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Symbol of Xi 'an City: Bell Tower, which is said to have been built by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, after he made Nanjing his capital/showpic.html # blogid = 49dbc22e01007ynp &; URL =/original/49 DBC 22 e 44 14 CEE 23706 b
Chang 'an, the planned capital of China in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Chang 'an City was founded in the second year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (582), and it was named Daxing because Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty named it Daxing in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (this reason is the mainstream view, and the details need to be discussed). Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Xin Mang, Zhao Qian, former Qin, later Qin, Western Wei and Northern Zhou all established their capitals in Chang 'an. After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, it was decided to build a new city in the southeast of Chang 'an, Han Dynasty, due to the serious damage to the palace, the mixed houses and the lack of water in the city. In the second year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen appointed Gao Ying, the left servant, as the president and Yuwen Kai, the son of the Prince, as the counselor. Construction started in June of that year, first building the city wall, clearing the way, building the palace, and then building the square. By March of the following year, it had begun to take shape. This palace facing south was called "Daxing City" at that time. After the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, Tang Xing remained its capital here. Li Tang changed its name to Chang 'an after entering the customs, which means long-term stability. There were several large-scale constructions in the early Tang Dynasty. Because it was founded in the Sui Dynasty, built in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty, it was generally called Chang 'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
After the expansion and renovation of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty, the city wall was rectangular, long from east to west and short from north to south. The site of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is 35.56 kilometers long and covers an area of about 84 square kilometers, which is 9.7 times that of Xi 'an City now, 2.4 times that of Han's Chang 'an City, 1.2 times that of Luoyang City in Northern Wei Dynasty, 1.8 times that of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and 1.7 times that of the capital of Yuan Dynasty. According to the records of Chang 'an in Song Dynasty, there are 80,000 households in Chang 'an and Wannian counties, among which there are many aristocratic bureaucrats and a large population. In addition, there were monks and nuns in temples, dancers and musicians in teaching workshops, and about 65438+ ten thousand people stationed in the army, with a total population of nearly 1 ten thousand, which was the largest city in the world at that time.
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The plan of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty (the whole city layout is checkerboard with 108 squares).
The overall layout of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties was influenced by Yecheng in Cao Wei and Luoyang in Northern Wei Dynasty, which strictly separated Miyagi, Imperial City and Li Fang, inherited and developed the tradition of planning the ancient capital of China, and adopted a layout symmetrical with the central axis. Internally, it is composed of Waibao, Huangcheng, Miyagi, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace. The outer castle guards the imperial city and Miyagi from the east, west and south. The northern end of Suzaku Street, the central axis of the Tang Dynasty, is the center of state power-the imperial city, the seat of the government, also known as Zicheng, located in the south of Miyagi, with six provinces and six departments. The most important real power institutions are Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province. There is an ancestral temple on the left and an ancestral temple on the right in the imperial city. There are three sides outside the imperial city, namely residential lane, and there is a small town across the street, namely Miyagi.
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I. Layout of Miyagi Buildings
Miyagi is the political center of the Tang Dynasty. It consists of three parts, namely Ye Ting Palace and Oriental Palace, which are opposite to each other, with Taiji Palace in the middle. Both the East Palace and the Yeting Palace are small in scale, each accounting for only a small part of Miyagi. The East Palace is where the Crown Prince lives and works. Yeting Palace has a special function, which is mainly used to accommodate the children of criminal bureaucrats in order to work and learn skills in the palace. Emperor Taizong expanded the Daming Palace in the northeast of Taiji Palace, and formed three palace areas with Xingqing Palace built by Emperor Xuanzong in the north and east wall of the next spring gate, also known as Sannei Palace. (Mr. Yang Hong's division is adopted here. )
Taiji Palace, located in the west, was the political center in the early Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Emperor Taizong Li Shimin, it was mainly active here. Taiji Palace, the main building of Miyagi, was rebuilt from Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty. It is located at the northernmost part of the central axis of Chang 'an City, symbolizing that the emperor is "supreme, and there is a king in the south". Taiji Palace has two gates, the south gate is the main gate, also called Chengtianmen. It is opposite to Tianjie and Suzaku Street on the central axis of Chang 'an. Between the city gate and the imperial city, there is a square with a width of 440 meters. Many important foreign activities in the Tang Dynasty were held here, such as Yuan Dynasty reform, amnesty, New Year's Day, winter solstice, military parade and prisoners. At this time, the emperor boarded the Chengtianmen Gate, and all the officials gathered in the square. The scene is very spectacular. There are sixteen halls in Taiji Palace, among which Taiji Hall, Liangyi Hall, Ganlu Hall and Yanjia Hall are called the four halls. Taiji Hall is the place where the "China-DPRK" is held in the palace. On the second day of every month, the emperor would call ministers here to handle government affairs. At that time, civil servants and military commanders will be seated in different levels, and the emperor will sit in front of them to discuss state affairs.
Daming Palace is in the Forbidden City outside the north wall, in the east of the city, and it is the political center after Emperor Gaozong. Daming Palace, formerly known as Yong 'an Palace, was a Summer Palace built by Li Shimin for his father Tang Gaozu in the eighth year of Zhenguan. After Li Yuan's death, Yong 'an Palace was renamed Daming Palace, which has been uninhabited and has become a detached palace. When Li Zhishi arrived in Tang Gaozong, he was depressed by rheumatism and hated the humidity in Taiji Palace, so he moved to Daming Palace, which is located on Longshou Garden, with high terrain and dry ground (there are many reasons for this, here is just one of them). The rebuilt Daming Palace has 1 1 palace gates, the most important of which is Fengdan Gate in the south and Xuanwu Gate in the north. Now we can see the ruins of Hanyuan Temple and Linde Temple in the site of Daming Palace (Linde Temple is divided into three halls: the front hall, the middle hall and the back hall, with the middle hall as the main hall and cloisters around it, including the East Pavilion, the West Pavilion, the first floor and the adjacent buildings, which are symmetrical from east to west. Its boldness of vision exceeds that of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing. The architectural form connecting the three halls also started from this hall.
Xingqing Palace, located in Qin Long Square in the east of the city, is located in the south of the city, where Tang Xuanzong handled government affairs and lived with Yang Guifei for a long time. Now Xingqing Park is only a part of its ruins. The layout of Taiji Palace and Daming Palace is basically similar, but Nannei Xingqing Palace is very different from the former two. The overall layout of Xingqing Palace is characterized by unconventional, local conditions and diverse styles. For example, the main palace gate opens to the west and is unique. Compared with the first two, it is more lively, bold, majestic, luxurious and gorgeous, which embodies the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. At that time, there was a city wall (passage) along the east wall from the three inner walls, and the royal chariots and horses passed through it, and outsiders could only hear its voice. Jiacheng Road can go directly to Qujiang Pool, and the design concept is thorough.
The layout of the Forbidden City in Chang 'an can be said to be from the perspective of "application and easy learning". Traditional geomantic omen advocates meridian direction in architecture, that is, sitting north facing south, which is highly respected by emperors in past dynasties. The original palace buildings in Chang 'an, Tang Dou all sit in the meridian direction facing south. The seat of the ancient emperor in China was in the north, facing south. Because the emperor is a long time, just like above, so the emperor sits in the north, and the north is above, while the minister sitting in the south has a humble position and the south is below. In addition, the south gate of Miyagi was named "Suzaku Gate" and the north gate of Miyagi Taiji Palace was named Xuanwu Gate, all of which originated from the traditional geomantic saying of "Zuo Qinglong, Right White Tiger, Former Suzaku and Later Xuanwu Gate". There must be a reason for its name Since the north gate of Taiji Palace is named Xuanwu Gate, it must have the corresponding symbolic meaning of "Kan". The Xuanwumen incident, the court struggle around the succession of the throne in the early Tang Dynasty, happened here, but it just happened to coincide. From this point of view, the naming of city streets and buildings is very particular. In addition, there is a hall of two instruments in the north of Taiji Palace. The title of "two instruments" also comes from the Book of Changes. "Therefore, it is easy to have Tai Chi, that is, two instruments are born, two instruments are born with four elephants, and four elephants are born with gossip." It can be seen that Zhouyi has a wide influence on traditional architecture.
Second, street planning.
The streets and alleys of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty are fearless, and the uniform structure makes the whole imperial city look natural and orderly. Looking back a thousand years ago, the Tang Empire, as a world power, showed its great power style with its gloomy capital style.
"thousands of books is like Weiqi and Twelve Streets are like vegetable beds", which is a poem used by Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, to describe this unique layout format, and it vividly summarizes the block layout of Chang 'an City in Tang Dou. The biggest architectural feature of Chang 'an City is that the streets in the city are all east-west, or north-south, arranged upright and in the right direction. Carefree is spacious, just like a chessboard with clear rules. Think about it carefully, the scattered palaces and blocks are listed like the stars in the sky and distributed like chess. It is simply an endless Go game.
There are thirteen gates in Chang 'an, including three in the east, west and south, and four in the north wall. There are thirteen months in the leap year of the lunar calendar, so thirteen gates symbolize a leap year; The northern end is the seat of Miyagi, where the Emperor lived and worked. Putting this extra "leap" door on the north wall symbolizes the "leap spirit" of the royal family. There are many ways to divide yin and yang in human body, one of which is: Yin is static, representing human skin, and Yang is dynamic, representing blood flow. The city wall is a surface, quite human skin; Streets are internal, equivalent to human blood. This theory of Yin and Yang has been widely used in the architectural layout of Chang 'an, Tang Dou. Not only the city walls and palace walls are square, but also the squares separated by streets are surrounded by rammed earth, doors and streets.
The urban road system is a strict grid, with eleven north-south streets and fourteen east-west streets. Among them, six streets running through South Sanmen and East Liumen are the main roads, which are called "Six Streets". The three streets in the north and south are Qixiamen Street, Zhuque Street and Anhuamen Street, and their widths are all above 100 meters. Among them, Suzaku Street is150m wide, which is the widest street in the city. The name of Suzaku Street comes from Suzaku Gate in the Imperial City. It is connected with Zhuquemen and Nanda Mingdemen, and runs through the north and south of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, which is the main axis of the city. Among them, the northern section from Zhuquemen to Chengtianmen, the main entrance of Miyagi, is located in the imperial city, also known as "Tianjie". To the south of the imperial city, the street connecting Chunmingmen and Jinguangmen is the east-west main street, which crosses Suzaku Street and connects the whole process, making the whole imperial city and Miyagi look more majestic and tall.
The road in the residential lane is cross-shaped or zigzag, with a width of about 15 ~ 20m, which is divided into two systems with the city roads. Parallel to the east city wall is a clip city, which is a road dedicated to the emperor and can lead to Xingqing Palace and Furong Pool in the southeast of the city. Twenty-five streets criss-crossing the east, west, north and south in Chang 'an divide the whole city into two cities, 108 squares (108 squares is the mainstream view, and the number of squares needs further study). The symbolic meaning of 108 grid arrangement: 108 grid just corresponds to 108 star (such as 108 in Water Margin); Thirteen squares are arranged in the north and south, symbolizing a leap every year; To the south of the imperial city, there are four directions in the east and west, symbolizing the four seasons of the year; To the south of the Imperial City, there are nine squares in the north and south, symbolizing the so-called "Five Cities and Nine Kui" recorded in the book Zhou Li. There are six high slopes in the north and south of Zhuque Street in Chang 'an, like Ganbu. So the palace was built in the position of 92, which is the residence of the emperor-seeing dragons in the fields; Set up one hundred divisions in the position of 1993 to meet the number of gentlemen-gentlemen work all day; And the ninth five-year plan-the flying dragon is in the sky, and then Du Xuan Temple and Xingshan Temple will be established to curb it. With Zhuque Street as the boundary, the urban area is divided into two parts: the east belongs to Wannian County, which should have 55 squares, and Qujiang Scenic Area in the southeast corner of the city occupies the land of two squares, so it actually leads 53 squares; It belongs to Chang 'an County in the west, with one city and 55 squares.