Location map of Ukraine
Country name: Ukraine
National flag: Rectangular, consisting of two parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, blue on the top and yellow on the bottom, with the length-width ratio of 3: 2. Ukraine established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 19 17 and became a member of the former Soviet Union in 1922. Since 1952, a red flag similar to the five-pointed star, sickle and hammer pattern of the former Soviet Union has been adopted, except that the lower part of the flag has a broad blue border. 199 1 year.
Independence, 1992 When Ukraine regained its independence, the blue and yellow flags were the national flags.
National emblem: It's a coat of arms. The golden trident on the blue shield is the main body of the national emblem. It is the symbol of Kiev in Vladimir's Grand Duke era, the long history and development continuity of the Ukrainian nation, and also the symbol of the revival of Ukrainian national concept and the struggle for national independence.
Capital: Kiev. 1995165438+1On October 23rd, the Ukrainian Legal Terminology Committee decided to change the Latin spelling of the capital from "Kiev" to "Kiev". Population: 2.626 million (65,438 in 2002+365,438 in February +0).
Important holidays: unification day: 65438+1October 22nd to commemorate the merger of eastern and western Ukraine; Orthodox Christmas: 65438+10.7; Victory Day: May 9 (to celebrate the victory over German fascism in World War II and the end of the European War); Constitution Day: June 28th (in commemoration of the first constitution made after the promulgation of independence 1996); Independence Day (National Day): August 24th; Kiev Liberation Day:165438+1October 3 (1943); Ukrainian rocket and artillery festival:165438+1October 3 (1997)
Population: 47.95 million (65438+2003 10). Ukraine is a multi-ethnic country with more than 1 10 ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups are Ukrainians (about 70%), and others are Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Moldovans, Poles and Bulgarians. The official language is Ukrainian and Russian is also widely used. The main religions are Orthodox Church and Catholicism.
Physical geography: it covers an area of 603,700 square kilometers (accounting for 2.7% of the former Soviet Union), with a length of 1.300 kilometers from east to west and 900 kilometers from north to south. It is located in eastern Europe, on the north shore of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It borders Belarus in the north, Russia in the northeast, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the west and Romania and Moldova in the south. Most areas belong to the eastern European plain. Mount Gaubil in the western Carpathian Mountains is 206 1 m above sea level, which is the highest peak. In the south, there is the Rome-Kosh Mountain in the Crimean Mountains. The northeast is a part of the highland in central Russia, and the southeast has the coastal hills of Azov Sea and Donets Ridge. There are 1 16 rivers 100 kilometers in the territory, and Dnieper River is the longest, with a length of 98 1 km flowing through Ukraine. Others include the South Bug River, the left bank of the Transnistrian River, the North Donets River, the Prut River, the Danube River (estuary part) and so on. There are more than 3,000 natural lakes in China, mainly Yalpag Lake, Susek Lake, Kagur Lake and Arribet Lake. Influenced by the warm and humid air current in the Atlantic Ocean, most areas have temperate continental climate, while southern Crimea has subtropical climate. 1 the annual average temperature is -7.4℃, and the July average temperature is 19.6℃. The annual precipitation is 300mm in the southeast and 600-700mm in the northwest, mostly in June and July.
Brief history: Ukraine has an important geographical position and good natural conditions. Historically, it is a battleground for military strategists, and Ukraine has suffered from war. The Ukrainian nation is a branch of the Guru. The word "Ukraine" first appeared in Historical Records Ross (1 187). In the 9th-/Kloc-0th/2nd century, most of Ukraine was merged into Kiev and Russia. 1237 to 124 1, the Mongolian Golden Horde (Badou) invaded and occupied Kiev, and the city was destroyed and people died. /kloc-ruled by Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Poland in the 0/4th century. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the Ukrainian nation was largely formed. 1654, eastern Ukraine was merged into Russia, and western Ukraine gained the autonomy within Russia. 65438+ In the 1990s, western Ukraine was also incorporated into Russia. 19171212, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was founded. From 19 18 to 1920, western Ukraine was occupied by Polish white bandits. The Soviet Union was founded in 1922, and eastern Ukraine joined the Union and became one of the founding countries of the Soviet Union. 1939, 165438+ 10, the western Ukraine merged with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. 1940 In August, North Bukovina and a part of Bissalabia were merged into Ukraine. 194 1 year Ukraine was occupied by German fascists, 19441year Ukraine was liberated. 1945 10 10 In October, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the United Nations together with the Soviet Union as a non-independent country. 1990 16 In July, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted the Declaration on National Sovereignty of Ukraine, declaring that the Ukrainian Constitution and laws are superior to the federal laws; And have the right to establish their own armed forces. 1991On August 24th, Ukraine broke away from the Soviet Union, declared its independence and changed its name to Ukraine. 1996 adopted a new constitution.
Administrative Districts: The whole country is divided into 24 states, 1 autonomous republic, 2 municipalities and 27 administrative regions. The details are as follows: Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kiev, Vinnitsa, Volyn, dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zhitomir, Transcarpathian, Zaporoge, Ivan Frankov, Kirovgrad, Lugansk, Lviv, nikolayev and Odessa.
Politics:1On June 28th, 1996, the Ukrainian parliament adopted the first constitution after independence, and determined that Ukraine is a sovereign, independent and democratic country ruled by law, with a * * * system. The president is the highest head of state representing the country; The Supreme Soviet is the legislature; The Cabinet is an executive organ, which is responsible to the President. Parliament is composed of 450 members, with a unicameral system and a four-year term.
Economy: Ukraine's industry and agriculture are relatively developed. The main industrial sectors are metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, petroleum processing, shipbuilding, aerospace and aviation. It is rich in grain and sugar, and its economic strength ranks second in the former Soviet Union. It is known as the "granary" of the former Soviet Union. There are three economic zones along the Donetsk-Dnieper River: Jingji Zone, Southwest Economic Zone and South Economic Zone, with relatively developed industries, agriculture, transportation and tourism. Coal, metallurgy, machinery and chemical industry are the four pillars of its economy. There are forests and grasslands here, many rivers flow through them, and water resources are abundant. The forest coverage rate is 4.3%. There are 72 kinds of mineral resources, including coal, iron, manganese, nickel, titanium, mercury, lead, petroleum, natural gas, limestone, dolomite, graphite, refractory soil, petrochemical raw materials and building materials. Among them, iron ore reserves are1940,000 tons, accounting for 30% of the whole Soviet Union, manganese ore accounts for 80%, and the largest coal mine in the former Soviet Union is also in Ukraine. The reserves of manganese are among the highest in the world, with 39 billion tons of anthracite and bituminous coal and 6 billion tons of lignite. Black soil ranks first in the world, accounting for two-thirds of the land area. There are many kinds of animals, including more than 350 kinds of birds, about 100 kinds of mammals and more than 200 kinds of fish. There is a serious shortage of energy. Natural gas alone needs to import 73 billion cubic meters every year, and the total energy imported every year is about 8 billion US dollars, accounting for more than two thirds of the total export. Russia is Ukraine's largest energy supplier. In recent years, Ukraine's foreign trade has always accounted for about one-third of GDP. It mainly exports ferrous metallurgical products, machinery and equipment, motors, fertilizers, iron ore and agricultural products, and imports natural gas, petroleum, complete sets of equipment, chemical fiber, polyethylene, wood and medicines.
Military: The Ukrainian army was founded on August 24th, 199 1. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a large number of advanced weapons and strategic reserves of the former Soviet Union. 1992, Ukraine announced its policy of non-nuclear, neutrality and non-alignment and began large-scale disarmament. According to the Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms signed by the Soviet Union and the United States, all nuclear weapons were destroyed with the help of Russia and the United States. As of July 2004, the armed forces of Ukraine numbered 355,000, ranking 13 in the world, but the per capita expenditure of the Ukrainian army only ranked 126 in the world. In order to improve the treatment of soldiers and improve the level of military equipment, Ukraine decided to drastically reduce the number of troops.
Press and publication: All major TV stations are private joint-stock TV stations except the national TV station 1 funded by the government. "International" TV stations and 1+ 1 have great influence. More influential newspapers: government organs: Government Courier, Workers and Parliament organs: Voice of Ukraine. Facts and Comments, a private comprehensive newspaper, won the Best Newspaper Award 1998. The Daily Mirror and Mirror are influential political publications.
Diplomacy: Actively carry out bilateral diplomacy with European countries, participate in the process of European integration, stabilize and strive to improve relations with Russia, and maintain the policy balance between the East and the West. In 2000, Ukrainian leaders announced that the core direction of their diplomacy was "pluralism, predictability, stability and maintaining non-group status". The three major priorities of diplomacy are: Europe, Russia and the United States, and all three directions "give enough attention and complement each other."
Relations with China:199165438+On February 27th, China recognized Ukrainian independence. 199265438+1October 4th, China and Ukraine established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level.