The upper reaches of Honghekou River are 360 kilometers long, with a ground drop of 1.78 meters and a drainage area of 30,600 square kilometers. The middle reaches from below the Honghekou to the exit of Hongze Lake, with a length of 490 kilometers, a ground drop of 16 meters, and a watershed area of158,000 square kilometers above Zhongdu; The length of the river channel from Zhongdu to the lower reaches of Sanjiangying is 150km, and the basin area above Sanjiangying is 164600 km2.
Huaihe River Basin spans five provinces, including Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong, with a basin area of about 270,000 square kilometers. The whole basin is divided into Huaihe River and Yishu Sihe River, with a basin area of 6,543,800 square kilometers and 80,000 square kilometers respectively.
Basic information
Chinese name
Huai He River
Foreign name
Huai He River
Another name
Huaxia feng shui he Huai du
geographical position
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abstract
(Figure) Huaihe River
(Figure) Huaihe River
The Huaihe River originates from Laoyacha, Tongbai Mountain, Henan Province, flows eastward to Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, and reaches Shuisan Road in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River. The mainstream flows out of Sanhe via Sanhe Gate, enters the Yangtze River at Sanhe via baoying lake and gaoyou lake, and then enters the river, with a total length of about 1 000 km. The other road goes out of Gaoliangjianmen on the east bank of Hongze Lake, enters the sea through the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu and the Huaihe River, and enters the Yellow Sea at Biandan Port, with a total length of 163.5 km. The third road goes out of Helmn on the northeast bank of Hongze Lake, to Lianyungang on the north bank of Hu Aishu River, and flows into Haizhou Bay via Linkou. [ 1]
Huaihe River can be divided into three parts: upstream, middle and downstream. There are many tributaries, and the Huaihe River in history is a river that flows into the sea from Yuntiguan in Huai 'an. Yi river, Shuhe and Sihe are all downstream tributaries of Huaihe River.
The Huaihe River and the Qinling Mountains together form the geographical boundary of China, with the north as the north and the south as the south. The 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 and the annual average precipitation line of 800 mm are distributed along the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains. Cities along the Huaihe River mainly include Nanyang, Xinyang, Fuyang, Lu 'an, Huainan, Bengbu, Chuzhou, Huai 'an and Yancheng. In addition to Chuzhou, Huai 'an and Yancheng, Jianghuai Mandarin is popular, and the rest are the northern Central Plains Mandarin. Huaihe River-North China Plain (Huanghuai Plain) is located in the north of the ancient Huaihe River, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Jianghuai Plain) is located in the south of Jiangsu Huaihe River, also known as He Lixia Plain. The main cities are Huai 'an, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Taizhou and Nantong.
The development of history
(Figure) Huaihe River
(Figure) Huaihe River
As early as the Warring States Period, China's earliest historical and geographical work "Gong Yu" recorded that "the Huaihe River leads from Tongbai". Specifically, the Huaihe River originated from Taibaiding (also known as Dafufeng), the main peak of Tongbai Mountain in Tongbai County, Henan Province. Countless streams merged into small rivers, and the riverbed did not begin to form until the ancient temple in the town 15 km west of Tongbai County. Therefore, in history, Gu Temple was regarded as the source of Huaihe River.
Huaihe River has a long history of water control. As early as 600 BC, around the depression between the tributary Pi River and the tributary Dong Fei River, dams were built to store water, which is the famous ancient water conservancy project Shao Pi. After maintenance and expansion, the perimeter of the dam varies from 100 to 300 miles.
In 486 BC, Han ditch was dug, and shipping between Huaihe River and Yangtze River was opened.
In 482 BC, the gap was opened again, from Surabaya, a tributary of the Huaihe River, to the Yellow River via Gujishui.
In 605 AD, Tongji Canal was built to bring the Yellow River water to the Huaihe River in Sizhou. These ancient canals played an important role in north-south traffic.
After the Yellow River invaded the Huaihe River, the Huaihe River was flooded frequently. In the Ming Dynasty, Pan Jixun presided over water control, and built dikes around Hongze Lake to store Huaihe River water, in an attempt to "store water and brush the Yellow River" (brush the Yellow River into the sea with Huaihe River water) to maintain water transportation, but it did not achieve the expected results. Later, when Yang Yikui presided over the flood control, he divided the Huaihe River flood into the canal and entered the Yangtze River from the Mandao River, which was the beginning of diverting the Huaihe River into the river.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a variety of water diversion schemes for the Huaihe River were studied, including all the Huaihe River water into the Yangtze River, some into the river, some into the sea and all into the sea.
After 1949, with the establishment of watershed management institutions, watershed planning and comprehensive river management and development, the management and development of Huaihe River has entered a new period.
In 2003, the Huaihe River waterway opened to the sea, from the lower reaches of Hull Gate, near the north bank of the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu.
geographical position
(Figure) Huaihe River
(Figure) Huaihe River
Huaihe River Basin is located in the east of China, between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, with an east longitude of1155' ~12045' and a north latitude of 3 1 ~ 36, with a basin area of 270,000 square kilometers.
The Huaihe River Basin starts from Tongbai Mountain and Funiu Mountain in the west, borders the Yellow Sea in the east, is bounded by Dabie Mountain, Jianghuai Hilly, Toarey Yang Canal and Rutai Canal in the south, and borders the Yellow River Basin in the north.
The western, southwestern and northeastern parts of the basin are mountainous and hilly areas, and the rest are vast plains. The hilly area accounts for about13 of the total area, and the plain area accounts for about 2/3 of the total area.
To the north of the main stream of Huaihe River is a vast alluvial-diluvial plain, and the terrain inclines from northwest to southeast. Besides mountains, hills and plains, there are many lakes and depressions scattered all over the basin.
Water system composition
Huaihe river system
1, the main stream of Huaihe River
Schematic diagram of Huaihe river basin
Schematic diagram of Huaihe river basin
From west to east, it flows through southern Henan Province and central Anhui Province, and then flows into Hongze Lake in central Jiangsu Province. After the renovation of Hongze Lake, the mainstream flows into the Yangtze River through the river to Sanjiang Camp in Yangzhou.
Heyuan to Honghekou is the upstream, with a length of 360km, a drop of 1.74m and a drainage area of over 30,000 km2.
Honghekou to Hongze Lake is the middle reaches, with a length of 490km, a drop of 16m and a drainage area of 1.3 million km2.
Zhongdu to Sanjiangying is the downstream, with a length of 150km, a drop of 6m and a drainage area of 30,000km2.
2. Huaihe River tributaries
There are 4 first-class tributaries with watershed area greater than 10000 km2, 6 first-class tributaries with watershed area greater than 2,000 km2, and 2 first-class tributaries with watershed area greater than1000km2.
The larger tributaries on the right bank are Shiguan River, Pi River, Dong Fei River and Chi River. The larger tributaries on the left bank are Hongru River, Shaying River, Xifei River, Guo River, Hui River, Qintong River and Xinbian River.
There are many rivers and lakes in Huaihe River Basin, with a total surface area of about 7000km2 and a total storage capacity of 28 billion m3, of which Li Xing has a storage capacity of 6 billion m3. The larger lakes are Jixi Lake, Chengdong Lake, Wabu Lake, Hongze Lake, gaoyou lake and baoying lake.
Hongze Lake is the largest lake in the Huaihe River Basin, carrying about 6.5438+0.6 million square kilometers of incoming water in the middle and upper reaches of the Huaihe River. With a water level of 654.38+0.2.5 m, a water surface area of 2,069 square kilometers and a storage capacity of 3 billion m3, it is one of the four largest freshwater lakes in China. Now it is a lake that regulates the Huaihe River flood, supplies farmland irrigation, shipping, industrial and domestic water, and combines power generation, aquaculture and other comprehensive utilization. The design flood level is 16.0m, the check flood level is 17.0m, and the corresponding storage capacity when checking flood level is13.5 billion m3.
Yishu sishui system
Yishu Sishui System, located in the northeast of Huaihe River Basin, is composed of yi river, Shuhe and Sihe Rivers, all of which originate in Yimeng Mountain area and flow through Shandong and Jiangsu provinces, with a total area of nearly 80,000 km2.
Yihe 1
Yi river flows through Yiyuan, Yishui, Yinan, Linyi and Tancheng in Shandong Province, Pixian and Xinyi in Jiangsu Province, and then enters Lake Rome, with a total length of 574 kilometers. The drainage area above Lake Rome is 1 1600km2.
The main tributaries are, Jiangsu, and Baima River. Safe flood discharge capacity of the main stream of Yihe River: Linyi Station 12000m3/s, Lizhuang Station 7000m3/s and Huayi Station 6000m3/s. ..
2. Shuhe River
Shuhe River flows into Xinyi River after passing through Yishui, Juxian, Junan, Linyi, Linshu and Tancheng in Shandong Province and Xinyi and Shuyang in Jiangsu Province. Shuhe River is about 20 kilometers away from Yihe River, and the two rivers are parallel to the south. When the Shuhe River reaches Daguanzhuang in Linshu County, it is divided into two tributaries, the old Shuhe River in the south (also known as the General Shuhe River) and the new Shuhe River in the east.
The larger tributaries of Shuhe River are Yuan Gong River, Hehe River, Xunhe River, Gaoyu River, Liuqinghe River and Tanghe River. The total area of Shuhe River basin is 5970km2 (including 45 19km2 above Daguanzhuang), and the main stream is 300km long.
3. Sihe
Sihe River is the largest spillway in the east of Nansi Lake. Originated in the west of Taiping Mountain in xintai city, Shandong Province, it flows through Xintai, Suishui, Qufu, Yanzhou, Zouxian, Jining and Weishan, and joins Nanyang Lake in the suburb of Jining, with a length of 159km and a drainage area of 2366km2. The flood discharge capacity of the estuary is about 3600 cubic meters per second.
4. Nansi Lake
Located in the south of Jining and the north of Xuzhou, it consists of four lakes: Nanyang, Zhaoyang, Dushan and Weishan, so it is called Nansi Lake. The lake area is 125km long from north to south and 6-25km wide from east to west, with an area of 1266km2 and a maximum flood control capacity of 5.4 billion m3. 1958, a secondary dam project was built at the waist of Nansi Lake, which divided Nansi Lake into upper and lower levels. The upper lake area is 602 square kilometers, and the lower lake area is 666 square kilometers. When the flood level of the upper lake is 36.5m, the corresponding storage capacity is 23 1 100 million m3; When the lower lake is 36.0 meters, its capacity is 3.078 billion cubic meters. There are 53 rivers flowing into Nansi Lake. The water from Nansi Lake enters the central canal from Hanzhuang Canal, Yijia River, Bulao River and Old Canal.
5. Lake Rome
It is located at the intersection of yi river and Zhong Canal in Suqian City, Jiangsu Province and xinyi city City, with a drainage area of 565,438+200,000 km2. Yi River, Nansi Lake, Hanzhuang Canal and Zhong Canal are the water systems. When the design flood level is 25.0m, the corresponding storage capacity is 654.38+585 million m3; When the flood level is 26.0 meters, the corresponding storage capacity is 65.438+900 million cubic meters.