must be used for watering and spraying at the end of the day.