Cities in ancient times had two purposes: residence + defense. So they always have to have a thick siege.
Moreover, cities rely on water, so they are built on water, but they are afraid of flooding, so they need to be built on high ground.
In order to facilitate management, functional zoning is also adopted (just like today’s residential areas, commercial areas, and factory areas, they have origins)
In order to symbolize power and the victory of man over nature, I like the chessboard style, axial symmetry, sequence, contrast, and sculptural decoration.
For the development of trade and civilization, ancient Greece built cities on the edge of the Mediterranean Sea. There was a shortage of fresh water, so underground water supply and drainage systems were developed.
Roman cities were not only regular, geometric, with water supply and drainage systems, monumental buildings and sculptures, but also laid the foundation for urban street planning and design.
The famous one is the "Ten Books on Architecture" written by the Roman Vitruvius, which summarizes
the key points of Western urban planning
?Site selection on high ground
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There is a good water source
Buildings are an integral part of the city
Buildings consider natural factors, light, wind and water pollution, etc.
Streets consider wind direction and the city Relationship between public buildings in the center
The octagonal layout is used for defense, with the central temple and roads radiating
The city wall is built to prevent wind, and the streets are not facing the city gate
The city book in China is "Kao Gong Ji" from the Warring States Period.
The craftsmen run the country, with nine square miles and three gates on the side.
Zuozu and Sheshe on the right, facing the market outlook.
This is the case in Beijing, China, and Kyoto, Japan.
Modern urban development in Europe
began with the Italian Renaissance, Florence and Venice.
Paris, France expanded roads, bridges, water supply systems, drainage systems, public squares, memorial buildings, and the thin line Champs Elysées
Russian Peter the Great became the first A modern city, St. Petersburg, imitating the West.
Karlsruhe, Germany, central radiation, gardens, green spaces, ring roads.
Problems of industrial cities
Too many people and poor environment
The new situation centered on transportation hubs, factory areas, workers’ residential areas, etc. has forced urban planning Transformation from tradition
Lack of planning, chaotic development
Industry stimulates the development of the financial industry, and financial buildings appear
Traffic congestion makes traffic design and management increasingly important
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Serious pollution, outstanding waste and wastewater treatment,
Lack of new buildings to meet the functional needs of new cities
Planning of various cities
1666 The Great Fire of London , let London transform, Christopher Lun, classical technique, one avenue connects three major squares, a large round square in the suburbs, radiating 8 avenues. There are gardens, green belts, serving the city's economic functions.
In 1811, John Nash built a series of new commercial and public buildings in neoclassicism and romanticism, connecting Prince Regent Street and Park Avenue into a main axis, with a square at the intersection and shops along the roadside. , banks, and public buildings, forming a new center that connects finance, commerce, and high-end residential areas, which is a successful case.
In Paris, France, the Jacobin Party planned to solve residential and transportation problems for the poor. It opened a highway from the poor area to the Champs-Elysees, added water wells, street lights, garbage centers, greening, and closed the city's cemeteries. , not fully completed.
The second reform was carried out by Napoleon, who built 5-story apartments, built the central axis of the Grand Arc de Triomphe - Place de la Concorde - the Little Arc de Triomphe, and built the Plaza de la Concorde and the Plaza de la Concorde with the monument as the center. The obelisk monument and the Place Vend?me monument form the visual focus of environmental art.
The third reform came from Napoleon III, for the interests of the new bourgeoisie and middle class, Ottoman, Baroque gardens and urban planning,
The functional needs of an industrial population economy
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Two symbolize the achievements of capitalism
Three outward spirals, 20 districts, separate the poor areas and rich areas,
Four new roads connect the old roads , can transport troops and prevent blockage,
Wuliang Avenue crosses, and the inner ring and outer ring roads form the current basic pattern
The sixth water supply and drainage and sewage system are built. Use new water sources to water fountain gardens,
Seven bridges were built to integrate the city,
Eighth public buildings, libraries, and art schools were built, four designed by Garnier Paris Opera House.
Basically established the structure of Paris. The most beautiful, the most powerful.
——It seems that some of the public service systems that we personally take for granted must be planned and provided by the government in a unified way so that people can have a good life. ?