183 1 year, after the death of Li, the general town of Jiading, the prince ordered the abolition of the posts of the two general towns of Beicheng and Jiading, and changed the 27 towns in China into 3 1 province with reference to the administrative division system of the Qing Dynasty, and established administrative units such as government, state, county, headquarters and cooperatives below the provinces in turn. During the reign of Emperor Jialong, most town officials were military attaché s, who could manage the military and political affairs in the town. Therefore, the guards and residents everywhere have the power to resist the orders of the imperial court. After nguy?n·ki?u changed the town into a province, he set up the posts of governor, minister, provincial judge and head of the army, which were dispatched by the court. In addition, court officials were sent to important provinces as governors (similar to the Qing Dynasty, the governors of Ruan Dynasty also managed two or three provinces. However, the actual area of a Vietnamese province is only equivalent to that of a county in China. ), above the governor, responsible for inspecting officials and maintaining the border. For ethnic minority settlements, nguy?n·ki?u implemented the policy of "changing land for the people", appointed local chiefs as well as sent immigration officials to supervise internal affairs.
1934, Nguy?n Phúc Ki?u set up a secret court with reference to the Privy Council of the Song Dynasty and the Ministry of War of the Qing Dynasty. The position of the Secret Institute is held by four ministers with level 4 or above qualifications, and its subordinate bureaucrats include foreign ministers, directors, secretaries, editors, etc., which are filled by personnel selected by ministries and institutes.
1836, in view of the disparity between the rich and the poor, bureaucratic oppression and extravagant gambling of the people in the north city, Ming Taizu accepted Pei Maoxian's suggestion, disciplined the people and severely cracked down on the tyrannical officials who violated the law and discipline. He issued ten hadith to teach people. On the other hand, nursing homes (equivalent to welfare homes) were set up in all parts of the North City to take in the widowed, widowed and disabled people, and the court provided for their lives.
From 65438 to 0839, nguy?n·ki?u set the annual salary and spring salary standards for officials at all levels. In order to prevent official corruption, nguy?n·ki?u introduced the Qing Dynasty's yanglianyin system. tax
In terms of economic taxation, there is not much difference between the system established by nguy?n·ki?u and his father. Only the power given by Emperor Jialong to Jiading City to "judge lawsuits and appoint and dismiss officials on its own" was taken back by Nguyn Phú c Kiu. 1836, Nguyn Phú c Kiu sent officials to Jiading City to measure land and collect taxes, land taxes and customs duties.
currency system
During the reign of nguy?n·ki?u's, Xiaoping copper coins with "Ming Tong Ming Bao" were minted, and large coins with American names began to be minted. American names are made of copper and have a lot of money. On the front is Qian Wen's "Ming Tong Ming Bao", and on the back, the characters in the Confucian classics, the Four Books and Five Classics, are chosen as inscriptions, which are very rare.
On the other hand, nguy?n·ki?u and his father, Emperor Jialong, vigorously promoted the unique zinc money in Vietnam (also known as white lead money), which is heavy and low in value, and can be described as the bad money among the bad money. Therefore, nguy?n·ki?u declared: "The rich dare not hide the use of lead coins, while businessmen in neighboring countries dare not bring them back. This kind of currency circulation is not only beneficial to the people, but also beneficial to the country, which is naturally beneficial. " Reform the imperial examination
During nguy?n·ki?u's administration, he also reformed the examination system in Vietnam. During the reign of Emperor Jialong, Vietnam only had after having obtained the provincial examination. After nguy?n·ki?u succeeded to the throne, he fully resumed the examination in the examination list. 1822, Nguy?n Phúc Ki?u ordered a meeting and held a court session to select Jinshi, and changed the original six-year examination to a three-year examination. 1829, those who hit the target but failed to score can be in the vice list.
However, nguy?n·ki?u also found many disadvantages of the traditional imperial examination system. Nguy?n·ki?u believes that the imperial examination system artificially creates the rules and regulations of academic research, which makes scholars pedantic and utilitarian, which is very unfavorable to the development of the country. However, the imperial examination system has been deeply rooted, and nguy?n·ki?u can't find a solution at the moment, so he can only reform it step by step. Ming Chengzu said: "Since ancient times, the imperial examination has deeply misled people. I don't think the article has certain rules. Nowadays, the imperial examination papers are just stuck in platitudes, boasting about each other, standing on their own feet, and their views on the quality of personality depend on this, so does the choice of examination room. No wonder some people say that they are getting worse. However, the rules are difficult to change, and it is also appropriate for Xu Tu to change later. " For the first time, he cancelled the titles of champion, second place and flower exploration, and claimed that he would never set up such honors again.
Carry forward Confucianism
Nguyn Phú c Kiu is well-read, good at Chinese poetry, proficient in Confucianism and advocating Confucianism. He has written two books of poetry, namely "Poems of Suppressing Thieves and Kous in Pingnan" and "Poems of Imperial Affairs".
Nguy?n·ki?u is committed to promoting Confucianism. During his reign, Confucius temples spread all over Vietnamese towns, and grand ceremonies were held for Confucius every spring and autumn. He also set up a national history museum to compile national history, and ordered to reward those who wrote books and made statements. In the Ming Dynasty, masters of Confucianism emerged in Vietnam, such as Pan Qing, Li Guangding, Zheng Huaide, Pan, Gong Wenxi, Huang Gongcai, Ruan, etc. Books such as Records of Jiading City, Charters of Past Dynasties and Records of the Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) were all written in the Ming Dynasty. With the vigorous promotion of nguy?n·ki?u, the Confucian atmosphere in Vietnam flourished again.
Nguy?n·ki?u attaches great importance to Confucian education. He stipulated that when Vietnamese children aged seven or eight go to school, teachers should first teach the classics of loyalty and filial piety, as well as Zhu's Notes for Primary School. Read four books first, then five classics. 1835, Phúc also issued a decree to print a large number of books such as Four Books and Five Classics, Notes on Zhu Xiaoxue, and allowed folk printing and sales, which made these books more popular.
Popularize Chinese
1839, Nguyn Phckiu, as a captaincy, invited Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty in China to present the Kangxi Dictionary to Vietnam, so that Vietnamese could learn Chinese, and stipulated that Chinese characters should be used in school teaching, government documents and imperial examinations, and southern characters should not be used or mixed.
However, while promoting China literature, nguy?n·ki?u also suppressed Nanzi literature. Most of these literary works of Nanzi exposed the dark side of society at that time, so they were considered by intellectuals as works that were difficult to be elegant. Although the saying that "men don't read, women don't read Cui Yun Cuiqiao" circulated among the literati in Ruan era, these literary works of Southerners are still loved by people. Establish the imperial clan management system
1836, King Ki?u of Nguy?n ordered Huang Gongcai to compile the jade spectrum of this dynasty. In the naming of their descendants, the Imperial Poem is adopted, and the names of their immediate descendants are required to be in the following order: "Gui Bao will surely grow up, and the sages can be described as follows, enriching the country and strengthening the people."
The naming requirements of each generation are also very strict, and it is required to be named according to the following radicals:
"Face+clothing, red+clothing, should be+clothing, treasure+mountain, use+jade, treasure+blessing, ghost+clothing, set+words, dragon+clothing, dragon+lying, leisure+quilt, energy+reason.
As for the descendants of other sons of Emperor Jialong, nguy?n·ki?u ordered their families to formulate their own "model poems" to designate a generation of figures.
In the same year, nguy?n·ki?u ordered the establishment of Zongren House, with officials in charge of all royal affairs. However, there were many collateral clans in the distant branch of Ruan Dynasty, so at the suggestion of Zheng Huaide, Li Zhi and others, Nguyn Phú c ordered that the surnames of several generations from Ruangan to Nguyn Phú c be changed to clans, and removed from the clan list. During the reign of Shaozhi, the imperial clan was renamed "Zunren House" and the imperial clan was renamed "Zunshi Imperial Clan". Although the respected teacher was removed from the clan government, he still claimed to be a descendant of Ruan Fu. For example, respecting the teacher said that he claimed to be "the great-grandson said that he respected the teacher Ruan Fu" (because respecting the teacher also claimed to be Ruan Fu, and the Qing Dynasty often confused respecting the teacher with Ruan Fu. For example, the historical materials in Qing Dynasty called the theory of respecting the room "Ruan Fu Theory"-"A Study on the Relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese Patriarchs and vassals in Qing Dynasty"). Claiming to be "Ruan Fuyong, great-grandson &; # 148854; "。
In addition, Ming Taizu has formulated a "secondary taboo" (Vietnamese: Tr? Ng huny/ secondary taboo), requiring later emperors to take secondary taboos for themselves in this order:
"When the sun rises, it is clear and bright, swaying and mysterious." Hey? "
For example, the second taboo of Shao Zhidi is Ruan Fujue, that of Haidi is Ruan Fushi, and that of Xiehe is Ruan Fusheng, and so on. When people avoid taboo, they should not only avoid the "second taboo", but also avoid the last sentence that the emperor avoided. Prohibit the spread of Catholicism
1825, the French missionary Roger Luo arrived in Barto Port (now Da Nang) on the Titanic, and preached in various places, which aroused great concern of Nguy?n Phúc Ki?u. Soon, Nguy?n Phúc Ki?u issued a religious ban, claiming: "The Western way is left, confusing people and corrupting customs, so it should be strictly prohibited so that our people can believe in the right path." It also ordered local officials to strictly inspect foreign ships entering the country. Jiading general Li wrote to the prince, hoping to relax the policy towards Christianity. Nguy?n·ki?u summoned missionaries from all over the country to Hue, imprisoned them in Hue, the imperial city, and asked them to translate French books to prevent them from going out to preach. In the same year, Catholics all over the country were ordered to give up their faith, and those who captured missionaries were rewarded.
In Li's rebellion, Vietnamese Catholics openly participated in the rebellion and declared Ruan Tang as the monarch of Vietnam, which made us feel more deeply the threat of Catholics to his throne. From 1834 to 1838, nguy?n ki?u's suppression of Catholicism reached its peak. According to the official letter "The Strongest Warrior" published by Pope Leo XIII on May 7, 1900, during nguy?n·ki?u's tenure, most of the Catholic martyrs in Vietnam were executed by the Nguyen government on May 8, 1900.
Among the monarchs of the Ruan Dynasty in Vietnam, nguy?n·ki?u and his grandson, Ruan Fushi, took the most severe attitude towards banning Catholicism. Because of the strict attitude of banning religion, nguy?n·ki?u often appeared as a tyrant in the western world and was called "Nero of the East". Zhancheng
Ruan Wencheng, an aristocrat of Zhanpo, took advantage of Li Zhi's rebellion and launched a Wang uprising, demanding the restoration of autonomy. In the end, the uprising failed, and Zhanzu's territory was once again occupied by the Vietnamese. Ming ordered the emperor to carry out the reform of returning soil to flow in Vietnam, and sent officials to govern Shuncheng Town (Thu? nàNH tr？ N), the country that occupied the city completely perished. Because of Li's involvement, Ruan Wencheng was sentenced to death for treason.
Ailao
1826, Zhao Haoqi Anu, the kingdom of Vientiane, rose up and rebelled against the rule of Siam, and chiefs from all over the country sent troops to respond. Zhao Anu led an army to attack Siam's Nakhon Ratchasima and Beibiao, and was defeated by Siam. The following year, King Jessa Dabodindra of Siam sent Bodinde to attack Vientiane and ransack the whole city. Zhao Anu had to turn to Vietnam for help. Nguyn Phú c agreed to this request, sent Pan Wenxuan to run to the border affairs minister for rescue, and sent Li Delu and Ruan to lead 3,000 troops from Wa 'an to meet Zhao Anu in Wa 'an via Zhenning House.
1828, Zhao Anu claimed to have recovered his strength and hoped to recover the land of Vientiane. The French king appointed Pan Wenxuan as Minister of Economy, Ruan as Deputy Minister and Ruan Kehao as Counselor, and led 3,000 troops to attack Vientiane through Zhenning. But in fact, these 3000 soldiers are holding a wait-and-see attitude, watching Zhao Anu succeed or fail. Zhao Anu was defeated by Siam again and asked for support from Ruan Chao court. Nguy?n·ki?u refused his request and sent troops to defend the border. Zhao Anu was captured by Zhenning Chief Zhaonei and presented to Siam.
Subsequently, Siam attacked, mourned the tribes, mourned their dissatisfaction, and asked Ruan Chao for help. The French king appointed Fan Wendian as the viceroy and Li as the military affairs counselor, supporting the ministries in Ailao against Siam. Bodin had to see that the Vietnamese army was strong, so he withdrew his army and returned to his hometown. Zhaonei asked Ruan Chao to belong to it, and Nguy?n Phúc Ki?u appointed it as Zhenning's special envoy for national defense, and ordered Zhaonei to bring a population book and a field book to Ruan Chao. Zhenning Prefecture (now Sichuan Province, Laos) is bounded by its land and governs seven counties. In order to protect themselves, the tribes in Ailao attached themselves to Ruan Chao. Similarly, nguy?n·ki?u established the capital of Jimmy State in these areas, appointed tribal leaders as local officials, and extended the border to the west until it reached the Mekong River.
During the Ming Dynasty, Vietnam occupied two-thirds of Ailao territory, and Ailao had seven prefectures, namely Zhen Jing Prefecture (now Vientiane), Man Zhen Prefecture (now Huapan Province), Zhenbian Prefecture (now Huapan Province), Pingjing Prefecture (now Ganmeng Province), Lebian Prefecture (now Shawan Naji Province) and Zhenning Prefecture (now Kawaguchi Province). It also established Manna Kyushu, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Guang Zhi.
Zhenla
Before the establishment of Ruan Dynasty, Zhenla had been eaten away by Siam, Guangnan and other countries for many years, and the country was weak and the people were poor, following the footsteps of the city-occupying country.
1834, the prince took advantage of Li's rebellion and sent general Zhang to occupy Zhenla in the name of "protecting" Zhenla. Since then, Zhang Ming talked about being stationed in Nanrong City (now Phnom Penh, Cambodia) to supervise the internal affairs of Zhenla, and Anjiang Governor Li outlined the establishment of the Anmanbao garrison.
In the same year, King Angchan II died of illness. As there were no children, Zhang Ming invited his daughter, Queen Anmei, as a "princess", Rong Long and Zhang Guoxi, Zhang Ming gave lectures, and Li outlined the state affairs. Although AnMei is a queen, her real power is completely controlled by Zhang Ming and Li Gang. Since then, Vietnam has changed its land to Xi in Zhenla area, renamed Phnom Penh, the capital of Zhenla, as Zhenxi City, set up 32 prefectures and 2 counties, and appointed Vietnamese civil servants to directly administer Zhenla area.
Because the Ruan Dynasty of Vietnam always regarded countries such as Zhenla and Siam as uncivilized barbarians, it first cited the old example of Zhancheng country and implemented the Vietnam policy in Zhenla area. The real wax man should change his Chinese name and write Chinese characters, and change all the places in the real wax into Chinese names. Zhenla's army was adapted according to the Vietnamese organization, and the officers were all Vietnamese. In the garrison mainly composed of real Greeks, Vietnamese officers and men with advanced equipment were inserted. Whenever there is a war, let the real Lahu soldiers rush in front, and the Vietnamese soldiers with guns are behind. Ruan Chao of Vietnam also forced Zhenla people to change clothes and store their hair, and adopted Vietnamese customs and habits, including that Zhenla people need to wear brown or black collared cloth and robes, and local officials in Zhenla must wear gauze hats and round necks of Vietnamese officials, forcing Zhenla men to comb Vietnamese hairstyles and store their hair locks like Vietnamese men. On the other hand, Southern Buddhism, a Buddhist who was believed by Zhenlai people, was also rejected by Ruan Chao, who ordered the local monks to be secularized and the Buddhist temples in Shangbei to be destroyed. 1840, Ruan Chao sent Li Wende as an imperial envoy and Yin Yun as a deputy minister to collect taxes, measure land and supervise trade in Zhenla, helping Zhang Ming directly rule Zhenla. A large number of Vietnamese flooded into the farmland of Zhenla, expelling and occupying the land of Zhenla people. 184 1 year, Zhang Ming said that in order to cut off popularity, An Mei was exiled to Jiading (now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), and Rong Long and Lincoln Lo were exiled to Beiqi.
Ruan Dynasty's invasion and oppression of Zhenla led to the dissatisfaction of Zhenla people, and monks, nobles and ordinary people fought for the restoration of the country. Zhang Ming said that from time to time, Li Wende led troops to crusade against the rebels in Zhenla, but the uprising of Zhenla people still broke out one after another. After learning that Queen An Mei was exiled to Jiading, the exiled Siamese Prince Anton (Dun) returned to Zhenla with the support of the Siamese army and launched an uprising against the Ruan Dynasty. The French king sent Ruan and Ruan Jinlin into the town, but it still didn't help.
Western imperialist powers
Unlike his father, Emperor nguy?n·ki?u's of Jialong, his attitude towards western powers was only superficial enthusiasm from the beginning, and was gradually rejected in his later years.
During the Jialong period, in return for the aid of French missionary Peter Paul to Ruan Chao, the French were allowed to trade and preach in Vietnam, and the French officers who helped Ruan were hired as ministers. However, although the restoration of Ruan Dynasty largely depended on the strength of the French, Emperor Jialong was still wary of the French. On his deathbed, Emperor Jialong told nguy?n·ki?u to respect Europeans, especially the French, but not to give them any preferential treatment. Visible Nguyn Phuc Anh on guard against the French, but also remind Ming Chengzu to avoid completely offending the French.
18 18, as "Zhang Qi" ("Zhang Qi" is a second-class gentry and official position among Vietnamese gentry. ) "French Minister Jean-batiste Scheino (Vietnamese Nguyen Van Sang) was allowed to return to China for three years. 182 1 year, scheino was appointed by the French government as the French consul in hue and the French minister plenipotentiary. He returned to Vietnam with the credentials of French King Louis stanislas Xavier, and sought audience with the Ming Emperor nguy?n·ki?u to discuss trade issues. Nguy?n·ki?u warmly received and expressed his willingness to conclude a trade treaty, provided that the French who came to trade must abide by Vietnamese laws.
1822, the French warship Cleopatra (La Cléop? Tre) sailed into Tuotuo Port, and Captain Eriau entrusted Shaino with a gift to intercede and asked to meet Nguyn Phú c Kiu, but Nguyn Phú c Kiu flatly refused. Frustrated by his failure to sign a trade treaty with Vietnam, Shaino resigned and returned to China with another French minister, Philippe Vanie, on 1824.
Nguy?n·ki?u's attitude towards France gradually became cold after Scheino and Vanni left. 1825, French navy colonel Bougainvillea led the warships "Titis" and "Espe Lance" to the Tuotuo port, and once again demanded trade. Nguy?n·ki?u sent someone to give him a gift and refused to meet him on the grounds that no one in North Korea knew French. 1826, France sent Jean-batiste chaigneau's nephew Eugene Shenio as the French consul in Hue, but the Ming emperor refused to recognize him. 1829, French consul Ou Ren returned to China, and France and Vietnam suspended diplomatic relations in disguise. From then until 1858, there were almost no Europeans in Vietnam.
1832 and 1836, US President andrew jackson sent Edmund Robert to Hue twice, hoping to establish diplomatic relations with Vietnam. However, they were all rejected by Ming Chengzu.
However, nguy?n·ki?u also showed great curiosity about European science and technology. 1834, nguy?n·ki?u learned about the industrial revolution in the west and ordered the opening of the "fire and water locomotive factory", which successfully manufactured the first batch of steam locomotives in Vietnamese history. During the Ming Dynasty, Vietnamese capitalism entered the embryonic stage.
In addition, when he knew that Europeans had begun to use vaccines to prevent smallpox, he immediately asked Jean Marie Despiau, a French family doctor, to vaccinate his royal relatives. Ming Chengzu intended to understand the development of Europe at that time through the above measures.