Components of an urban green landscape system
The components of urban landscape are roughly divided into three categories: the first category is natural elements that reflect urban ecology and natural environmental conditions, mainly including Topography, water bodies, green plants and other uncertain natural factors; the second category is artificial factors, which mainly refer to urban facilities and buildings; the third category is social factors, which refers to an intangible factor that affects the urban landscape, including human beings. The perception of landscape and people’s transformation of landscape environment, etc. The urban green landscape studied in this article mainly refers to the green open spaces in the first type of natural elements and the second type of artificial elements, such as parks, squares, waterfront areas, etc. The urban green landscape system refers to the landscape ecosystem composed of the natural ecological landscape in the city and the artificial landscape dominated by green open spaces. In the context of today's urban environment deterioration and lack of urban characteristics, it is very necessary to systematically analyze and construct urban green landscapes to reflect the integration of urban nature and artificiality and the "people-oriented" sustainable urban development.
Relevant theories and practices of green landscape system design in the second city
1 The "Feng Shui" theory in ancient my country
The science of the "Feng Shui" theory will not be discussed here. and superstition are only used to illustrate the ingenious combination of ancient city site selection and architectural space creation with natural environmental factors. A typical urban Feng Shui pattern is a city with mountains on its back, water in front, and a relatively closed and complete spatial environment surrounded by mountains (green dragons and white tigers) on both sides. Its essence is to emphasize the integration of urban site selection and natural environmental elements. The green landscape system it forms is a complete and continuous system.
2 The park movement in Western cities at the end of the 19th century
With the rapid increase in population and environmental deterioration caused by large-scale industrial production, at the end of the 19th century, Western cities began to build urban parks. and other urban green landscape systems to solve urban environmental problems. As early as when Haussmann was carrying out the reconstruction of Paris, while radically renovating the urban area of ??Paris, he also opened up green spaces for citizens to use; New York's Central Park was also built against this background. The most successful example of constructing an urban green landscape system through the construction of urban parks is the Boston Park system designed by American designer Oimsed in 1880. This park system broke through the limitations of the square network layout of American cities. The natural spaces limited by rivers, mudflats, and grasslands are used as the basis for delimitation. Several parks are connected into one by using 200-1500-foot-wide strips of greenery, forming a beautiful and pleasant park system in the central area of ??Boston ( Park System), known as Boston’s “Sapphire Necklace.”
3 The impact of Howard’s Garden City and Saarinen’s organic evacuation theory on urban green landscape design.
The garden city model proposed by Howard in 1898 is: no more than 2km in diameter, the city center is a central garden surrounded by public buildings, and the periphery is a wide boulevard (with schools and churches inside) ), coupled with radial forest paths, the entire city is full of flowers and trees, and people can walk to the surrounding green belts and farmland. The Garden City is a complete urban green landscape system. Influenced by the garden city theory, the 1944 Greater London Plan formed a five-mile-wide green belt around London.
Saarinen’s organic evacuation theory was proposed in response to the problem of outward evacuation of large cities at a certain stage of development. In the Greater Helsinki planning plan, he changed the centralized layout of the city and turned it into a decentralized one. Organized and connected, the green belt network provides isolation between cities, transportation channels, and provides fresh air to the city.
Garden city theory and organic evacuation theory have had a profound impact on the development of urban planning, the construction of new cities and the ecological design of urban landscapes. The 1971 Moscow master plan adopted a green space system layout pattern that combines ring and wedge shapes, dividing the city into polycentric structures. The urban land is surrounded by a 10-15 km wide forest park belt, forming a good green landscape and ecosystem in the city. .
4 McHarg’s theory of design with nature
McHarg of the United States published "Design With Nature" in 1971, which proposed the importance of respecting nature. On the basis of the laws, the idea of ??building an artificial ecosystem that can be enjoyed by everyone, and then put forward the concept of ecological planning, developed a set of planning methods and technologies from land adaptability analysis to land use, that is, superposition technology ( "Thousand-layer cake" mode). This kind of planning is based on the continuity of vertical ecological processes in the landscape, adapting landscape changes and land use methods to ecological methods. The top layer of this layer of cake is human beings and their habitats, that is, our cities.
5 Landscape Ecology Theory
Landscape ecology theory began in the 1930s and flourished in the 1980s. Landscape ecology emphasizes the relationship between horizontal processes and landscape pattern space, integrating "spots" into Patch-corridor-mattix serves as a model for analyzing any kind of landscape. Landscape ecology is applied in urban and landscape planning with special emphasis on maintaining and restoring the continuity and integrity of landscape ecological processes and patterns. Specifically, in urban and suburban landscapes, it is necessary to maintain the connection between natural remnant patches, such as the spatial connection between remnant forest patches, water bodies and other natural patches, and to maintain the connection between the remnant patches in the city and the urban landscape background. Connections between natural mountains or water systems. The main structure connecting these spaces is corridors, such as the green belt in the Boston Garden system and the forest park belt outside Moscow. Maintaining the continuity of nature and landscape patterns is an effective method to build an urban green landscape system. The green landscape in the city can be regarded as natural patches scattered in the city. Only by establishing corridors to make them continuous and organically integrated with the natural ecology of the city can a green landscape system be formed and the sustainable development of the human ecological environment be achieved. Professor Yu Kongjian of Peking University used the method of landscape ecology on the continuity of landscape pattern to improve the green landscape pattern of Zhongshan City.