1. Year of Miao. Popular in Miao areas of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture in Guizhou and Rongshui Miao Autonomous County in Guangxi. The dates of the Year of Miao vary from place to place, but they are all held after the millet is harvested, that is, on the day of Chen (Dragon), Mao (Rabbit) or Ugly (Bull) in September, October or November of the lunar calendar. In the first few days after the Year of Miao, every household should clean the house and actively prepare new year's goods, such as making rice cakes, brewing rice wine, making tofu and bean sprouts, and generally killing pigs or buying pork. Wealthy families have to make sausages and blood tofu, sew new clothes for their families and so on. On Miao New Year's Eve, the whole family will have dinner at home, and they won't open the door until midnight to set off firecrackers to welcome dragons into the house. At dawn, every household is presided over by the elders at home to worship their ancestors. After breakfast, young and middle-aged men go to their neighbors' homes to pay New Year greetings, which are called "donfniangx" in Miao language to express their congratulations on a happy New Year. On the second day of the lunar new year, there are some taboos at home, such as: don't go out to fetch water, don't go up the mountain to cut wood and grass; Don't sweep the floor; Women do not do needlework; In some areas, women do not cook and are replaced by men; Men don't go out to pick up shit or anything. Men and women in Miao village usually get married in Miao year. From the fourth day. Some elderly men and women also visit relatives and friends with wine, meat and glutinous rice cakes. , or are busy receiving guests at home; Some young men and women either dance in blowing sheng in their respective villages, or dance in bronze drums for bullfighting; Or the young man went to other villages to "tour", where men and women sang and poured out their love. Before and after the activity, it took about 9 days to end. This is the most solemn festival of Miao people. ?
2. Spring Festival. This is a traditional festival celebrated by the Han nationality and other ethnic minorities on the first day of the first lunar month. In Qiandongnan Miao nationality, the Spring Festival is called "sissy" and the traditional "sissy" coexist, and it is celebrated with other ethnic groups, especially those Miao nationality areas that do not celebrate the Year of Miao nationality, but are not as grand as the Year of Miao nationality. Miao people who know Chinese characters also paste couplets and door gods, and the rest are the same as Miao years. Some people choose to marry men and women during the Spring Festival. The Miao people in Xiangxi celebrated the Spring Festival and held a grand "Cattle Farm" activity. Miao people in Rongshui county, Guangxi celebrate the Spring Festival and hold Lusheng dance, with tens of thousands of people every year. ?
3. Dragon Boat Festival. This is a traditional festival for Miao people to race on the water. It is popular on both sides of Qingshui River at the junction of Taijiang and Shibing counties in Guizhou, and on both sides of Bala River in Taijiang, which flows into this river. The Miao language in eastern Guizhou is called "qab Niang x vongx". There are sixty or seventy Miao villages, such as Pingzhai and Liaodong, each of which has one or two dragon boats for rowing competitions. Every year, on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, or from the 24th to 27th, Miao people living on both sides of the strait hold grand dragon boat races in turn. Dragon boat races are also popular in Fenghuang, Luxi, Jishou, Baojing and Huayuan in Xiangxi, Hunan Province, which are divided into men's teams, women's teams and mixed teams. The scene is very lively. Although the Dragon Boat Festival of Miao nationality is a festival with dragon boat race as the main content, it is also a festival for ethnic culture and entertainment, social interaction between young men and women, visiting relatives and friends of middle-aged and elderly people, talking about the year and production experience. ?
April 8. The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is a traditional festival for Miao people in Guiyang, Ping Huang, Songtao and Xiangxi, Hunan. This festival is to commemorate the Miao hero Yayi. During the festival, Miao compatriots will steam rice with flowers and gather in a fixed place, blowing sheng, to dance or sing love songs. Now, the Miao people in Beijing also celebrate April 8. ?
5. Eat New Year's Day. Mainly popular in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou and Rongshui Miao Autonomous County of Guangxi. Every year in June and July of the lunar calendar, when rice is heading in the field, every household in Miao village celebrates the "Eating New Year's Day" on the fifth day (some in the afternoon or morning). At that time, every household would cook glutinous rice, a bowl of fish and a bowl of meat. And put them on the ground (some on the table), pick 7-9 rice buds from their own rice fields and put them on the edge of the glutinous rice bowl, then burn incense and paper. The elders will pinch a little fish and glutinous rice and throw them on the ground, drop a few drops of wine to show their respect and pray for a bumper harvest, and then tear off the picked rice buds and hang two on them. The next day, men, women and children in each village put on new clothes to watch the Lusheng party, participate in Lusheng dance and participate in Lusheng dance. Some pull horses in the racetrack, and some take buffaloes to the bullring for bullfighting. This festival usually lasts for two days. ?
6. Lusheng Festival. It is popular in Zhou Xi area at the junction of Kaili, Majiang and Danzhai counties in Guizhou. Festivals vary from place to place, usually in the first month, February or March of the lunar calendar; Individual regional elections will be held in July. Mainly to worship ancestors and celebrate the harvest. Generally speaking, a ceremony will be held before the festival. The venerable old man in the village presided over ancestor worship. At the same time, all families worship their ancestors themselves. Then all the girls in the villages dressed up and put on silver flowers and ornaments. Both young men and Lusheng players brought their own Lusheng, and they came to Lusheng venue from all directions. Young men and women in each village form a circle and blowing sheng dances for four or five days. The atmosphere is very warm, and it is a fusion song. ?
7. Huashan Festival. This festival, also known as "stepping on the flower mountain", "jumping on the flower field", "stepping on the field" and "stepping on the mountain", is popular in Miao areas in northwest Guizhou, south Sichuan and southeast Yunnan. Because Miao people live in different places and have different costumes, the dates of Huashan Festival are different and the names of the festivals are different. Some are in the first month of the lunar calendar, some are in June and some are in August. In Tiekui area, northwest Guizhou, the fields jump from the sixth day to the eighth day of the first month, the peach fields from February 14 to 16, and the rice fields from July 16 to 18. First, select flower grafted seeds or flower grafted stems. The so-called "planting flowers" means hanging red with three horses and carrying a small amount of soil to other flower fields to pile in Xintian to show the planting of flowers; The "flower stem" is made of evergreen trees, three to four meters high and stands in the center of the flower field. At that time, people from all directions came in ancient costumes, and the patriarch announced the start of the jump. Boys are blowing reeds, and girls are dancing around the flowers and competing with each other. A two-meter-long red silk and a small red cloth bag with tips are hung at the top of the flower stem. Whoever can climb the pedicel while blowing sheng is there, take down HongLing (some hung a pot of wine) and a red cloth bag, and come down from the top of the pedicel in blowing sheng, will win the prize. Horse racing, archery and continuous hemp needle competitions are also held in some places. Young men and women sing and play national musical instruments, such as lusheng, Xiao, flute and oral string. Lovers give each other embroidered handkerchiefs, belts and other things. Old people take the opportunity to visit relatives and friends, talk to each other, and have activities all day, even late at night. ?
8. Catch up with the autumn festival. Popular in Hunan Xiangxi, Guizhou Huatao and other Miao areas, it is held every year on the day of beginning of autumn for one day. For the annual Lunar New Year "beginning of autumn", young men and women gather in villages and Shan Ye to sing and dance and seek partners. Since then, it has gradually evolved into a traditional festival to celebrate the harvest in Cheng qin. ?
9. step on the drum festival. It is popular in Miao areas of Kaili, Danzhai and Leishan counties in Guizhou. On the first pig farm day in the second month of the lunar calendar, young Miao men and women automatically gathered in the local singing field to step on drums. This drum is made of solid nanmu hollowed out and cowhide stretched at both ends. At that time, a venerable old man will move the nanmu drum and drum stand placed in his house into the drum field and beat the drum hard. People will dance when they hear the sound, and young people will take the opportunity to choose a spouse. Old people also put on new clothes and sang old songs around nanmu drums. After the dance, the girls took out their own hand-woven ribbons and presented them to Nanmu Drum to show their gratitude. People sang heartily and didn't leave the drum field until dark. Finally, the drum master carried the nanmu drum home and put it upstairs. Fish is also used to worship Nanmu Drum during festivals. ?
10. Other festivals. In addition to the traditional festivals mentioned above, there are some festivals around the Miao nationality. For example, "Looking at the Dragon Field" and "Cherry Blossom Club" in Xiangxi, Hunan; "Spring Festival" in Chengbu, Hunan on March 3, and "Broken Valley Festival" before frost in early September; "Jingqiao" in Kaili, Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, "Eating Sisters' Meal" Festival in Taijiang and Shibing on March 15, and "Climbing Xianglu Mountain" held in Kaili on June 19. Eight kinds of cotton in the first day of April in Congjiang lunar calendar; Guiyang Huaxi's "rice field in July" and so on. Some are commemorative, some are parties for young men and women, and some are prayers. In addition, in Fenghuang, Xiangxi, every year on the sixth day of June, men, women and children wear colorful clothes and gather in a concert hall, or play suona, or play flower drums, or sing Miao songs. Singing and dancing in memory of our ancestors. In addition, I have been to Tomb-Sweeping Day, where the wind of sweeping graves and setting up monuments remains.
In the seedling stage
It varies from place to place. On the first and middle days of October in the lunar calendar, pigs are killed on the first day in Guading District, and chickens and ducks are killed on the first day. Keep midnight at night, offer sacrifices to ancestors, cows, farm tools and set off firecrackers in the early morning to welcome the New Year. In the morning, worship the mountain god and the water god. Marry a daughter this afternoon. And I know that all kinds of gatherings, such as dancing lusheng, stepping on bronze drums, bullfighting and other activities, usually last for 9 days. Tang Kai got married on the evening of the next day1February16th, and went back to find her in-laws.
Eating New Year's Day
Guading area is on the first or second day of June in the lunar calendar, Tang Kai area is on the second day of June 16, and Wu Di, Wengxiang and Binhai Heping Music are in mid-July. Have a plenty of July and a half. During the festival, there will be 3-5 days of meetings, including travel, lusheng dancing, bullfighting and horse racing. "Eating New Year Festival" is the most grand festival for Miao people at the turn of spring and summer. It evolved from ancient sacrifices, and the festival time varies from place to place, usually from the beginning of June to the middle of August in the lunar calendar. On the day of the festival, invited guests dressed in festive costumes, picked up gifts and came to visit with bullfighting. After the ancestors were sacrificed, the host and guests frequently raised their glasses to wish a bumper harvest. The next day, bullfighting, horse racing and Lusheng dance were held. As night falls, old people's wine songs are floating in the room, and youthful laughter and cheerful melody are rippling on the Lusheng field. Lusheng, wine songs, love songs and flying songs pervade the night sky in Miao village.
Noisy knot
It was held at noon on February 15th of the lunar calendar at the foot of Nail Rake Mountain in Tang Ya. Many people attended the rally, including bullfighting, duet singing and lusheng dancing.
Climbing node
March and noon of the lunar calendar are held at Kaihuai Tiger Block Slope and Gechong Biedui Slope respectively. The censer mountain climbing festival at the end of June in the lunar calendar is even more lively. Climb high and shout, and four voices echo.
Youfang Festival
"Youfang", also known as "Youfang", is a form of social interaction and entertainment for Miao young men and women in Kaili. Miao boys and girls often make friends, find partners or pour out their love through such activities. In order to choose a satisfactory life partner, some young men often have to travel over mountains and mountains and travel in villages of dozens, dozens or even hundreds of miles.
Tourism is generally carried out in the slack season (for example, from the end of autumn harvest to the next year before transplanting rice seedlings) and traditional festivals (for example, Miao Year, Eating New Year's Goods Festival, Lusheng Festival, Bullfighting Festival, Mountaineering Festival, Drum Turning Festival, Spring Festival and Duige Festival, etc.). ) and the day of catching up. In Miao village, there are generally fixed "patrol field", "patrol slope" or "patrol evaluation". These places are either under the trees near the front and back bridges of the stockade or on the gentle grass slopes around the village.
In order to participate in the tour, the girls are all dressed up, wearing silver ornaments, inserting some flowers, wearing silver collars around their necks and silver bracelets on their hands. They use this to show their wealth and talent, show their beautiful appearance and posture, and attract the love of young people.
Sisterhood day
"Sister Festival", also known as "Sister Meal", is a special social festival gathering for Miao youth in the middle reaches of Qingshui River. Some villages celebrate on February 15 of the lunar calendar, while others celebrate on March 15 of the lunar calendar, especially in Shidong area of Taijiang. On holidays, every household should prepare a lot of "sister rice" mixed with red, yellow, white, black and green glutinous rice to visit guests and friends. During the day, rivers, roadsides, beaches and grasslands are crowded with people. At night, on the beach and grassland by the river, high-pitched flying songs, rich and simple Daqu and love songs are intertwined and spread far away in the quiet night.
Tibetan festivals
It is an important ancestor worship activity of Miao people, and it is held once every 13 years. Each session lasts for three years. "Tibetan Festival" is the most distinctive festival that can best reflect the Miao national culture. Activities include solemn sacrifices and cheerful entertainment. It is an activity to entertain god and people.
Miao festival
The traditional festivals of Miao nationality include Miao Year, April 8th, Dragon Boat Festival, Eating Year Festival and Autumn Festival. Among them, the year of Miao is the most grand. Miao year is equivalent to the Spring Festival of Han nationality, which is usually held after autumn. On the morning of the festival, people put the prepared delicious food on the stove near the fire pit to worship their ancestors, and put wine on the noses of cows to show their gratitude for their hard work for a year. Dressed young men and women are dancing in the hall.
Hmong
Miao Year is a traditional festival for Miao people in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province and Rongshui Miao Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to celebrate the bumper harvest and pray for good weather in the coming year. Generally, after the harvest season, some are held on the tenth day of October in the lunar calendar, and some are held on the ninth, tenth and eleventh days of the lunar calendar. It is equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality.
Eating New Year's Day
Also called "Xinhe Festival". "Eating New" is one of the Miao festivals living in the middle and upper reaches of Qingshui River and Duliujiang River. There is no uniform date. According to the custom, in the harvest season, find a field where rice grows best, and everyone will celebrate the "Eating New Festival" here.
April 8(th)
The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is a traditional festival for Miao people near Guiyang, Guizhou Province to commemorate the ancient hero "Yanu". According to legend, a long time ago, Miao people rested in the rich Ge Sang (now near Guiyang) and lived a happy, satisfied and well-fed life. The resourceful leader "Yanu" led the people to fight bravely and dealt a heavy blow to the invaders in order to resist the attack of the rulers' officers and soldiers, but he died unfortunately on the eighth day of April and was buried in "Jiajiawei" (now near Guiyang fountain). To commemorate the heroic spirit of the Yanu people, so far, on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, Miao people dressed in festive costumes have gathered in front of the fountain in Guiyang from all directions.
Zhou Xi Lusheng Festival
Miao people living in Zhou Xi, Kaili. Lusheng Festival is from the 16th to 20th day of the first lunar month. Lushengtang is located on the river sand dam near Zhouxi well. In the early morning of the 16th day of the first month, several old people who presided over Lusheng Hall came to Jingkan with Lusheng, and read an inscription saying, "Picking the Moon in blowing sheng is an entertainment activity spread by Miao people for thousands of years. On the first day of the first month, all localities followed suit and celebrated the New Year with entertainment, which was the free wedding ceremony of the Miao people ... "After reading it, I poured out the rice wine in the gourd, sprayed a few mouthfuls of wine on the stele and in the middle of Lusheng Hall, and everyone took another sip and blew the first" Luzhu Qu "; At this time, girls and boys wearing silver jewelry and colorful holiday costumes danced with sweet tunes. Boys ask for ribbons from the right people, and girls tie ribbons on the reeds of the right boys. Three days passed, and the young man and woman found their partners. At this time, the old man who presided over Lushengtang still carried rice wine and sprayed rice wine on the stone tablet and Lushengtang. Put a straw sign in the middle of the hall. Since then, the Lusheng has been hung high until the grain is returned to the warehouse, and the "Miao Year" of the lunar calendar can be taken down and the Lusheng Festival can be played directly. On the fourth day, spring came, and young couples chatted and sang freely, blended their feelings and gave each other tokens.
Dragon Boat Festival
The Dragon Boat Festival is from May 24th to 27th of the lunar calendar every year. At this time, thousands of people gathered in costumes by the river to participate in the sacrificial activities before the dragon boat set off. At the beginning of the competition, dozens of dragon boats broke through the waves, gongs and drums on both sides of the strait roared, salutes rang, and the audience shouted earth-shattering. On the shore, there are activities such as singing and dancing Lusheng. In the evening, young men and women get together to sing and pour out their true feelings.
Fishing festival
Fishing Festival is a Miao festival on both sides of Tumu and Nanming River in central Guizhou. Du Mu originated in Wuyunshan, flowed northward into Nanming River in Guizhou, joined at the junction of Yuri and Fulai, and then flowed northward into Wujiang River. This festival was originally a rain festival where Miao people prayed for rain by the river when they needed water for sowing and transplanting, but it gradually evolved into a fishing festival after a long time.
Letter eating festival
The letter-eating Festival is a festival for Miao people in Baozhai, Hejiang County, Guizhou Province. It lasts for four days, and the time is on the "letter" (e) day in June of the lunar calendar (calculated by calendar year). At that time, Miao girls who have married far away will try their best to dress up, put on flowered skirts and silver ornaments, and "carry" holiday gifts to visit their parents and villagers. During the festival, the whole village was jubilant, drums and music were ringing, reeds were dancing and everywhere was filled with festive joy. At the foot of Baijiya Mountain, on the banks of Wengya River, people are buzzing. Cheers come and go in the bullfighting, sparrows, lusheng, tug-of-war and ball games. Young men and women who love each other are invited to the Woods to sing folk songs by the stream and pour out their love to each other.
Huashan Festival
Huashan Festival, also known as "stepping on Huashan", "beating Huashan" or. "Treading on the Mountain", also known as "jumping over the fields" or "peach blossom", is a grand festival for Miao people in western and central Guizhou Province, southeastern Yunnan Province and southern Sichuan Province. The dates are different, some are in the first month of the lunar calendar, and some are in late May, June and August. Before the festival, several Miao villages jointly formed a three-person leading group of Huashan Club, and the flower field was re-elected for three years, seven years and twelve years, from a flat land with abundant geomantic omen.
Mars cutting festival
Traditional Miao festivals. Popular dry Guizhou Guanling area. The content of the festival is mainly to stipulate village rules and regulations. According to different surnames, the time of festivals is different. About July, August, September 27th. Once a year, according to the clan households take turns to be on duty, and the duty year is responsible for convening everyone to discuss the rural rules and regulations and related major events. Then the family members on duty should prepare wine to kill chickens, invite everyone to drink "wine that suits their heart" and propose a toast for the next duty year. On the other hand, the party will be held in turn, and it is worthwhile to drink "knowing wine" at whose house.
Hakka year
The Hakka year of Miao nationality is Spring Festival. On Lunar New Year's Eve, the whole family gets together and no outsiders are allowed to disturb them. They set off firecrackers with the door half closed to show that no one can enter at this time. Continue to set off firecrackers in the early morning of the first day to worship the ancestors to eliminate disasters. People stop cattle and sheep with their hands, saying, "Drive cattle and sheep ..." to show the prosperity of six animals, and then eat New Year's Eve. On the second day of the following year, Miao family members dressed in costumes went from one village to another to celebrate the festival. The hospitable host will toast the guests three times. Every family is full of festive joy. Young men and women gathered on the lawn next to the village, playing Lusheng and Qin Yue, singing and dancing. In some places, activities such as "stepping on the mountain of flowers" and "merging cattle" will be held.
Suspension bridge section
The traditional festival of Zhaitou, Miao Township, Sansui County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, is also called "February 2". According to legend, Zhaitou people originally lived in Wu Ye. Because the land in Zhaitou is fertile, all Zhaitou people moved into Zhaitou together. On the day of moving, the dragon will follow, but the Shiping River blocked the dragon's way, so the ancient Luo (the elder) in the village discussed it and decided to build a bridge to take the dragon away, because the dragon symbolizes auspiciousness and happiness. Twelve houses in the village have to be connected, so this bridge has twelve piers. After the bridge was repaired, it was named "Solitaire Bridge". This bridge was built on the second day of the second lunar month. To commemorate this day, the Miao family in Zhaitou carries a pig in each of the twelve rooms every year and slaughters it on the bridge.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival, also called "Dragon Boat Festival" in some places, is a traditional festival of Miao people in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Songtao Miao Autonomous County and Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province, which is generally held on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.
Sisterhood day
Traditional Miao festivals. Popular in Miao areas in southeastern Guizhou Province. Every spring, Miao women there hold "Sister Festival" and "Sister Meal". On the morning of the festival, the girls in the stockade will go to the fields to catch fish and prepare a "sister meal". No matter where they go fishing, they will be welcomed. After the "sister meal", the women each brought colorful glutinous rice prepared in advance and went to the oil mill to find a young man to sing a song. If a young man wants to eat glutinous rice, he must win a duet. Besides singing, women can participate in all kinds of entertainment activities at will. Married girls will also go back to their parents' homes for Sister's Day.
Mountain climbing festival
Miao mountaineering festival, also known as "climbing festival", has been formed for thousands of years. Every year, the "Horse Day" in late March of the lunar calendar (the date was recorded by the Chinese zodiac in ancient times) is held on March 19th of the lunar calendar. At that time, the Miao people living in Kaili in southeastern Guizhou will gather in Luxiang, where they will sing and shoot birds. Young men and women sang songs and climbed to the top of the mountain along the winding mountain road. All the way to Luge, flying songs, love songs, wine songs and ancient songs of Miao people are all over the hillside. The first person to reach the top of the mountain is called a "mountaineering hero" and is respected by everyone. Get the favor of girls. According to legend, the Xianglushan Mountaineering Festival is to commemorate the handsome Miao youth Abu and the jade emperor's youngest daughter Abei. A Bei, the youngest daughter of the Jade Emperor, yearned for a free life on earth, flew down the mountain, married A Bei, who was smart, capable, honest and kind, and had three daughters. One day at dawn, when the whole family was happy, suddenly the rooster crowed for the first time. The Jade Emperor stipulates that a rooster crows three times a day, which is a pilgrimage. If A Bei can't arrive in time, there will be a catastrophe. Anxious Abe climbed six floors from the top of the incense burner with one foot when he flew into the sky at the top of the mountain. Without the top of the incense burner, A-be could no longer go down to earth, and the Jade Emperor could not enjoy the human incense because there was no top of the incense burner, so he punished A-be and turned it into a incense burner. In order to commemorate the loyal love between Abei and Abu Bu, the Miao people have an annual climbing festival on the incense burner day near Abu Bu.
Miao nationality-marriage customs
Miao nationality is monogamous, and young men and women have traditional social activities before marriage. For example, "meeting girls" is the way for Miao youth to fall in love freely. The traditional festival of Miao nationality is the annual Huashan Festival (held on the fifth day of the first lunar month, also known as "stepping on Huashan Mountain"), which is the most prosperous festival of Miao nationality. During the festival, young men and women dressed in festive costumes get together to sing and perform drums, lions and lusheng, which is very lively.
Glutinous rice is also an essential food for young men and women to fall in love and get married. Miao people in Chengbu, Hunan Province gave each other glutinous rice cakes painted with mandarin ducks as souvenirs. When the wedding is held, the bride and groom will raise their glasses to propose a toast, and the person in charge of the wedding will also invite the bride and groom to eat glutinous rice cakes painted with dragons, phoenixes and dolls.
Miao costume
It is the nature of Miao girls to like to wear silver ornaments. They tied a bun on their heads, about 20 cm high, and made a beautiful silver corolla. There are six jagged silver wings inserted in front of the corolla, most of which are the patterns of two dragons playing with beads. In some areas, in addition to silver pieces, silver horns with a height of about 1 m are inserted into the silver crown, and the tips of the horns float in color, which makes them more noble and rich. There is a silver ribbon at the lower edge of the silver crown, and a row of small silver pendants hang down. The silver collar worn around the neck has several layers, mostly made of silver pieces and small silver rings. Wearing a silver lock and a silver collar on his chest, wearing a silver cloak on his chest and back, and hanging many small silver bells. Earrings and bracelets are all made of silver. Only the two sleeves are embroidered with lux as the main tone, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wide circle of silver ornaments. The costumes of Miao girls often weigh several kilograms, and some have been accumulated and passed down by generations. Known as "a fairy dressed in strange clothes and wrapped in white." The craftsmanship of Miao silver ornaments is gorgeous, exquisite and ingenious, which fully shows the wisdom and talent of Miao people. Miao costumes are not exactly the same everywhere. Men usually wear cloth shorts, but Miao women generally pay attention to clothing, especially clothing, which is extremely exquisite and has many flowers. Some skirts have more than 40 layers, hence the name "pleated skirt". The patterns embroidered on the dress are antique and colorful. Women are good at weaving, embroidery and batik, with exquisite craftsmanship.
Miao nationality-diet
In most areas, Miao people have three meals a day, and rice is the staple food. Fried Baba is the most common fried food. If you add some fresh meat and sauerkraut as stuffing, the taste will be more delicious.
Most meat comes from livestock and poultry farming. Miao people in Sichuan and Yunnan all like to eat dog meat, and there is a saying that "Miao's dog is Yi's wine". In addition to animal oil, Miao people's edible oils are mostly tea oil and vegetable oil.
Pepper is the main condiment, and in some areas there is even a saying that it is inseparable from pepper. There are many kinds of Miao vegetables. Common vegetables are beans, melons, greens and radishes. Most Miao people are good at making bean products.
Miao people everywhere generally like to eat sauerkraut, and sour soup is a must for every family. Sour soup is rice soup or tofu water, fermented in a crock for 3-5 days, and then used to cook fish and vegetables.
The food preservation of Miao people generally adopts pickling method, and vegetables, chickens, ducks and fish like to be pickled into sour taste. Almost every Miao family has a jar for curing food, which is collectively called a sour jar.
Miao nationality has a long history of brewing, and has a set of techniques from koji making, fermentation, distillation, blending and cellar storage. Camellia oleifera is the most common daily drink. Miao people in Xiangxi also specially made a kind of scented tea. Sour soup is also a common drink.
Typical foods mainly include: blood soup, Chili bone, Miaoxiang Guifeng soup, cotton vegetable cake, insect tea, scented tea, fish paste, sour soup fish and so on.
Miao nationality-architecture
Due to long-term scattered living, different regions have their own characteristics. Most houses are made of wood, and the roofs are covered with tiles, fir bark or thatch. In central or western Guizhou, roofs are covered with thin slate. Mountainous areas are mostly diaojiao buildings; Hainan Island and Zhaotong, Yunnan Province are inhabited by long thatched houses or "fork houses" built with cross trunks; Xiangxi area is full of stone houses.
Most Miao people live in mountainous areas, and their houses are made of hedges, bark, tiles, or gables, bamboo chips or sawdust, and are divided into bedrooms, kitchens and stables, with simple furnishings. Some Miao people live in the dam area, and their houses also have tile houses with water and soil structure, which are divided into three rooms, with side doors on the left and right and a gate in the middle, that is, the main entrance. In some Miao people, the main entrance is generally not allowed to go in and out casually. Only when there are weddings, funerals, sacrifices and other activities at home can you go in and out through the main entrance.
Miao nationality-taboo
When you are a guest in Miao family, remember not to eat chicken head. Guests are generally not allowed to sandwich chicken liver, chicken offal and chicken legs. Chicken gall and chicken offal should respect old women, and chicken legs should be left to children. When you leave the Miao host family, you must say "Wow Zhou" politely, which means "thank you" and thank the Miao family for their hospitality.
In some Miao areas, it is forbidden to wash and drink rice retort, rice bag and rice basin at any time, and only when eating new rice, to show that the old rice has passed away and welcome the new rice. Washing at any time will wash away the family wealth and there is not enough food. Drinking raw water in the mountains should not be directly drunk. You must mark the grass first to show that you are killing sick ghosts. Don't touch other people's clothes on the roadside, so as not to catch leprosy. Avoid children playing with small bows and arrows at home for fear of shooting their ancestors. Avoid crossing the child's head, or the child will not grow tall. It is forbidden for women to sit on a bench with their elders.
It is forbidden to kill and beat dogs and not to eat dog meat; You can't sit in the Miao ancestral hall, and you can't step on the tripod on the kang with your feet; Do not whistle at home or at night; Can't shoot ash and eat chaff baked by fire; No bound Miao people are allowed to be used when frolicking; Don't enter the house when straw hats, branches or wedding and funeral ceremonies are hung on the door; Lu Yu is newly married, so don't wait in the middle.
Miao people's religious beliefs are mainly primitive religions, and they attach importance to worshipping natural gods such as mountain gods, tree gods, hunting gods, rain gods and fire gods. In the case of a storm, they should burn meat to offer sacrifices to ghosts. If the child is ill, he should worship the stone god; When adults are sick, they should kill pigs to sacrifice to the well god and take "spiritual water" to treat diseases; If you have misfortune at home, you should "be a cow ghost", that is, "push the cow and make a wish" and pray for the blessing of the gods. Believing in the god of wealth, there is a "wealth-opening door sacrifice". In an instant, a red cloth one foot square is nailed to the door, and the demon king curses to kill chickens and sacrifice them to show his desire for wealth. Ancestor worship is also very popular among Miao people. The biggest ancestor worship festival is the "Victoria Song" Festival after autumn every year. Usually, when family members encounter unlucky things or have nightmares, they will kill chickens to worship their ancestors and ask the devil to put a spell to convey their children's prayers to their ancestors and gods. Some Miao people also believe in Taoism. Dedicated to Guanyin, Guandi, Tianwang Bodhisattva, Panpiao and other gods. Some Miao people are called "White Horse", some are called "Ang", some are called "Almighty", and some Miao people in Zhaotong are called "Pomo". "Po Mo" used to write and read Confucian classics in Chinese. In the past hundred years, Christianity and Catholicism have been introduced into Miao areas in Yunnan, and the Seventh-Day Adventist China Branch (in Fumin), Christian Missionary Association (in Lufeng), Southwest Christian Federation (in Yuanmou), Western Missionary Association (in Wuding), Shimenkan Church and other church organizations have been established in Zhaotong, Chuxiong and Qujing, respectively, making some Miao people believe in Christianity and Catholicism.
Manchu festivals have their own national characteristics, some of which are of historical significance. For example, the Golden Awards, the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Dragon Head Rise on February 2nd are the most traditional festivals in China. Manchu is a nation that pays special attention to etiquette.
Golden festival
The most traditional festival of Manchu is the Golden Reward Festival, which is the tenth day of the tenth lunar month. 16351October13rd, Huang taiji issued a decree to abolish the old surname of nuzhen and adopt Manchu as the surname. Therefore, this day became the Manchu naming anniversary.
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
The first day of the first lunar month is the first day of the year. Stop working and celebrate with your family. Put couplets on each door and hang red, yellow, blue and white paper strips according to the national flag. Sacrifice to the Buddha at night. All-rounders eat jiaozi together. On the first day of the first lunar month, people and children wear the clothes of official newspapers and set off firecrackers to wish each other a new year.
Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival every year. Early in the morning, every family got up early and went for an outing in the suburbs, picking mugwort leaves and breaking willow branches. Stick it in the door. Eat glutinous rice cakes. Wear sachets and wallets. The children wore colorful silk ropes around their necks and wrists, and shoes and vests embroidered with five poisons.
Mid-Autumn Festival
Also called August 15th, it is the roundest day of the moon in a year, and it is also called the Reunion Festival. After nightfall, every household did not put a table of melon and fruit moon cakes in the yard. When the moon reaches the zenith, family members will sit in Yue Bai to enjoy the moon.
Association of laboratory animal breeders
Laba is the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. I want to cook laba porridge this day. It is mainly made of eight kinds of dry food, such as yellow rice, glutinous rice, mung beans and red dates.
Other Festivals Other festivals include the Dragon Rise on February 2nd, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc.
It is customary for Manchu people to be flat in the second month, which is their hobby. Especially the Manchu people in a northeast province, they are beautiful from a flat head and a bag. After the baby is born, mothers use millet and sorghum rice as small pillows to let the baby sleep on his back. In fact, we Han people also have this habit.