Required reading reasons
China's first collection of poems.
A great treasure house of realism
The Brilliant Starting Point of China Literature
Where is the source of lyric expression?
Classic of China traditional culture
The earliest educational model textbook in China.
Treasures in the halls of world literature and art
Editor: Confucius
Country: China
Type: Poetry
This book was written in the late Spring and Autumn Period, from the 6th century to the 5th century.
Reading time: youth
Recommended reading: The Book of Songs, Zhonghua Book Company, 2003.
Background search
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, including 305 poems. These poems reflect the historical facts and customs of about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs consists of three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind refers to the national wind, which originated in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It is the local music of various vassal States, including the local folk songs of,, Ye, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao, Yi, etc. 15. Elegance is a kind of music song in Gyeonggi area of Western Zhou Dynasty. Divided into both refined and popular tastes. "Confucianism" is mostly praise and praise, "Confucianism" is mostly satire, with 105 articles; Ode is a dance song of the imperial court offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, which is divided into 3 1 Zhou Song, 4 truffles, 5 business songs and 40 * * *.
The Book of Songs is a representative work of poetry creation at that time, and its geographical origin involves Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hubei and other provinces. Among the authors are nobles, farmers and shepherds, as well as soldiers and slaves. Ban Gu of the Han Dynasty said in his compilation: "In the month of Meng Chun, the people who live in groups dispersed, and pedestrians waved their hands on the road to collect poems and offer them to the teacher, which was heard by the emperor." ("Han Shu? Poems are vivid) refers to the fact that the imperial court sent people to collect poems everywhere, and then historians arranged them for the emperor to show their sympathy for the people. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, many works were re-edited by Confucius as teaching materials for disciples. In the pre-Qin period, The Book of Songs was collectively referred to as "Poetry" or "Poetry 300". In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism regarded it as a classic before calling it a "classic". The existing Book of Songs was handed down by Mao Heng of Lu and Mao Ji of Zhao in the Western Han Dynasty. Popular in the world since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as Shi Mao.
Platform for action
The book of songs is rich in content and covers a wide range, mainly including the following aspects:
First, politics. There are many poems attacking political reality in The Book of Songs, such as Feng Wei? Cut sandalwood, Feng Wei? Storytelling is a famous article, which satirizes the gains of the nobles for nothing, exposes the ugly behavior of the rulers, and is full of anger and injustice. Many people who interpret poetry think that each of the 305 poems is quite meaningful. Although it is a bit excessive, it is not groundless. "Ye Feng? New Taiwan satirizes Wei's scandal of marrying a daughter-in-law "Qin Feng? "Yellow Bird" shows Qin Mugong's human sacrifice atrocities, Ye Feng? Two sons in the same boat attacked Wei's evil deeds of slandering and killing Xian Zi. Some of these poems are implicit or straightforward, some spend a lot of money, and some make people want to cry, but they all have distinct themes and sharp edges.
Second, people's livelihood. The most brilliant poem in The Book of Songs is a work that reflects people's love, labor and life. These works have the largest proportion, the richest content and the most touching in The Book of Songs. There are bad food, clothing, housing and transportation, happiness in work and life, pain in military service, expectation of going home, sadness of parting and sweetness of love. Among them, the poems describing love are the most striking. Nan Zhou, the first poem in The Book of Songs? Guan Sui wrote about man's lovesickness: "My fair lady, I beg for it. If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Long, tossing and turning. " The pain of lovesickness, as it is now, is vivid and vivid, and it has become a famous sentence through the ages.
Third, history. Most of these poems are preserved in Ya San Fu, which describes the history of the emergence and development of the Zhou family and praises the great achievements of Sheng Min, Gong Liu, Mian, Daming and Yi. They are not long, but they are extremely precious.
The influence of the work
As the earliest collection of poems in China, The Book of Songs has a lofty position and pioneering value in the history of literature. It is the beginning of China's realistic literature, and its contents, techniques and forms are used and imitated by later generations. The syntax of The Book of Songs is mostly four words, which is regular but flexible. Firstly, it used three artistic techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing, and made great achievements, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China literature for more than two thousand years. Many of its outstanding works are well known to women and children, which are not only vivid in description and beautiful in language, but also full of rhythm and healthy in thought. Although it has been thousands of years, it is still irreplaceable.
The Book of Songs held a high position in people's minds at that time. Confucius attached great importance to the value of poetry, not only in all aspects of life, but also in education, diplomacy, military and other fields. He's in The Analects? "Yang Huo said," Boy, why don't you learn poetry? Poetry can be appreciated, observed, grouped and resented. Your father is a thing, and your father is a distant thing; Learn more about the names of plants, birds and mammals. " He even said, "If you don't study poetry, you have nothing to say." This shows the importance of poetry. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, The Book of Songs was listed as one of the Five Classics, which became a Confucian classic, a magic weapon for educating people and a spiritual pillar for stabilizing society. Over time, scholars of all ages worshipped it and regarded it as a synonym for sacredness. Because of this, The Book of Songs has become the cultural wealth of China people and the symbol of China culture. It spread to Korea, Vietnam, Japan and other Asian countries in the Tang Dynasty and to Europe in the Ming Dynasty. It has lasted for hundreds of years and is still popular today. It is even regarded as an immortal work of this world and flies into space as one of the gifts of life in other galaxies.
This all-encompassing, timeless classic poem describing Chinese civilization, with its unique cultural background and profound aesthetic feeling, is full of infinite charm both in the past and today.
Wonderful chapter
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Shepherd's purse, uneven left and right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
-The Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? Management bureau
Extended reading
Another important source of China's classical poetry is Chu Ci, which is a typical example of ancient southern poetry. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, which included more than ten works by Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Huainan Xiaoshan and Dong Fangshuo, with Qu Yuan as the representative writer. Qu Yuan (340 ~ 278 BC), a native of Chu in the Warring States Period, was the first great poet in China. His representative works include Li Sao, Nine Chapters and Nine Questions.
The Four Books and Five Classics are Confucian classics in ancient China. Zhuangzi? "Tian Yun Pian" said: "Qiu Zhi's thoughts on poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi and the Six Classics of Spring and Autumn have a long history." The Han dynasty respected Confucianism alone and set up doctors in the Five Classics. Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi, Chunqiu and Shijing are collectively called the Five Classics. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianist, called The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, Mencius and The Five Classics as "Four Books and Five Classics" and became a must-read for China scholars.
The first part is The Art of War.
Required reading reasons
Always talk about the ancestors of soldiers
Concentrated the essence of China's strategic wisdom.
The oldest existing art book in the world.
The treasures of politicians, strategists and businessmen of all ages.
Classic works that best represent Chinese civilization.
Rare classics affecting world history
Author: Sun Wu
Country: China
Type: military papers
Writing year: Spring and Autumn Period, before 5 12.
Reading time: a lifetime
Recommended reader: The Art of War by Sun Tzu, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000.
Background search
The author of Sun Tzu's Art of War is Sun Wu, a great strategist in ancient China. Sun Wu was born in Le 'an (now Huimin County, Shandong Province) in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His ancestor Chen Wan was a native of the State of Chen. During the civil strife, he fled to Qi, and was highly valued by Qi Huangong, one of the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". He changed his surname to Tian, and later he was given the surname Sun because of his meritorious service in conquering Ju State. When Sun Wu was alive, there was civil strife in the State of Qi, so he went out to the State of Wu, lived in seclusion in Gusu and wrote a book. In 5 16 BC, He Lv established himself as the king of Wu, and appointed Wu Zixu, Sun Wu's good friend, as the general, ready to crusade against Chu. Knowing that he was a good friend, Wu Zixu strongly recommended him to the prince of Wu for seven consecutive times. In 5 12 BC, He Lv, the king of Wu, summoned Sun Wu. Sun Wu presented Sun Tzu's Art of War 13 to the King of Wu. The king of Wu read this book and was very happy. He appointed Sun Wu as the general. Later, Sun Wu "broke the Western Jin Dynasty and strengthened Chu, entered Ying, and entered the Northern Jin Dynasty". Together with Wu Zixu, he helped He Lv, the king of Wu, attack Ying, the capital of Chu, break the state of Yue, establish territory, and made outstanding contributions to He Lv, the king of Wu, joining the vassal and gaining hegemony. Sun Wu's ending is still a mystery, and there is no way to verify it. Only the Art of War written by him has been handed down from generation to generation and still shines brilliantly.
Platform for action
Sun Tzu's Art of War *** 13, namely, planning, fighting, planning and attack, shape, potential, reality, military struggle, nine changes, marching, terrain, nine places, fire attack and use, about 6,000 words.
The contents of this military book are all-encompassing, involving strategy, politics, economy, diplomacy, astronomy, geography, meteorology, philosophy and the laws of war, and it can be called a treasure house of world military theory. Its strategic thinking is mainly divided into pre-war strategy and wartime strategy. Before the war, generals should assess the situation, use political, diplomatic and economic means, defeat the enemy without fighting, and reach the highest level of war. In wartime, generals must strive for the initiative. The wonderful use of the art of war lies in one heart, knowing ourselves and ourselves, taking the enemy by surprise and attacking him unprepared, so as to overcome the enemy's advantage and make a quick decision, and strive to obtain the greatest results with the least loss.
The influence of the work
Sun Tzu's Art of War is an outstanding representative of China's ancient military works and an important part of China's excellent traditional culture. Its military thought, military system and literary language have far-reaching influence on later generations, spanning ancient and modern times and infiltrating into China and foreign countries, and won the reputation of "the first military book in ancient times".
Military strategists and politicians of all ages have drawn nourishment from Sun Tzu's Art of War and marched to rule the country and level the world. Xiang Yu in the Qin Dynasty, Han Xin and Huo Qubing in the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms, Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty, Yue Fei in the Song Dynasty and Qi Jiguang in the Ming Dynasty all benefited a lot from the Art of War. They use their own theories to guide the war and govern the country. In modern times, its reputation is growing and its influence is growing. Dr. Sun Yat-sen once said: "As far as the history of China is concerned, there are thirteen military books for more than two thousand years, and those thirteen military books have formed China's military philosophy." Mao Zedong has always attached importance to the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War. He called Sun Wu "an ancient military scientist in China" and thought that "know yourself and fight every battle" was an irrefutable scientific truth. He not only mentioned Sun Wu and Sun Tzu's Art of War many times in his works, but also creatively and flexibly used the theoretical essence of this art of war in China's revolutionary war. It can be said that The Art of War enriched and contributed to Mao Zedong's excellent military thought.
In foreign countries, the top managers of some big Japanese companies have to read the Art of War, thinking that it is a "sacred book of business warfare" and a book that anyone should learn; The famous American Military Academy at West Point listed it as one of the required books. In the 1980s, The Art of War of Sun Tzu swept the world. The Art of War has not only attracted the attention of military circles and strategists, but has also been extended to other fields other than military affairs, such as economy, sports, management and diplomacy. Especially in business and management.
In a word, Sun Tzu's Art of War summarizes the universally applicable laws and rules in a highly concentrated form, which is an invincible art and a brilliant science.
Wonderful chapter
Soldiers are cunning. Therefore, you can show what you can't do, use it without showing it, show it far and near, and show it near and far. Lure it for profit, take it for chaos, prepare it for reality, avoid it for strength, think far, be humble and arrogant, let it be strong, attack it unprepared and surprise it. The victory of this military commander should not be announced first.
-"The Art of War"? Inventory items
The image of the husband and soldier is water, in the shape of water, avoiding heights and falling; The shape of a soldier, avoiding reality is empty. Water flows because of the ground, and soldiers win because of the enemy. Therefore, being able to win because of the enemy's change is called God.
-"The Art of War"? Virtual and real articles
Extended reading
Sun Bin, a strategist of Qi State in the middle of the Warring States Period, was the fourth grandson of Sun Wu, and he wrote Sun Bin's Art of War. Its system and style are in the same strain as Sun Tzu's Art of War, emphasizing the tactical thought of "attacking without defending" and "emphasizing potential".
During the prosperous years of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the court combined the questions and answers of Sun Tzu, Liu Tao, Liu Lulve, Wei Liaozi, Sima Fa and Li into one, and named it Seven Books of Wu Jing.
Allusions and anecdotes
1772, French priest Joseph? Amyot published a series of French military art in China, including thirteen grandchildren. 18 15, Napoleon was imprisoned in St. Helena after his defeat at Waterloo. One day, he read Sun Tzu's Art of War and was amazed. He sighed, "If I had seen this art of war earlier, I wouldn't have failed."
The first part is the classic Analects of Confucius.
Required reading reasons
China's "Bible"
The book that best represents China culture.
The cornerstone of China's political ethics and social ethics for two thousand years.
One of the 100 books that have influenced human culture.
If you don't read this book thoroughly, you can't deeply understand the traditional culture of China for thousands of years.
Half of the Analects of Confucius Rule the World
Author: Confucius and his disciples
Country: China
Type: philosophical works
This book was written in the early Warring States period, before the 5th century.
Reading time: a lifetime
Recommended reader: The Analects of Confucius, translated by Yang Bojun, Zhonghua Book Company, 2002.
Background search
The Analects of Confucius is a collection of essays that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. Confucius (55 BC1~ 479), named Zhong Ni, was born in (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the most influential educator, thinker and founder of Confucianism in the history of China, and also the highest-ranking and most respected "saint" in ancient China. He was an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty, and later he settled in Shandong to escape. His father, Shu, is famous for his extraordinary arm strength. At the age of 66, he married Yan Zheng, who was under 20 years old, and prayed for children in the mud mound in the southeast of Qufu. Later, Confucius was born with the name "Qiu" and the word "". Confucius lost his father at the age of three and his family was poor. At the age of fifteen, he was determined to study, poetry, books, etiquette and music. In his youth, he worked as a petty official in charge of warehouses and cattle and sheep. At the age of thirty-four, he set up a school in the north of Qufu and began to give lectures. It is said that there are 3000 disciples and 72 celebrities. In the twenty-sixth year of Lu Zhaogong (5 16 BC), civil strife broke out in the state of Lu, and Confucius left soon and returned, successively serving as the commander of the capital, and the commander. Forced to leave Lu at the age of 55, he led his disciples to more than ten countries, including Wei, Song, Chen and Cai, but they were all depressed and failed to display their ambitions. At the age of sixty-eight, he returned to Shandong, engaged in education, and sorted out ancient books such as poems, books, the Book of Changes, rites and music, and the Spring and Autumn Period. Five years later, Confucius died at the age of 73. After the death of Confucius, his disciples collected the recorded words and deeds and named them The Analects. Written in the early Warring States period.
Platform for action
There are 20 articles in The Analects of Confucius, each of which contains several chapters, describing one thing or several sentences, involving politics, literature, music, ethics, education and other aspects, but it runs through Confucius' theory of benevolence, righteousness and propriety from beginning to end, including the essence of Confucius' thought.
The book mainly includes the following contents:
First, for politics. Confucius believes that a ruler should be "lenient and cultivate talents", be generous and realistic, pay attention to the education of rites and music, be diligent and love the people, and take Yao, Shun and Yu as examples to achieve the realm of "having a secure old age, having friends who believe in it, and having little to cherish". The Analects of Confucius? "Learning while learning" said: "Take a thousand times the country, respect things and believe, save money and love others, and make the people make time. "This is Confucius' incisive exposition on the way of governing the country.
Second, education. Confucius advocated that there should be no class in teaching, that people should be taught tirelessly, and emphasized the influence of poetry, ceremony and music on people and the importance of culture and education. So in a word, he said: "It is better to die in the summer than to have a monarch."
Third, study. The first chapter of The Analects of Confucius is learning, which shows the weight and importance of learning in this book. Confucius was not ashamed to ask questions and encouraged him to look back on the past and learn new things. He thinks that good students should always learn from their friends, their predecessors and accumulate knowledge. With the mood of "learning from time to time, it is better to speak" and the attitude of "knowing what it knows, not knowing what it doesn't know", it has reached the realm of "three people, there must be a teacher".
Fourth, cultivation. Confucius particularly emphasized the necessity of self-cultivation. You must keep your word, keep your word, do everything you say and do. Lotte know life, without complaining, became a gentle, kind, respectful, thrifty and helpful gentleman. Gentleman is the personal moral standard pursued by Confucius all his life, just as "benevolence" is the highest ideal pursued in his heart, which makes the Analects record a lot of words and deeds about personal cultivation and moral standards.
These four points are just one of the nine leopards. The Analects of Confucius contains rich connotations, shines with the brilliance of Confucius' thoughts everywhere, and contains great wisdom of Confucius.
The influence of the work
The Analects of Confucius has become a must-read for every scholar since the Western Han Dynasty. From Yuan Renzong to Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was designated as the textbook of imperial examination, which was not only the enlightenment reading for ordinary people to educate their descendants, but also the treasure house for scholars to gain fame and fortune and govern the country. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu once said to Taizong Zhao Guangyi, "I have an Analects of Confucius, half of which helps Taizu govern the world and the other half helps your majesty achieve peace." It can be seen that The Analects contains profound political thoughts and the way of governing the country. The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean are collectively called the four books.
Another great value of this book lies in literature. Because it is the original form of China's prose-quotation, which mostly recites words, is concise, vivid, concise and unpretentious, and many chapters are full of wisdom, witty and thought-provoking. For example, "Confucius said in Sichuan", "The deceased is like a husband, staying up all night. """When you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither." The former is associated with the vicissitudes of life from the east, full of poetry and philosophy; The latter is symbolized by evergreen trees. Such sentences can be found everywhere in The Analects of Confucius, and many of them have become common idioms today, such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, acting according to their abilities, going too far, falling short and so on. In addition, the Analects uses a lot of modal particles, overlapping sentences, parallelism and antithesis, and many chapters are full of story plots and emotional colors, which have a great influence on later novels, essays and poems.
In a word, The Analects of Confucius, as a Confucian classic of Chinese civilization, has played an inestimable role in China people's psychological structure, cultural values, moral quality, customs and habits for thousands of years, and is a key to understanding ancient China society.
Wonderful chapter
Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? "
Confucius said, "A gentleman doesn't want to eat enough, and he doesn't want peace. He is sensitive to things, but if he is careful about what he says, he will know and be sincere, which can be said to be studious. "
-The Analects of Confucius? Learning "
Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I am thirty years old; Forty without confusion; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny; I am obedient at the age of sixty; I am still obedient at the age of seventy; I didn't cross the line. "
Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher."
-The Analects of Confucius? For politics
Confucius said, "Listen in the morning and die at night." -The Analects of Confucius? beautiful woman
Confucius said, "For a threesome, there must be a teacher; Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "
-The Analects of Confucius? Say and again. "
Extended reading
The Analects of Confucius is one of Confucian classics. In addition to Confucianism, there are schools of thought such as Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Famous Scholars, Strategists, Nongjiale, Miscellaneous Scholars and Novelists.
Mencius is another classic work of Confucianism, written by the Asian sage Mencius. He advocated "benevolent government" and thought that the scholar-officials should be "rich, not obscene, neither humble nor supercilious" and "cultivate noble spirit", which had a great influence on the thoughts of later literati.
Xunzi is a representative figure of Confucianism after Mencius. His famous disciples are Li Si and Han Fei. Xunzi is also a quotation compiled by Xunzi's disciples. It is a masterpiece with meticulous conception, rigorous structure and clear organization, and has made great achievements in literature.
The first part is Laozi, the pioneering work of Taoism in China.
Required reading reasons
Classic of Taoism, a Native Religion in China
The treasure of governing the country in the prosperous times of Han and Tang dynasties
One of the 100 books that have influenced human culture.
China traditional culture books with the largest overseas circulation.
Advanced world philosophy thought
Immortal works with equal academic and social values
The Source of China's Literati Thought in 2000
Author: Laozi
Country: China
Type: philosophical works
This book was written in the early Warring States period, before the 5th century.
Reading time: youth, middle age
Recommended reader: Laozi, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002.
Background search
Lao Tzu's surname is Li, and he was born in Qurenli, an ancient county (now Luyi County, Henan Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is a great thinker in China and the founder of Taoist school. He used to be an official in charge of the collection of Zhou royal family books, and was called the old gentleman and a real moral gentleman among the people. There are many myths and legends about Laozi. In the first volume of Taiping Guangji in Song Dynasty, he was introduced emphatically: it is said that his mother was pregnant for 72 years before she cut off her left armpit and gave birth to an old white child, so she was called Laozi; He also said that his mother gave birth to Laozi under the plum tree, and when she was born, she could speak and pointed to the plum tree: "Take this as my surname." Although the legend is false, it reflects the great influence of Laozi among the people. Because Laozi is knowledgeable and has a high reputation, Confucius once asked him about "ceremony" and expressed his heartfelt admiration and appreciation for Laozi. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family tended to decline and civil strife continued. Lao Tzu deliberately retired and crossed Qingniu to Hangu Pass. Guan Lingyin Xi said, "My son will retire and write a book for me." So I wrote a book, 5,000 words of morality, which is Laozi. Modern scholars believe that this book was not entirely written by Laozi, but was compiled by Taoism in the early Warring States period.
Platform for action
Laozi has eighty-one chapters. The first chapter is called the Tao Te Ching, and the second chapter is called the Tao Te Ching, which are collectively called the Tao Te Ching. This book is a classic in China's philosophy, politics, military affairs, management, religion, literature, ethics and many other fields. Its main content has three aspects:
First, the universe. Laozi said in the first chapter: "Tao, Tao, extraordinary Tao; Names, nicknames, unusual names. Nothing, the beginning of the world; Yes, the mother of all things. "The universe in Lao Tzu's mind is Tao, which is ubiquitous and endless; Tao is the foundation of all things; Tao is an invisible thing, which you can't see, hear or hit. His thought broke through the theistic view that everything is created by nature, which is the first time in the history of China's philosophy and culture.
Second, life. Laozi's outlook on life has two basic points: one is to support himself and practice by taking care of others; Second, it is weak and indisputable, which leads to virtual silence. The former has a wonderful exposition in chapter 13: "You are the world, if you can send it to the world; Love is the world, if you can trust it. " Since the body can pay equal attention to the world, how can you love your body Laozi believes that we should first get rid of the materialistic pleasures of five colors, five sounds and five flavors, and then pay attention to taking care of life, seeing simplicity, embracing elements and strengthening personal cultivation. The latter is the principle of dealing with interpersonal relationships repeatedly emphasized by Laozi, which embodies a philosophy of life that takes retreat as progress and takes static braking.
Third, politics. Laozi's most famous political proposition is "inaction", which he believes is the highest principle of governing the country and calming the world. He advocated following the will of the people, following the heaven, governing by doing nothing, teaching without words, "governing a big country, if cooking small things", eliminating one's own heart, making people live and work in peace and contentment, realizing inaction, and reaching the ideal state of "small country with few people"
In addition, there are many war discourses in Laozi, which deeply meet the needs of military strategists and are the criteria pursued by many military strategists.
The influence of the work
Laozi's influence on China and even the world is unparalleled. It has exerted a great influence on the traditional culture of China and played an irreplaceable role in the history of China's thought. During the Warring States Period, Confucius of Confucianism, Zhuangzi of Taoism and Han Feizi of Legalism were all influenced by Laozi. The study of Huang Lao prevailed in the early Han Dynasty and penetrated into political life. Xiao He and Cao Can said when they were governing the country, "Do nothing in the town, follow the will of the people without disturbing" (Hanshu? Criminal law yearbook). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism took Laozi as the leader and regarded the Tao Te Ching as a classic. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, metaphysics flourished. Korean metaphysicists pay attention to Laozi's inaction, while the opposition advocates Laozi's "nature" theory, and Laozi's thought becomes a weapon to express political opinions and attack reality. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, emperors claimed to be descendants of Laozi and built temples for them. Emperor Taizong regarded "governing by doing nothing" as the strategy of rejuvenating the country, and Tang Gaozong named Laozi "Emperor Taizong Xuanyuan". Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty published Laozi as one of the tribute classics, and personally annotated it. The emperor of the Song Dynasty had a soft spot for Taoism. Song Zhenzong called Lao Zi "the Shang Laojun emperor who went to Germany with mixed yuan" and listed Lao Zi as a textbook for imperial academy and local schools. During this period, Laozi's thoughts also penetrated into Neo-Confucianism and had a great influence. In the history of China for thousands of years, every dynasty, in its heyday, invariably adopted the concept of "using Huang Lao internally and Confucianism externally", that is, the Taoist ideal in China's traditional culture played a leading role internally.
Laozi's influence not only has a long time and history, but also has a wide range of fields and aspects. Religiously, it is the pioneering work of Taoism; In terms of self-cultivation, "retiring after success" is the creed of literati entering the WTO; On the military side, "combining rigidity with softness" has become the principle pursued by military strategists; In terms of management, Laozi's "people-oriented" is the most basic creed of Japanese enterprises; In art, "Taoism is natural" has become the concept followed by calligraphers, painters and poets; In literature, Laozi is concise, full of philosopher's wisdom, witty remarks, aphorisms and aphorisms, and contains philosophy of life.
Laozi's influence has attracted much attention and admiration not only in China, but also in the world, forming Laozi fever. Laozi has been translated into many languages, and its overseas circulation ranks first in China's traditional cultural classics, comparable to the Bible. His thoughts influenced Tolstoy, O 'Neill, Heidegger, Einstein, Yukawa Hideki and other world-class scientists, thinkers and writers.
Wonderful chapter
Tao, Tao, extraordinary Tao; Names, nicknames, unusual names. Nothing is the beginning of heaven and earth, but existence is the mother of all things. Therefore, there is often nothing and I want to see its wonders; Often, I want to see it. Both of them, with different names, are called metaphysics. Mysterious and mysterious, the door to all miracles.
-"Lao tze? The first chapter "
Learning is growing, while Tao is losing. Loss and loss lead to inaction. Do nothing. Do nothing. Take the world by storm, it is often nothing, take the world by storm.
-"Lao tze? Chapter 48 "
Extended reading
Zhuangzi (360 ~ 280) was born in the middle of the Warring States Period (now the northeast of Shangqiu City, Henan Province). He is the author of 52 Zhuangzi, 36 of which still exist. He is the successor of Laozi's theory and the representative of Taoist school in pre-Qin. His pursuit of the highest realm of life is "carefree travel", and Wang Yang's articles are unrestrained, and his writing style is unique in ancient and modern times.
Han Fei (? ~ 233 BC), a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period, wrote 55 articles "Everything is done wrong". He is a master of the pre-Qin Legalists' thoughts. He advocates conforming to the times, upholding the sanctity of monarchical power and governing the country according to law, which has a great influence on later generations.