Song Ling is the tomb of the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) and his royal family. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit, one of the national key sites protection projects during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, and one of the largest and most well-preserved famous tombs in China.
Song Ling is located in gongyi city, between Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Longhai Railway runs through the territory, and Kailuo Expressway runs through the east and west. There is Songshan Mountain in the south and the Yellow River in the north. It is surrounded by mountains and waters and has beautiful scenery. It is called a land of feng shui. It is the largest mausoleum group in Central China, covering an area of about 156 square kilometers. This huge mausoleum group covers almost all the emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty. Of the nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, except Hui and Qin, who were captured by the Jin people and died in the desert north, the other seven emperors were buried in Gongyi, and together with their father Zhao Ling, they were called "Seven Emperors and Eight Mausoleums". The tombs of Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng and other famous ministers are among them. Around the eight tombs, there are nearly a thousand tombs of queens, royal families and famous ministers, and there are nearly a thousand stone carvings on the ground. This is a huge museum of the history of the Great Song Dynasty.
Song Ling has created several kinds of tombs. Emperors of a dynasty were all buried in one place, which reflected the human etiquette, the royal order of respect and inferiority, and formed a unique royal funeral culture with rigorous theory.
In 960, Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty through the "Chen Qiao mutiny", not the later Zhou Dynasty.
In 963 AD, Zhao Kuangyin ordered "Zhao Xiuji, the supervisor of astronomy, calendar, auspiciousness and auspiciousness, and Wang Renshan, the ambassador of inland province, to change Bu 'anling (that is, Yong 'an Mausoleum) to Dengfeng Township, Gongxian County, Xijing (Luoyang) (now Changfeng Village, West Village, gongyi city)" and moved the remains of his parents buried in the southeast of Tokyo (Kaifeng) to the southwest of Gongxian County.
Song Ling was built in 963 AD, with a history of more than 160 years. It has formed a huge and magnificent royal mausoleum group, which can be called an open-air art museum and is a very precious material for studying the laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty and the stone carving art.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Yu, the "Daqi" emperor supported by Jin Zairong, carried out a large-scale excavation of the imperial tomb in the Northern Song Dynasty;
After the rulers occupied the Central Plains, the mausoleum buildings were completely destroyed and the treasures were stolen.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the mausoleum area was "plowed into a market"
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered repairs and "prohibited firewood collection".
During the Qing dynasty, it was also taken care of by private families, reducing their taxes and labor.
19 18 The Japanese have visited here. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China scholars made many investigations. The organizational system of the Eight Mausoleums is basically the same, with a trillion domains, and the upper palace is the lower palace. Zhao Yu is surrounded by thorns and oranges. In addition to the imperial tomb, there are tombs for burying the queen and descendants of the royal family, as well as important officials of the dynasty. The upper palace has a mausoleum wall, which is square in plane, with a mausoleum platform at the center and four corners. There are a pair of squatting lions outside the east, north and west gates, and there are stone beasts, stone pillars and stone carving generals and ministers on both sides of Shinto outside the south gate. The Summer Palace is in the northwest of the mausoleum, and it is a place for daily meals. Song Ling in Gongxian County, contrary to the emperors' tombs of past dynasties, put the mausoleum in the lowest place with its back facing the mountains and water, probably influenced by the geomantic theory at that time. The stone carvings in front of the mausoleum are very spectacular, using various techniques such as round carving, relief carving and line carving. They are vigorous in shape and delicate in expression. Many of them are treasures of carving art. Li, the concubine of Emperor Taizong and the mother of Zhenzong, is one of the buried tombs of Emperor Taizong's Yongxi Mausoleum, which was excavated in 1984 ~ 1985. Because it was stolen in the early years, a small number of funerary objects were unearthed, among which jade burial books, funeral books, exquisite Yue kiln secret color porcelain, Ding kiln fine porcelain and other cultural relics were of high value.
From 65438 to 0982, Song Ling was announced by the State Council as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
In 2009, "Song Ling Great Site Protection Project" was listed as a key project in gongyi city.
Nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, except Hui and Qin, were imprisoned by Jin and died in the northern desert. Seven emperors and Zhao (the father), who was honored as Xuanzu, were buried here. The world calls it the Seven Emperors and Eight Mausoleums. According to the time of burial, the order of the eight tombs is: Yongan Mausoleum of Song Xuanzu, Yongchang Mausoleum of Song Taizu, Yongxi Mausoleum of Song Taizong, Yongding Mausoleum of Song Zhenzong, Yongzheng Mausoleum of Song Renzong, Hou Yongling Mausoleum of Song Yingzong, Yongyu Mausoleum of Song Shenzong and Yongtai Mausoleum of Song Zhezong. Together with empresses, royal families, princes and grandsons, as well as Gao Huaide, Zhao Pu, Cao Bin, Cai Qi, Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Di Qing and Yang Liulang, there are nearly 1 000 tombs, which have been in operation for more than 1.6 years. Among the emperors and mausoleums in the Northern Song Dynasty, eight imperial mausoleums are well preserved.
The mausoleum faces south, and from south to north, there are magpie platforms, breast platforms and Shinto stone pillars. Shinto north is the palace; A square wall of gods was rammed around the Upper Palace, with a circumference of nearly 1,000 meters. There is a sacred gate in the center of all sides, and a pavilion (corner pavilion) is built in each corner of the sacred wall. In the middle of the upper palace is a bucket-shaped mausoleum with a bottom circumference of more than 200 meters, and under the stage is the underground palace. Hou Ling is located in the northwest of Mausoleum. Its layout and architecture are similar to those of Mausoleum, but its shape is smaller and there are few stone carvings. Xiagong is a place for daily meals. In the north or northwest corner of the upper palace, the ground buildings have disappeared.
Yonganling
Yong 'an Mausoleum is the first mausoleum with seven emperors and eight tombs in the Northern Song Dynasty. Its owner is Zhao, the father of posthumous title Xuanzu. Originally the commander-in-chief of Feijie in the later Tang Dynasty, Yong 'an Mausoleum was originally located in the southeast of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is now Kaifeng City, Henan Province. In the second year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (964), he moved to Gongxian County, Henan Province. Yong 'an Mausoleum is also the only mausoleum of the Northern Song Emperor, where Song Xuanzu's father Zhao, his wife and Zhao Taihou are buried. Zhao Taihou died in the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty (96 1) and was buried with Xuanzu in October. Three years after Zhao Xiantai was buried, the Song royal family moved Yong 'an Mausoleum to Gongxian County, Henan Province.
According to relevant historical records, Yong 'an Mausoleum is located in fengcun, the head of Nanxiang Township, Gongxian County, Henan Province. Today, Changfeng village has been renamed Changfeng village, which means to worship the mountains for a long time. Yong 'an Mausoleum is located 500 meters west of Changfeng Village and 400 meters west of Gongyi Village Highway. At present, the ground remains of Yong 'an Mausoleum still include the mausoleum platform and part of the mausoleum wall, and two Hou Mausoleums, Xiao Hui He Mausoleum in Song Taizu and Shu De Yin Mausoleum in Song Taizong, are buried with Yong 'an Mausoleum. According to the historical records of the Song Dynasty, there are four other empresses buried with Yong 'an Mausoleum besides the above two. There should also be Empress Xiao Ming of Song Taizu and Empress Yi De Fu of Song Taizong. Now there are no traces of the two back tombs. At the same time, in the fourth year of Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty (1007), the prince, grandson and princess were buried in Yong 'an Mausoleum, and 120 people died young. There are two findings after the field investigation of oranges. First of all, Song Taizong Shudeyin Mausoleum and Song Taizu Yongchang Mausoleum are basically in a straight line. In other words, the distance between Anling and Changling is very close. It's hard to imagine that 120 tombs can be arranged at such a close distance. Perhaps it is a mistake in historical records, or perhaps it is a problem of language understanding. Secondly, in the northwest of Anling's mausoleum, I didn't find any trace of the tomb buried with him.
Yong 'an Mausoleum has been excavated and destroyed many times in history, and only two places are clearly recorded in historical materials. One is that Meng Bangxiong, who stayed in Pseudoqi and Sijing, illegally excavated Yong 'an Mausoleum. "Xu Chenqing burned Jingling Palace, and Meng Bangxiong sent Yonganling. "One is the southern song dynasty shaoxing years. After paying a visit to the mausoleum, the envoys of the Southern Song Dynasty reported to the Southern Song government that the mausoleum platform of Anling was damaged due to illegal excavation. Today, the Anling seen by the orange is very short, about 7 meters high, and about 20 meters long from east to west, north to south. It is the smallest mausoleum in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Buried graves and ground building remains
Yong 'an Mausoleum has been excavated and destroyed many times in history, and only two places are clearly recorded in historical materials. One is that Meng Bangxiong, who stayed in Pseudoqi and Sijing, illegally excavated Yong 'an Mausoleum. "Xu Chenqing burned Jingling Palace, and Meng Bangxiong sent Yonganling. "One is the southern song dynasty shaoxing years. After paying a visit to the mausoleum, the envoys of the Southern Song Dynasty reported to the Southern Song government that the mausoleum platform of Anling was damaged due to illegal excavation. Today, the Anling seen by the orange is very short, about 7 meters high, and about 20 meters long from east to west, north to south. It is the smallest mausoleum in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The bottom of the mausoleum has been cut into steep walls, which may be caused by man-made destruction. There is no obvious sign of stealing holes on the surface. As for the Anling underground palace, it is recorded in the historical materials of the Song Dynasty. The Forbidden City is 57 feet deep, 39 feet high and square. The lower floor is 90 feet long every year. It can be seen that the Anling underground palace in the Northern Song Dynasty still had a certain scale.
In the northwest of Anling, there are two remains of Emperors, namely Xiaohui and Emperors in Song Taizu and Shudeyin Emperors in Song Taizu. The historical records of the two Empresses in Song Dynasty are relatively simple. At present, there are very few remains of the mausoleum. Empress Xiaohui's mausoleum has only one platform, almost as high as the graves of local people. It's hard to find without looking carefully. There is an existing mausoleum platform and Shinto sentry post at the south gate of Shude Queen's Mausoleum, which has been buried deep underground, only showing its head.
Yongchang tomb
Yongchang Mausoleum is the second mausoleum in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is actually the first mausoleum. The owner of the mausoleum, Zhao Kuangyin, is a famous Song Taizu in China history and the founding emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin was born in Jiamaying, Luoyang in the second year of Tiancheng in the late Tang Dynasty (927). In the last seven years of the Zhou Dynasty (960), he gave a yellow robe, planned Chen Qiaoyi's pathological changes, eliminated the later Zhou Dynasty, and established the Northern Song Dynasty. In the seventh year of Kaibao (974), the Southern Tang Dynasty perished, and the Han nationality inhabited areas in China were basically unified. In the ninth year of Kaibao (976), he died suddenly at the age of 50 in Tokyo. In April, 977, the second year of Taiping Xingguo, Song Taizong was buried in Yongchang Mausoleum, Gongxian County, Henan Province.
Song Taizu Yongchang Mausoleum is located in the tomb area of Xicun in the Northern Song Dynasty, and its parents Yong 'an Mausoleum is 600 meters northwest, on the east side of Gongyi Xicun Highway. The area where Yongchang Mausoleum is located was called Longwa in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is a veritable treasure trove of geomantic omen. Today, I took a bus from Gongyi to Xicun, and there was another stop called Lingwa. Not far from the bus, you can reach Yongchang Mausoleum. Convenient transportation. The existing relics of Yongchang Mausoleum include Four Holy Walls, Quetai Ruins, Rutai Ruins, Quetai Ruins, 39 stone carvings of South Gate Shinto, 8 stone lions of other three gates and Xiagong, Lingtai and Song Empress Mausoleum, and two buried tombs of Zhang Huai-side Empress Baotai Mausoleum. In the burial area, Orange also found a tomb with unknown owner.
Yongchang Mausoleum is the only mausoleum selected by the emperor himself in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Yu Hu compiled by the monk unofficial history in the Northern Song Dynasty, Xu Zijian was edited by Li Dao, a historian in the Southern Song Dynasty. Nine years after the death of Song Taizu in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu traveled west to Xijing Luoyang and passed Gongxian on his way home. He visited Yong 'an Mausoleum, where his parents were buried, and climbed the northwest corner of Anling. He told the minister that life, like a blink of an eye, has an end. Then he took out a roaring arrow, shot it to the northwest, buried a stone horse where it fell, and said to the minister, this is my palace. This is the source of Yongchang Mausoleum.
Mausoleum stone carving
The upper hall of Yongchang Mausoleum is well preserved, and the pedestal of Quetai and Rutai is still tall and abrupt. Although the four Quetai doors are different in height, they still maintain their original style. Changling stone carving group is the symbol of the establishment of stone carving system in Northern Song Dynasty. Although from the artistic point of view, the style of the Five Dynasties and the Late Tang Dynasty is still preserved, there are still many things to watch, such as the stone carvings in Qin Rui and the only sheep head in Song Ling (others are horseheads). Stone carving is based on horses, and the carving art of horses is a masterpiece of Yongchang Mausoleum. The image of the horse is far-sighted and radiant. Warrior stone carving, with full face and proper angle, gives people a vivid sense of life and is a masterpiece of tomb stone carving in the early Song Dynasty.
Yongchang mausoleum watchtower, especially Shinto Xizhu watchtower, is the representative work of the imperial mausoleum watchtower in the Northern Song Dynasty. The cirrus pattern of the column body is very finely carved and well preserved. The head of the stigma lotus column is full of descriptions, decorated with textures and well preserved. It is a masterpiece of the Northern Song Dynasty column and the mausoleum of Emperor China.
artistic attainments
There are many stone carvings in the mausoleum area, with the total number exceeding 1000. Generally, there are 23 pairs of stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto of the Mausoleum. From south to north, there are 1 pairs of sentry posts, 1 pairs of elephant handlers, 1 pairs of Swiss birds, 1 diagonal, 1 pairs of war horses, 4 pairs of horse control officers, 2 pairs of tigers, 2 pairs of sheep and 3 pairs of guest ambassadors. There are 1 duimen lions outside the other holy gates around Shanggong, and 1 duimen inside. There are also 1 opposite lions outside some lower palaces. There are fewer stone carvings in Hou Ling. Song Ling's stone carvings got rid of the traditional mystery, focused on the secular life at that time, had both form and spirit, and had superb artistic attainments.