The management of<P> Qing Dongling spanned two and a half centuries, which was almost the same as that of Qing Dynasty. There are many outstanding figures who have an important influence on the history of the Qing Dynasty, which contain rich historical information. It is not only a precious material for studying the laws and regulations, funeral system, sacrificial ceremonies, architectural techniques and crafts in the Qing Dynasty, but also a typical example for studying politics, economy, military affairs, culture, science and art in the Qing Dynasty. The Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing Dynasty is of great historical, artistic and scientific value, and it is the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and all mankind.
& ltP>b. Comparative analysis
The mausoleum building of<P> is an important part of ancient architecture in China. Due to the influence of social thought, economic strength, imperial consciousness and aesthetic standards, the regulation of tombs has its own characteristics. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of them were wooden tombs, and the ground was not sealed or treeless. The imperial tombs in Qin and Han Dynasties, represented by the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, were mostly covered with hats. The characteristic of this period was to build luxurious rooms and pile up tall surrounding soil. Tombs of the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhaoling in Li Shimin, were excavated because of mountains, showing the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms and Song Dynasties, due to frequent wars and weak national strength, the control over tombs was relatively reduced; After the death of the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, he was buried deep underground, leaving no trace on the surface. After nearly 400 years of low tide, the development of ancient tombs in China began to enter a glorious period-Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, carried out a major reform on the mausoleum system of the previous generation: changing the bucket enclosure into a circular treasure dome and increasing memorial facilities; The square courtyard was changed into a multi-level rectangular courtyard, and a brand-new mausoleum system was established. Mausoleums in Qing Dynasty not only inherited the Ming Dynasty's mausoleum system, but also further reformed and improved it, thus pushing the construction of ancient tombs in China to the final peak. First of all, Qingling paid more attention to environmental quality. We should not only make a rigorous investigation on hydrological, geological and climatic factors, but also pay more attention to the situation of mountains and rivers. It is required that the selected environment can fully embody the concept of "harmony between man and nature". Secondly, the Qingling Mausoleum emphasizes the harmony between architecture and environment. In order to create an ideal mausoleum atmosphere, the architectural sequence configuration echoes the surrounding mountains and rivers. Third, the Qingling Mausoleum pays more attention to building quality, which is not only strong and majestic, but also magnificent. As one of the royal cemeteries in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dongling Mausoleum is outstanding in the above aspects and is an outstanding representative of the royal tombs in the Qing Dynasty.
& ltP>c. Authenticity and integrity
& ltP & gtC- 1 environmental characteristics
& ltP> description
& ltP>a. Heritage Description
& ltP & gtA- 1 natural conditions
& ltP> Located at the southern foot of Changrui Mountain in the Yanshan Mountains in the northeast of Hebei Province, the Qingling Mausoleum has a mild climate, moderate rainfall, abundant sunshine and distinct four seasons, and belongs to the continental monsoon climate of warm temperate zone. Here, the soil quality is excellent, the vegetation is good, and the plantation dominated by evergreen trees and conifers is flourishing, with a coverage rate as high as 7 1%, and the natural conditions are very superior.
& ltP & gtA-2 Mountains and Rivers
& ltP> When choosing the tomb site, the Qing emperors deliberately pursued the landscape of "Longdong with beautiful sand and water, reasonable situation and salty atmosphere" based on the traditional theory of "Feng Shui" in China, so as to achieve the image of "the harmony between man and nature". Qing Dongling is the best embodiment of this concept. On the east side of the mausoleum, the eagle flies down the mountain like a dragon, all westward, just like Zuo Fu; Huangshan Mountain on the west side is like a white tiger, like a right-hand man. Relying on Changrui Mountain, the phoenix is planted, and the jade color is golden, such as Jinping Cuizhang; Mount Venus, facing the mountain, is like a bell, with its arch facing south, like holding a bow. The shadow wall of the case mountain is round, located between mountains, like a jade case, which can be relied on; Shuikou Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain and Yandun Mountain are opposite to each other, south of Hengdouling District, shaped like a gate, guarding the pass. The Malan River and the West River, surrounded by two streams, look forward to love; The hall surrounded by mountains is vast, magnanimous and elegant. This natural mountain and river situation has formed a trend of guarding, hugging and bowing down to the mausoleum embedded in it, which is really a treasure trove of feng shui.
& ltP & gtA-3 Mausoleum Model
& ltP> The 15 mausoleums of the Qing Dongling are designed and arranged according to the traditional concepts of "respecting the middle", "orderly aging" and "respecting the lower". The Xiaoling Mausoleum of the emperor shunzhi, the first emperor who entered the customs, is located on the central axis of the main peak from Jinxing Mountain in the south to Changrui Mountain in the north, and its position is supreme. The tombs of other emperors are arranged in a fan shape on both sides of Xiaoling Mausoleum according to their generations. On the left of Xiaoling Mausoleum is the Jingling of Emperor Kangxi, the holy ancestor, and the second one on the left is Hui Ling, the emperor of Mu Zong Tongzhi. On the right side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum is the Yuling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong Qianlong, and the second one on the right is the Dingling Mausoleum of Emperor Wenzong Xianfeng, which forms the pattern of children and grandchildren accompanying their fathers and ancestors and highlights the ethical concept of respecting the elderly. At the same time, the queen's mausoleum and the princess's garden were built next to the imperial mausoleum of the dynasty, showing the master-slave relationship between them. In addition, each mausoleum Shintoism is connected with each mausoleum Shintoism, and each mausoleum Shintoism is connected with the Xiaoling Shintoism on the central axis of each mausoleum, thus forming a huge branch system, and the relationship between its unity and inheritance is very obvious, expressing the desire of a hundred flowers, endless fun and endless mountains and rivers.